去专业主义与反专业主义:体育新闻的两种极端倾向
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摘要
体育新闻的新闻专业主义长期以来受到质疑。在新闻实践中,去新闻专业主义的"遮羞布"表征和反新闻专业主义的"操盘手"表征两种极端倾向越来越显著。随着体育的职业化程度和社交媒体的影响力逐渐提升,这两种倾向越发明显。研究从体育新闻的构成元素出发,尝试批判体育新闻中的名流保护主义和社交媒体环境下部分体育新闻从业者试图操控职业体育的倾向,分析这两种极端倾向发生的根源,并提出极端倾向表征出现后的范式修复问题。
The journalistic professionalism of sports journalism has long been questioned. Two extreme tendencies in journalistic practice, namely, the representation of de-professionalism and the representation of anti-professionalism are becoming more and more prominent. With the increasing professionalization of sports and the increasing influence of social media, these two extreme tendencies become more and more obvious. Starting from the fundamental elements of sports news, this paper tries to criticize the celebrity protectionism and the tendency of some sports news practitioners to attempt to manipulate professional sports under the social media environment, and analyzes the causes of these two extreme tendencies, and puts forward the solution of paradigm repair after the emergence of the extreme tendencies.
The journalistic professionalism of sports journalism has long been questioned. Two extreme tendencies in journalistic practice, namely, the representation of de-professionalism and the representation of anti-professionalism are becoming more and more prominent. With the increasing professionalization of sports and the increasing influence of social media, these two extreme tendencies become more and more obvious. Starting from the fundamental elements of sports news, this paper tries to criticize the celebrity protectionism and the tendency of some sports news practitioners to attempt to manipulate professional sports under the social media environment, and analyzes the causes of these two extreme tendencies, and puts forward the solution of paradigm repair after the emergence of the extreme tendencies.
引文
[1] 魏伟.重访体育新闻学研究的基本特性 [J].成都体育学院学报,2019,45(1):21-27.
[2] Garry Whannel.Field in Vision:Television Sport and Cultural Transformation [M].London:Routledge,1992:57.
[3] David Rowe.Modes of Sports Writing [A].Peter Dahlgren,Colin Sparks(eds).Journalism and Popular Culture [C].London:Sage,1992:96-112.
[4] 黄旦.传者图像:新闻专业主义的建构与消解 [M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2005:7.
[5] 吴飞.新闻专业主义研究 [M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009:398.
[6] 丹尼尔·哈林.美国新闻媒介中的商业主义与专业主义 [A].詹姆斯·库兰.大众媒介与社会[C].杨击;译.北京:华夏出版社,2006:207.
[7] Katrin Voltmer.The Media in Transitional Democracies [M].Cambridge:Polity,2013:198-200.
[8] Silvio Waisbord.Reinventing Professionalism:Journalism and News in Global Perspective [M].Cambridge:Polity,2013:94-106.
[9] Marcel Broersma,Chris Peters.Introduction:Rethinking Jourmalism:The Structural Transformation of a Public Good[A].Chris Peters,Marcel Broersma(eds).Rethinking Journalism:Trust and Participation in a Transformed News Landscape[C].London:Routledge,2013:3-10.
[10] Marcel Broersma,Chris Peters.Introduction:Towards a Functional Perspective on Journalism’s Role and Relevance[A].Chris Peters,Marcel Broersma(eds).Rethinking Journalism Again:Societal Role and Public Relevance in a Digital Time[C].London:Routledge,2017:4-7.
[11] Ron Smith.Ethics in Journalism,6th edition[M].Malden:Blackwell Publishing,2008:303.
[12] David Rowe.Sport,Culture and the Media [M].Buckingham:Open University Press,1999:36-63.
[13] David Rowe.Gender,Media,and the Sport Scandal [A].Jennifer Hargreaves,Eric Anderson.Routledge Handbook of Sport,Gender and Sexuality [C].Abingdon:Routledge,2014:470.
[14] David Rowe.Apollo Undone:The Sports Scandal [A].James Lull,Stephen Hinerman.Media Scandals:Morality and Desire in the Popular Culture Marketplace [C].Cambridge:Polity Press,1997:207.
[15] [澳]大卫·洛弗.第四权力还是粉丝俱乐部?体育新闻引领潮流[A].[英]斯图尔特·艾伦.新闻业:批判的议题 [C].纪莉,石义彬;译.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2011:142.
[16] Mary McDonald,David Andrews.Michael Jordan:Corporate Sport and Postmodern Celebrityhood [A].David Andrews,Steven Jackson.Sport Stars:The Cultural Politics of Sporting Celebrity[C].London:Routledge,2001:20-35.
[17] Andrew Jennings.The New Lords of the Rings:Olympic Corruption and How to Buy Gold Medals[M] .London:Simon & Schuster,1996:14.
[18] David Rowe.Sports Journalism and the FIFA Scandal:Personalization,Co-optation,and Investigation [J].Communication & Sport,2017,5(5):515-533.
[19] Ana Vimieiro.Sports Journalism,Supporters and New Technologies:Challeging the Usual Complicity between Media and Football Institutions [J].Digital Journalism,2017,5(5):567-586.
[20] Jeremy Whittle.Bad Blood:The Secret Life of the Tour de France [M].London:Yellow Jersey Press,2008:5.
[21] [澳]大卫·洛弗.第四权力还是粉丝俱乐部?体育新闻引领潮流[A].[英]斯图尔特·艾伦.新闻业:批判的议题 [C].纪莉,石义彬;译.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2011:144.
[22] Jake Batsell.Engaged Journalism:Connecting with Digitally Empowered News Audiences [M].New York:Columbia University Press,2015:82-86.
[23] 约翰·埃尔德里奇.新闻、真相和权力 [A].埃尔德里奇编.获取信息:新闻、真相和权力 [C].张威,邓天颖;译.北京:新华出版社,2004:7.
[24] David Rowe.Global Media Sport:Flow,Forms and Futures [M].London:Bloosbury Academic,2011:129.
[25] Rod Brookes.Representing Sport [M].London:Arnold,2002:35.
[26] Christopher Meyers.Journalism Ethics:A Philosophical Approach [M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2010:225-226.
[27] Sut Jhally.Cultural Studies and the Sports/Media Complex [A].Lawrence Wenner(ed).Media,Sports,& Society [C].Newbury Park:Sage,1989:70-93.
[28] 大卫·洛弗.Introduction:Mapping the Media Sports Cultural Complex [A].大卫·洛弗.批判性读本:体育、文化与媒介(影印版)[C].北京:北京大学出版社,2008:6.
[29] 大卫·洛弗.没有收入,就没有比赛?——传媒与体育[A].詹姆斯·库兰,米切尔·古尔维奇.大众媒介与社会 [C].杨击;译.北京:华夏出版社,2006:336.
[30] Peter English.Mapping the Sports Journalism Field:Bourdieu and Broadsheet Newsrooms[J].Journalism,2016,17(8):1001-1017.
[31] Mark Lowes.Inside the Sports Pages:Work Routines Professinoal Ideologies,and the Manufacture of Sports News[M].Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1999:99-100.
[32] Merryn Sherwood,Matthew Nicholson,Timothy Marjoribanks.Access,Agenda-building and Information Subsidies:Media Relations in Professional Sport[J].International Review for the Sociology of Sport,2017,52(8):992-1007.
[33] Raymond Boyle.Sports Journalism:Context and Issues[M].London:Sage,2006:3.
[34] Jason Genovese.“You gotta appease the people who run this place”:Corporate ownership and its influence on sports television production[J].Electronic News,2013,7(3):144.
[35] Steve Bien-Aimé,Erin Whiteside,Marie Hardin.Sport as Journalistic Lens[A].Andrew Billings[ed].Defining Sport Communication[C].New York:Routledge,2017:223-234.
[36] 布雷特·哈金斯,大卫·洛弗.新媒体与体育传播[M].张宏伟;译.北京:中国传媒大学出版社,2016:141.
[37] David Rowe.Global Media Sport:Flow,Forms and Futures[M].London:Bloosbury Academic,2011:23.
[38] Pamela Laucella.The Evolution from Print to Online Platforms for Sports Journalism [A].Andrew Billings,Marie Hardin(eds).Routledge Handbook of Sport and New Media[C].London:Routledge,2014:96-97.
[39] Andy Miah.Sport 2.0:Transforming Sports for a Digital World[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,2017:223.
[40] 亨利·詹金斯.融合文化:新媒体和旧媒体的冲突地带[M].杜永明;译.北京:商务印书馆,2012:45-48.
[41] 曼纽尔·卡斯特.传播力 [M].汤景泰,星辰;译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2018:27.
[42] Raymond Boyle.Sports Journalism:Context and Issues [M].London:Sage,2006:182.
[43] Andy Miah.Sport 2.0:Transforming Sports for a Digital World [M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,2017:219-220.
[44] 赫伯特·甘斯.什么在决定新闻:对CBS晚间新闻、NBC夜间新闻、《新闻周刊》及《时代》周刊的研究 [M].石琳,李红涛;译.北京:北京大学出版社,2009:171-172.
[45] Raymond Bolyle,Richard Haynes.Sports Journalism and Social Media:A New Conversation?[A].Brett Hutchins,David Rowe(eds).Digital Media Sport:Technology,Power and Culture in the Network Society[C].London:Routledge,2013:206.
[46] Charles Ess.Digital Media Ethics,2nd edition[M].Cambridge:Polity:201.
[47] Erin Whiteside,Nan Yu,Marie Hardin.The New “Toy Department”?:A Case Study on Differences in Sports Coverage between Traditional and New Media[J].Journal of Sports Media,2012,7(1):23-38.
[48] 杰克·鲁勒.每日新闻永恒故事:新闻报道中的神话角色[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2013:157.
[49] Raymond Boyle.Social Media Sport?Journalism,Public Relations and Sport[A].Roy Krvel,Thore Roksvold(eds).We Love to Hate Each Other:Mediated Football Fan Culture :Nordicom,2012:51-52.
[50] 亨利·詹金斯等.参与的胜利:网络时代的参与文化[M].高芳芳;译.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2017:124-127.
[51] 子硕.丁威迪发文:沃神关注我推特了我应该担心吗[EB/OL].[2018-09-04].https://sports.qq.com/a/20180904/081.
[52] 詹姆斯·柯兰等.互联网的误读[M].何道宽;译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2014:145.
[53] 比尔·科瓦奇,汤姆·罗森斯蒂尔.新闻的十大基本原则:新闻从业者须知和公众的期待[M].刘海龙,连晓东;译.北京:北京大学出版社,2014:6-9.
[54] Barries Axford.The World-making Power of New Media:Mere Connection?[M].London:Routledge,2018:121.
[55] Ana Vimieiro.Sports Journalism,Supporters and New Technologies:Challeging the Usual Complicity between Media and Football Institutions[J].Digital Journalism,2017,5(5):567-586.
[56] David Carter.Money Games:Profiting from the Convergence of Sports and Entertainment[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press,2011:86.
[57] Daniel Berkowitz.Epilogue:Applying the Tools to Study News[A].Daniel Berkowitz(ed).Social Meanings of News [C].London:Sage,1997:500.
[58] Sada Reed.Paradigm Repair and the Hero Myth in Sports Journalism:An Analysis of Lance Armstrong Coverage [A].Terry Rentner,David Burns(eds).New York:2019:249-250.
[59] 希瑟尔·杭德利.现在谁敢说抱歉?体育解说员不再优雅,只为挽回面子[A].劳伦斯·文内尔编.坠落的体育英雄、传媒与名流文化[C].魏伟,梅林;译.成都:四川大学出版社,2015:339-342.
[60] 廖祥忠.未来传媒:我们的思考与教育的责任[J].现代传播,2019(3):1-6.
[2] Garry Whannel.Field in Vision:Television Sport and Cultural Transformation [M].London:Routledge,1992:57.
[3] David Rowe.Modes of Sports Writing [A].Peter Dahlgren,Colin Sparks(eds).Journalism and Popular Culture [C].London:Sage,1992:96-112.
[4] 黄旦.传者图像:新闻专业主义的建构与消解 [M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2005:7.
[5] 吴飞.新闻专业主义研究 [M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009:398.
[6] 丹尼尔·哈林.美国新闻媒介中的商业主义与专业主义 [A].詹姆斯·库兰.大众媒介与社会[C].杨击;译.北京:华夏出版社,2006:207.
[7] Katrin Voltmer.The Media in Transitional Democracies [M].Cambridge:Polity,2013:198-200.
[8] Silvio Waisbord.Reinventing Professionalism:Journalism and News in Global Perspective [M].Cambridge:Polity,2013:94-106.
[9] Marcel Broersma,Chris Peters.Introduction:Rethinking Jourmalism:The Structural Transformation of a Public Good[A].Chris Peters,Marcel Broersma(eds).Rethinking Journalism:Trust and Participation in a Transformed News Landscape[C].London:Routledge,2013:3-10.
[10] Marcel Broersma,Chris Peters.Introduction:Towards a Functional Perspective on Journalism’s Role and Relevance[A].Chris Peters,Marcel Broersma(eds).Rethinking Journalism Again:Societal Role and Public Relevance in a Digital Time[C].London:Routledge,2017:4-7.
[11] Ron Smith.Ethics in Journalism,6th edition[M].Malden:Blackwell Publishing,2008:303.
[12] David Rowe.Sport,Culture and the Media [M].Buckingham:Open University Press,1999:36-63.
[13] David Rowe.Gender,Media,and the Sport Scandal [A].Jennifer Hargreaves,Eric Anderson.Routledge Handbook of Sport,Gender and Sexuality [C].Abingdon:Routledge,2014:470.
[14] David Rowe.Apollo Undone:The Sports Scandal [A].James Lull,Stephen Hinerman.Media Scandals:Morality and Desire in the Popular Culture Marketplace [C].Cambridge:Polity Press,1997:207.
[15] [澳]大卫·洛弗.第四权力还是粉丝俱乐部?体育新闻引领潮流[A].[英]斯图尔特·艾伦.新闻业:批判的议题 [C].纪莉,石义彬;译.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2011:142.
[16] Mary McDonald,David Andrews.Michael Jordan:Corporate Sport and Postmodern Celebrityhood [A].David Andrews,Steven Jackson.Sport Stars:The Cultural Politics of Sporting Celebrity[C].London:Routledge,2001:20-35.
[17] Andrew Jennings.The New Lords of the Rings:Olympic Corruption and How to Buy Gold Medals[M] .London:Simon & Schuster,1996:14.
[18] David Rowe.Sports Journalism and the FIFA Scandal:Personalization,Co-optation,and Investigation [J].Communication & Sport,2017,5(5):515-533.
[19] Ana Vimieiro.Sports Journalism,Supporters and New Technologies:Challeging the Usual Complicity between Media and Football Institutions [J].Digital Journalism,2017,5(5):567-586.
[20] Jeremy Whittle.Bad Blood:The Secret Life of the Tour de France [M].London:Yellow Jersey Press,2008:5.
[21] [澳]大卫·洛弗.第四权力还是粉丝俱乐部?体育新闻引领潮流[A].[英]斯图尔特·艾伦.新闻业:批判的议题 [C].纪莉,石义彬;译.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2011:144.
[22] Jake Batsell.Engaged Journalism:Connecting with Digitally Empowered News Audiences [M].New York:Columbia University Press,2015:82-86.
[23] 约翰·埃尔德里奇.新闻、真相和权力 [A].埃尔德里奇编.获取信息:新闻、真相和权力 [C].张威,邓天颖;译.北京:新华出版社,2004:7.
[24] David Rowe.Global Media Sport:Flow,Forms and Futures [M].London:Bloosbury Academic,2011:129.
[25] Rod Brookes.Representing Sport [M].London:Arnold,2002:35.
[26] Christopher Meyers.Journalism Ethics:A Philosophical Approach [M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2010:225-226.
[27] Sut Jhally.Cultural Studies and the Sports/Media Complex [A].Lawrence Wenner(ed).Media,Sports,& Society [C].Newbury Park:Sage,1989:70-93.
[28] 大卫·洛弗.Introduction:Mapping the Media Sports Cultural Complex [A].大卫·洛弗.批判性读本:体育、文化与媒介(影印版)[C].北京:北京大学出版社,2008:6.
[29] 大卫·洛弗.没有收入,就没有比赛?——传媒与体育[A].詹姆斯·库兰,米切尔·古尔维奇.大众媒介与社会 [C].杨击;译.北京:华夏出版社,2006:336.
[30] Peter English.Mapping the Sports Journalism Field:Bourdieu and Broadsheet Newsrooms[J].Journalism,2016,17(8):1001-1017.
[31] Mark Lowes.Inside the Sports Pages:Work Routines Professinoal Ideologies,and the Manufacture of Sports News[M].Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1999:99-100.
[32] Merryn Sherwood,Matthew Nicholson,Timothy Marjoribanks.Access,Agenda-building and Information Subsidies:Media Relations in Professional Sport[J].International Review for the Sociology of Sport,2017,52(8):992-1007.
[33] Raymond Boyle.Sports Journalism:Context and Issues[M].London:Sage,2006:3.
[34] Jason Genovese.“You gotta appease the people who run this place”:Corporate ownership and its influence on sports television production[J].Electronic News,2013,7(3):144.
[35] Steve Bien-Aimé,Erin Whiteside,Marie Hardin.Sport as Journalistic Lens[A].Andrew Billings[ed].Defining Sport Communication[C].New York:Routledge,2017:223-234.
[36] 布雷特·哈金斯,大卫·洛弗.新媒体与体育传播[M].张宏伟;译.北京:中国传媒大学出版社,2016:141.
[37] David Rowe.Global Media Sport:Flow,Forms and Futures[M].London:Bloosbury Academic,2011:23.
[38] Pamela Laucella.The Evolution from Print to Online Platforms for Sports Journalism [A].Andrew Billings,Marie Hardin(eds).Routledge Handbook of Sport and New Media[C].London:Routledge,2014:96-97.
[39] Andy Miah.Sport 2.0:Transforming Sports for a Digital World[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,2017:223.
[40] 亨利·詹金斯.融合文化:新媒体和旧媒体的冲突地带[M].杜永明;译.北京:商务印书馆,2012:45-48.
[41] 曼纽尔·卡斯特.传播力 [M].汤景泰,星辰;译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2018:27.
[42] Raymond Boyle.Sports Journalism:Context and Issues [M].London:Sage,2006:182.
[43] Andy Miah.Sport 2.0:Transforming Sports for a Digital World [M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,2017:219-220.
[44] 赫伯特·甘斯.什么在决定新闻:对CBS晚间新闻、NBC夜间新闻、《新闻周刊》及《时代》周刊的研究 [M].石琳,李红涛;译.北京:北京大学出版社,2009:171-172.
[45] Raymond Bolyle,Richard Haynes.Sports Journalism and Social Media:A New Conversation?[A].Brett Hutchins,David Rowe(eds).Digital Media Sport:Technology,Power and Culture in the Network Society[C].London:Routledge,2013:206.
[46] Charles Ess.Digital Media Ethics,2nd edition[M].Cambridge:Polity:201.
[47] Erin Whiteside,Nan Yu,Marie Hardin.The New “Toy Department”?:A Case Study on Differences in Sports Coverage between Traditional and New Media[J].Journal of Sports Media,2012,7(1):23-38.
[48] 杰克·鲁勒.每日新闻永恒故事:新闻报道中的神话角色[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2013:157.
[49] Raymond Boyle.Social Media Sport?Journalism,Public Relations and Sport[A].Roy Krvel,Thore Roksvold(eds).We Love to Hate Each Other:Mediated Football Fan Culture :Nordicom,2012:51-52.
[50] 亨利·詹金斯等.参与的胜利:网络时代的参与文化[M].高芳芳;译.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2017:124-127.
[51] 子硕.丁威迪发文:沃神关注我推特了我应该担心吗[EB/OL].[2018-09-04].https://sports.qq.com/a/20180904/081.
[52] 詹姆斯·柯兰等.互联网的误读[M].何道宽;译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2014:145.
[53] 比尔·科瓦奇,汤姆·罗森斯蒂尔.新闻的十大基本原则:新闻从业者须知和公众的期待[M].刘海龙,连晓东;译.北京:北京大学出版社,2014:6-9.
[54] Barries Axford.The World-making Power of New Media:Mere Connection?[M].London:Routledge,2018:121.
[55] Ana Vimieiro.Sports Journalism,Supporters and New Technologies:Challeging the Usual Complicity between Media and Football Institutions[J].Digital Journalism,2017,5(5):567-586.
[56] David Carter.Money Games:Profiting from the Convergence of Sports and Entertainment[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press,2011:86.
[57] Daniel Berkowitz.Epilogue:Applying the Tools to Study News[A].Daniel Berkowitz(ed).Social Meanings of News [C].London:Sage,1997:500.
[58] Sada Reed.Paradigm Repair and the Hero Myth in Sports Journalism:An Analysis of Lance Armstrong Coverage [A].Terry Rentner,David Burns(eds).New York:2019:249-250.
[59] 希瑟尔·杭德利.现在谁敢说抱歉?体育解说员不再优雅,只为挽回面子[A].劳伦斯·文内尔编.坠落的体育英雄、传媒与名流文化[C].魏伟,梅林;译.成都:四川大学出版社,2015:339-342.
[60] 廖祥忠.未来传媒:我们的思考与教育的责任[J].现代传播,2019(3):1-6.