澳大利亚自然保护地矿业管理经验与启示
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摘要
澳大利亚在自然保护地矿业管理方面做出了大量的实践探索,积累了丰富经验,对于生态优先新形势下我国协调自然保护地管理和矿产资源开发具有重要的借鉴意义。本文调研了澳大利亚自然保护地现状和管理体制,梳理了保护地矿业管理政策和法律,剖析了澳大利亚管理经验和典型案例,提出了针对我国保护地矿业管理的相关建议。研究认为,澳大利亚自然保护地的类别多、分类细,保护地管理呈现"多层次、多样化、多方参与"的特点。为兼顾生态保护和矿业发展,澳大利亚实行了较为宽松的保护地矿业政策,法律上严格规定了矿山企业在保护地的准入条件和权利义务。澳大利亚协调保护地管理和矿业发展的具体经验包括:加强保护地内矿山环境监测和治理,调整保护地等级、协调保护地和矿业权边界位置,鼓励矿业权人自愿缩减边界或退出,政府强制征收矿业权并给予补偿,以及通过法庭仲裁判决解决矛盾冲突等。我国未来应建立完善的保护地体系,形成多方参与的综合性规划;综合考虑不同保护地层级和目标、不同矿种的战略定位、不同开发方式的环境扰动等因素,实行矿业权的差别化管理;同时要完善相关的法律法规,真正意义上实现依法依规管理。
Lots of work has been done for minging management in Australian natural protected area, which will provide China with some mirror and experiment. In this paper, natural protected area system and its management mechanism in Australia are investigated, then related policies and laws are summarized, besides, some useful examples are listed and analyzed. The study shows that many kinds of natural protected areas are set up in Australia and their management are so rational. In order to consider both mining and environment protection, ?exible mining policy is implemented in Australian natural protected area and many law clauses are applied in practice. The concrete practice includes strengthening mine environment management, adjusting location and boundaries between mining and protected areas,encouraging or demanding enterprise to abandon mining in environmental sensitive areas. For China, establishing perfect natural protected areas system is necessary, differentiation management for mining rights is also extremely important, in addition, improving laws and policies is worth to be done in the future.
Lots of work has been done for minging management in Australian natural protected area, which will provide China with some mirror and experiment. In this paper, natural protected area system and its management mechanism in Australia are investigated, then related policies and laws are summarized, besides, some useful examples are listed and analyzed. The study shows that many kinds of natural protected areas are set up in Australia and their management are so rational. In order to consider both mining and environment protection, ?exible mining policy is implemented in Australian natural protected area and many law clauses are applied in practice. The concrete practice includes strengthening mine environment management, adjusting location and boundaries between mining and protected areas,encouraging or demanding enterprise to abandon mining in environmental sensitive areas. For China, establishing perfect natural protected areas system is necessary, differentiation management for mining rights is also extremely important, in addition, improving laws and policies is worth to be done in the future.
引文
[1]王祝根,李晓蕾,史蒂芬·J·巴里.澳大利亚国家保护地规划历程及其借鉴[J].风景园林,2017,(07):57-64.
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[4]简圣贤.澳大利亚保护区体系研究[D].同济大学,2007.
[5]Jeff Lewis,Belinda Lewis.Rock art and mining violence on the Australian Burrup Peninsula:language wars,economy and culture[J].Perspective in ecology and conservation.2017,15(3):179-186.
[6]Helen Hintjens.Environmental directaction in Australia:the case of Jabiluka Mine[J].Community Development Journal.2000,35(4):377-390.
[7]陈丽萍,赵晓宇,陈静,等.国际自然保护区内矿业权处置的十大特点[J].中国矿业,2018,27(01):27-31.
[8]Vanessa M.Adams Katie Moon.Security and equity of conservation covenants:Contradictions of private protected area policies in Australia[J].Land Use Policy,2013,30(1):114-119.
[9]Willam M B Carr,Anthony J Smurthwaite.Exploration and mining in national parks and conservation reserves in Western Australia[C].Paper presented at the 1995 National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation,Gillette,Wyoming,June 5-8,1995.
[10]王永生,黄洁.澳大利亚:矿山保“绿”有真经[J].资源导刊,2008,(09):44-45.
[11]周栋梁,李文臣.澳大利亚矿业开发环境准入机制研究[J].中国国土资源经济,2015,28(03):33-36.
[12]吴初国,马永欢,张迎新.澳大利亚矿业政策[J].国土资源情报,2018,(10):61-67.
[13]Alexandra S Wawryk.The 2013 Australian Federal Election:Implications for mining,energy and natural resources[J].Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law,2014,32,(1):81-103.
[14]Alexandra S Wawryk.Conservation and access to land for mining in protected Areas:The Conflict Over Mining in South Australia’s Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary.Journal of Environment Law.2014,26(2),291-317.
[15]Waggitt P.Environmental regulation of uranium mining in Australia[A].In:Merkel B J,Hasche-Berger A.(eds).Uranium in the Environment.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg,2006,571-583.
[16]Jones D R,Milnes A R,H Li.Management Tailings for rehabilitation at ranger uranium mine,tropical northern Australia[C].2000,Mine Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration for the 21 Century,Beijing,China.
[17]Richard F.May.Marine conservation reserves petroleum exploration and development,and oil spills in coastal waters of Western Australia[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1993,25,(5-8):147-154.
[18]Department of Natural Resources and Mines.Operational policy renewal of exploration permits in areas proposed for national parks and regional parks[R/OL].2014.
[19]张威.澳大利亚环保史上的三个著名案例[J].世界环境,2004,(06):86-89.
[20]John P K.Mining in national parks-right to transfer mining mining lease-renewal of mining lease-withdrawal of renewal application,Australian Resources and Energy Law Journal,2002,21(1):36-40.
[2]朱娅春.澳大利亚保护区管理研究[D].华东师范大学,2015.
[3]李裕伟.国外保护区矿业政策[J].中国国土资源经济,2018,31(07):4-14.
[4]简圣贤.澳大利亚保护区体系研究[D].同济大学,2007.
[5]Jeff Lewis,Belinda Lewis.Rock art and mining violence on the Australian Burrup Peninsula:language wars,economy and culture[J].Perspective in ecology and conservation.2017,15(3):179-186.
[6]Helen Hintjens.Environmental directaction in Australia:the case of Jabiluka Mine[J].Community Development Journal.2000,35(4):377-390.
[7]陈丽萍,赵晓宇,陈静,等.国际自然保护区内矿业权处置的十大特点[J].中国矿业,2018,27(01):27-31.
[8]Vanessa M.Adams Katie Moon.Security and equity of conservation covenants:Contradictions of private protected area policies in Australia[J].Land Use Policy,2013,30(1):114-119.
[9]Willam M B Carr,Anthony J Smurthwaite.Exploration and mining in national parks and conservation reserves in Western Australia[C].Paper presented at the 1995 National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation,Gillette,Wyoming,June 5-8,1995.
[10]王永生,黄洁.澳大利亚:矿山保“绿”有真经[J].资源导刊,2008,(09):44-45.
[11]周栋梁,李文臣.澳大利亚矿业开发环境准入机制研究[J].中国国土资源经济,2015,28(03):33-36.
[12]吴初国,马永欢,张迎新.澳大利亚矿业政策[J].国土资源情报,2018,(10):61-67.
[13]Alexandra S Wawryk.The 2013 Australian Federal Election:Implications for mining,energy and natural resources[J].Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law,2014,32,(1):81-103.
[14]Alexandra S Wawryk.Conservation and access to land for mining in protected Areas:The Conflict Over Mining in South Australia’s Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary.Journal of Environment Law.2014,26(2),291-317.
[15]Waggitt P.Environmental regulation of uranium mining in Australia[A].In:Merkel B J,Hasche-Berger A.(eds).Uranium in the Environment.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg,2006,571-583.
[16]Jones D R,Milnes A R,H Li.Management Tailings for rehabilitation at ranger uranium mine,tropical northern Australia[C].2000,Mine Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration for the 21 Century,Beijing,China.
[17]Richard F.May.Marine conservation reserves petroleum exploration and development,and oil spills in coastal waters of Western Australia[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1993,25,(5-8):147-154.
[18]Department of Natural Resources and Mines.Operational policy renewal of exploration permits in areas proposed for national parks and regional parks[R/OL].2014.
[19]张威.澳大利亚环保史上的三个著名案例[J].世界环境,2004,(06):86-89.
[20]John P K.Mining in national parks-right to transfer mining mining lease-renewal of mining lease-withdrawal of renewal application,Australian Resources and Energy Law Journal,2002,21(1):36-40.