6种城市下垫面热环境效应对比研究
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摘要
选择6种具有代表性的城市下垫面(沥青路面、水泥路面、荷兰砖地面、草地、嵌草砖地面、大理石地面)作为观测对象,基于热红外成像技术对其地表温度特征进行观测,系统分析不同城市下垫面地表温度的日变化以及季节变化特征,并利用不同下垫面温度的时间标准差、空间标准差及时空数据标准差定量揭示城市不同下垫面地表温度的时空变化特征,对比研究不同下垫面的热环境效应,结果如下。1)不同下垫面地表温度的日变化一般呈先上升后下降的单峰形态,草地地表温度在不同季节的日变化波动差异较大。沥青的地表温度在全年均为最高,对热环境的影响较大;嵌草砖和大理石在全年的温度均较低,对热环境具有较好的缓解作用,且缓解作用在夏季最显著。2)不同下垫面地表日均温度全年均高于大气温度,表明城市下垫面对大气在一年中都有加热作用。3)气温、太阳辐射以及空气相对湿度对下垫面地表温度的影响均较为显著;气温和太阳辐射与下垫面地表温度之间呈正相关关系,对下垫面以增温作用为主;空气相对湿度与下垫面地表温度之间呈负相关关系,对下垫面增温起抑制作用。4)嵌草砖的热环境稳定性较草地和大理石要好;沥青路面的温度变化特征最能代表本研究观测区域下垫面地表温度的时空变化特征。研究结果对了解城市不同下垫面热环境具有一定参考意义,可为缓解城市热环境提供科学依据。
Surface temperature characteristics of six typical underlying surfaces, namely, asphalt pavement, cement pavement, grass, marble pavement, pavement bricks and grass-planting bricks, were observed with thermal infrared imaging technology. The diurnal and seasonal variations of surface temperature of different underlying surfaces were systematically analyzed. By means of the standard deviation(SD), the temporal and spatial microclimatic dynamic characteristics of different underlying surface temperature were revealed. The results are as following. 1) Diurnal variation of surface temperature of different underlying surfaces present unimodal pattern, diurnal variation of grass surface temperature changes greatly from season to season. Asphalt surface temperature is highest among the whole year, having a great effect on thermal environment while temperatures of grass-planting bricks and marble pavement are the lowest, having a relief effect on thermal environment, especially in summer. 2) The daily average temperature of different underlying surfaces are higher than air temperature, showing that underlying surface keeps heating the air throughout the year. 3) The underlying surface temperature is strongly affected by air temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. Air temperature and solar radiation are positively related with surface temperature, showing that air temperature and solar radiation play a role in warming the land surface. On the contrary, relative humidity is negatively correlated with surface temperature, turning out that relative humidity plays a role in cooling the land surface. 4) Grass-planting bricks have a more stable thermal environment than grass and marble bricks. Temperature changing characteristic of asphalt pavement best represents the spatial and temporal variation characteristics regarding the temperature of underlying surface. The results have certain reference significance for knowing thermal environment of different urban underlying surfaces, while providing scientific evidence for alleviating urban thermal environment.
Surface temperature characteristics of six typical underlying surfaces, namely, asphalt pavement, cement pavement, grass, marble pavement, pavement bricks and grass-planting bricks, were observed with thermal infrared imaging technology. The diurnal and seasonal variations of surface temperature of different underlying surfaces were systematically analyzed. By means of the standard deviation(SD), the temporal and spatial microclimatic dynamic characteristics of different underlying surface temperature were revealed. The results are as following. 1) Diurnal variation of surface temperature of different underlying surfaces present unimodal pattern, diurnal variation of grass surface temperature changes greatly from season to season. Asphalt surface temperature is highest among the whole year, having a great effect on thermal environment while temperatures of grass-planting bricks and marble pavement are the lowest, having a relief effect on thermal environment, especially in summer. 2) The daily average temperature of different underlying surfaces are higher than air temperature, showing that underlying surface keeps heating the air throughout the year. 3) The underlying surface temperature is strongly affected by air temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. Air temperature and solar radiation are positively related with surface temperature, showing that air temperature and solar radiation play a role in warming the land surface. On the contrary, relative humidity is negatively correlated with surface temperature, turning out that relative humidity plays a role in cooling the land surface. 4) Grass-planting bricks have a more stable thermal environment than grass and marble bricks. Temperature changing characteristic of asphalt pavement best represents the spatial and temporal variation characteristics regarding the temperature of underlying surface. The results have certain reference significance for knowing thermal environment of different urban underlying surfaces, while providing scientific evidence for alleviating urban thermal environment.
引文
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[2]刘勇洪,权维俊.北京城市高温遥感指标初探与时空格局分析.气候与环境研究,2014(3):332-342
[3]Gobakis K,Kolokotsa D,Synnefa A,et al.Development of a model for urban heat island prediction using neural network techniques.Sustainable Cities&Society,2011,1(2):104-115
[4]Tan J,Zheng Y,Tang X,et al.The urban heat island and its impact on heat waves and human health in Shanghai.International Journal of Biometeorology,2009,54(1):75-84
[5]Gosling S N,Lowe J A,Mcgregor G R,et al.Associations between elevated atmospheric temperature and human mortality:a critical review of the literature.Climatic Change,2009,92(3/4):299-341
[6]Grimm N B,Faeth S H,Golubiewski N E,et al.Global change and the ecology of cities.Science,2008,319:756-760
[7]Kolokotroni M,Giannitsaris I,Watkins R.The effect of the London urban heat island on building summer cooling demand and night ventilation strategies.Solar Energy,2006,80(4):383-392
[8]刘霞,王春林,景元书,等.4种城市下垫面地表温度年变化特征及其模拟分析.热带气象学报,2011,27(3):373-378
[9]王咏薇,蒋维楣,季崇萍,等.土地利用变化对城市气象环境影响的数值研究.南京大学学报(自然科学版),2006,42(6):562-581
[10]徐永明,刘勇洪.基于TM影像的北京市热环境及其与不透水面的关系研究.生态环境学报,2013,22(4):639-643
[11]岳文泽,徐建华,徐丽华,等.基于遥感影像的城市土地利用生态环境效应研究:以城市热环境和植被指数为例.生态学报,2006,26(5):1450-1460
[12]程好好,曾辉,汪自书,等.城市绿地类型及格局特征与地表温度关系:以深圳特区为例.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(3):495-501
[13]Streutker D R.A remote sensing study of the urban heat island of Houston,Texas.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2002,23(13):2595-2608
[14]Chen X L,Zhao H M,Li P X,et al.Remote sensing image-based analysis of the relationship between urban heat island and land use/cover changes.Remote Sensing of Environment,2006,104(2):133-146
[15]Xiong Y,Huang S,Chen F,et al.The impacts of rapid urbanization on the thermal environment:a remote sensing study of Guangzhou,South China.Remote Sensing,2012,4(7):2033-2056
[16]宋轩,段金龙,杜丽平.城市热岛效应研究概况.气象与环境科学,2009,32(3):68-72
[17]白改成,时修礼.同辐射条件下不同下垫面温度差异分析.气象与环境科学,2008,31(增刊1):122-124
[18]黄良美,黄海霞,项东云,等.南京市四种下垫面气温日变化规律及城市热岛效应.生态环境,2007,16(5):1411-1420
[19]张菁,梁红,姜晓艳,等.沈阳市夏季不同下垫面温度特征及其在气象服务中的应用.气象科学,2008,28(5):528-532
[20]深圳市气象局.深圳市气候公报[EB/OL].(2016-01-08)[2016-04-14].http://www.szmb.gov.cn/up load/fck/2015qihougongbao_20160108.pdf
[21]贺晓东.城市不同下垫面小气候特征对比研究//中国气象学会2011年年会论文集.厦门,2011:506-516
[22]江晓燕,张朝林,高华,苗世光.城市下垫面反照率变化对北京市热岛过程的影响:个例分析.气象学报,2007,65(2):301-307