盐城自然保护区典型农田不同作物期的鸟类群落及其对生境的利用
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摘要
盐城滨海滩涂湿地存在较大范围的围垦,围垦后农田的利用方式与鸟类群落的关系研究对土地的科学管理和鸟类保护具有重要意义。2014年12月至2015年11月期间,在盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区缓冲区中路港区域面积为600 hm~2的典型农田生境设置了4条鸟类调查样带,总面积26.3 hm2,逐月对不同作物期的鸟类群落及生境利用方式进行了研究。结果表明,在农田栖息的鸟类种数共70种,隶属11目33科,优势种有豆雁(Anser fabalis)、灰鹤(Grus grus)等。中路港农田在一年中的两种不同作物时期吸引到的鸟类种数基本相同,但组成存在显著差异,两种时期吸引的水鸟的数量均大于林鸟数量。采用MOSAIC PLOT模型分析鸟类对农田的利用方式,鸟类在油菜期对农田的利用方式主要为觅食,主要种类为豆雁、灰鹤等,在水稻期,则为觅食、栖息,主要种类为鸻鹬类。从栖息地管理的角度看,农田土地的利用类型和食物的丰富程度对鸟类的选择有重要影响作用,在农田不同作物期保留一定的谷物或降低人类干扰程度,有利于提高鸟类多样性。
The coastal area of Yancheng protected area has a wide range of reclamation. Research on the utilization of farmland after reclamation and the relationship between bird community is of significance to the scientific management of land and the protection of birds. From December 2014 to November 2015, four belt transects were set up for the 600 hm~2 of typical farmland area in the buffer zone of the national nature reserve of Yancheng wetland, covering 26.3 hm2 to complete a monthly survey of bird community in different crops periods and its utilization of habitats. The results indicated that in total70 species belonging to 11 orders 33 families were recorded in the farmland, Anser fabalis and Grus grus were the dominant species. The number of bird species attracted to the Zhonglugang farm in the middle of the year was basically the same, but the composition was significant difference; the number of waterbirds attracted to both periods was greater than the number of forestbirds. Using MOSAIC PLOT model to analyze the use of birds to farmland, we found that the main way for birds to make use of farmland in rape period was foraging, like bean goose, crane etc. the main behavior of rice period was foraging and rooting, like shorebirds. From the perspective of bird habitat management, type of farmland and the abundance of food had important influence on the selection of birds. Keeping grain or reducing human interference is good for improving bird diversity.
The coastal area of Yancheng protected area has a wide range of reclamation. Research on the utilization of farmland after reclamation and the relationship between bird community is of significance to the scientific management of land and the protection of birds. From December 2014 to November 2015, four belt transects were set up for the 600 hm~2 of typical farmland area in the buffer zone of the national nature reserve of Yancheng wetland, covering 26.3 hm2 to complete a monthly survey of bird community in different crops periods and its utilization of habitats. The results indicated that in total70 species belonging to 11 orders 33 families were recorded in the farmland, Anser fabalis and Grus grus were the dominant species. The number of bird species attracted to the Zhonglugang farm in the middle of the year was basically the same, but the composition was significant difference; the number of waterbirds attracted to both periods was greater than the number of forestbirds. Using MOSAIC PLOT model to analyze the use of birds to farmland, we found that the main way for birds to make use of farmland in rape period was foraging, like bean goose, crane etc. the main behavior of rice period was foraging and rooting, like shorebirds. From the perspective of bird habitat management, type of farmland and the abundance of food had important influence on the selection of birds. Keeping grain or reducing human interference is good for improving bird diversity.
引文
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[2]张晓龙,李培英,李萍,等.中国滨海湿地研究现状与展望[J].海洋科学进展,2005,23(1):87-95.
[3]HUA Ning,TAN Kun,CHEN Ying,et al.Key research issues concerning the conservation of migratory shorebirds in the Yellow Sea region[J].Bird Conservation International,2015,25(1):38-52.
[4]颜凤,李宁,杨文,等.围填海对湿地水鸟种群、行为和栖息地的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(7):2045-2051.
[5]华宁,马志军,马强,等.冬季水鸟对崇明东滩水产养殖塘的利用[J].生态学报,2009,29(12):6342-6350.
[6]阮得孟,孙勇,程嘉伟,等.盐城自然保护区新洋港河口不同生境冬季鸟类群落组成及其梯度变化[J].生态学报,2015,35(16):5437-5448.
[7]ROCHA A R,RAMOS J A,PAREDES T,et al.Coastal saltpans as foraging grounds for migrating shorebirds:an experimentally drained fish pond in Portugal[J].Hydrobiologia,2017,790(1):141-155.
[8]FULLER R J,HINSLEY S A,SWETNAM R D.The relevance of non-farmland habitats,uncropped areas and habitat diversity to the conservation of farmland birds[J].Ibis,2004,146(2):22-31.
[9]单继红,马建章,李言阔,等.鄱阳湖区灰鹤越冬种群数量与分布动态及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2014,34(8):2050-2060.
[10]郭家良,刘雪华,杨萍,等.豆雁在中国的春季迁徙路线及迁徙停歇地[J].动物学杂志,2015,50(2):288-293.
[11]莫英敏,谢汉宾,李贲,等.崇明东滩冬季不同管理模式下水稻田水鸟群落特征及其生境分析[J].动物学杂志,2017,52(4):583-591.
[12]VICKERY J A,FEBER R E,FULLER R J.Arable field margins managed for biodiversity conservation:a review of food resource provision for farmland birds[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2009,133(1):1-13.
[13]BENTON T G,VICKERY J A,WILSON J D.Farmland biodiversity:is habitat heterogeneity the key?[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2003,18(4):182-188.
[14]HOFFMANN J,WITTCHEN U,STACHOW U,et al.Identification of habitat requirements of farmland birds based on a hierarchical structured monitoring scheme[J].Chinese Birds,2013,4(4):265-280.
[15]KLEIJN D,RUNDL?F M,SCHEPER J,et al.Does conservation on farmland contribute to halting the biodiversity decline?[J].Trends in ecology&evolution,2011,26(9):474-481.
[16]张敏,张强,洪永密,等.广东上川岛猕猴自然保护区鸟类群落多样性研究[J].生态科学,2014,33(1):61-67.
[17]翟可,刘茂松,徐驰,等.盐城滨海湿地的土地利用/覆盖变化[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(6):1081-1086.
[18]FRIENDLY M.Conceptual and visual models for categorical data[J].American Statistician,1995,49(2):153-160.
[19]BECKER R,CLEVELAND W,MING J S.The visual design and control of trellis display[J].Journal of Computational&Graphical Statistics,1996,5(2):123-155.
[20]EMERSON J,GREEN W,BarretSchloerke,et al.The generalized pairs plot[J].Journal of Computational&Graphical Statistics,2013,22(1):79-91.
[21]王薇.上海市农田鸟类资源分布[D].上海:上海师范大学,2012.
[22]崔志兴.上海农田和林灌夏季鸟类群落研究[C]//上海市动物学会.动物学专辑--上海市动物学会2000年年会论文集,上海市动物学会,2000.
[23]战永佳,陈卫,胡东,等.北京湿地越冬灰鹤食性的初步分析[J].湿地科学,2007,5(1):45-50.
[24]裴恩乐,袁晓,汤臣栋,等.上海地区水鸟群落结构和动态分布特征[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(10):2599-2605.
[25]DAVIS C A,SMITH L M.Ecology and management of migrant shorebirds in the Playa Lakes Region of Texas[J].Wildlife Monographs,1998,140:3-45.
[26]王磊,刘敏,许世远,等.上海滨岸潮滩生物多样性及其利用与保护[J].长江流域资源与环境,2001,10(2):132-137.