多群落配置下滨海盐碱土壤修复研究进展
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摘要
滨海土壤盐碱化是中国沿海城市土壤质量健康的重要危害之一,由于受区域气候及地下水位共同影响控制,其盐碱化过程往往不可逆转。目前,众多滨海土壤盐碱污染地区所采用的物理和化学修复手段,存在修复频率高,人工物料成本大,具备二次污染风险等问题,因此,针对该区域土壤进行计划性的乔-灌-草植物群落配置,依靠单一物种在土壤固定深度的精确修复能力和发挥不同物种间的协同净化潜力进行土壤水盐控制及肥力恢复具有重要的生态学意义。本综述总结了近几年滨海盐碱土壤恶化现状,对比分析了多种修复手段各自优劣性,从乔-灌-草多群落配置修复模式的地下部根系系统对土壤不同深度物理结构重塑和肥力培育入手、举例分析多群落系统如何发挥修复潜力。同时,重点探讨了单一群落植物筛选与应用、多群落配置原则等几个修复过程中的关键性步骤,最终对多群落配置修复模式下滨海盐碱土壤复垦进行总结并举例说明,探讨多群落配置下进行盐碱土壤复垦的原理及未来发展方向,以此为基础为未来滨海土壤恢复提出建议,旨在为中国沿海城市滨海盐碱土壤利用提供借鉴。
Coastal soil salinization is one of major hazards of healthy soil quality for coastal cities in China. The salinization process is often irreversible under the effects and control of regional climate and groundwater level.Currently, physical and chemical restoration measures employed by many areas with coastal soil salinization pollution are of high restoration frequency, huge cost of labor and materials, and secondary pollution risk. Therefore, for the soil of these areas, the arbor-shrub-grass plant community configuration is popular planned. The soil water-salt control and fertility restoration with the reliance on the precise restoration capability of a single species at the fixed soil depth and the exertion of collaborative purification potential among different species are significant in ecology.This paper summaried the current situation of coastal saline-alkali soil deterioration in recent years, compared and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of several restoration measures, started with physical structure remolding and fertility fostering at different soil depths by underground root system with the restoration mode of arbor-shrub-grass community configuration, and analyzed how to realize the restoration potential by the multi-community system with examples. Simultaneously, this paper mainly discussed the key steps of the selection and application of a single plant community, multi-community configuration principles and other restoration process,and finally, summarized coastal saline-alkali soil reclamation at the multi-community configuration restoration mode and describes it with examples, and discussed the saline-alkali soil reclamation principles and future development orientation at the multi-community configuration. Based on the above, suggestions on coastal soil restoration in future are proposed to be as the reference for coastal saline-alkali soil utilization of coastal cities in China.
Coastal soil salinization is one of major hazards of healthy soil quality for coastal cities in China. The salinization process is often irreversible under the effects and control of regional climate and groundwater level.Currently, physical and chemical restoration measures employed by many areas with coastal soil salinization pollution are of high restoration frequency, huge cost of labor and materials, and secondary pollution risk. Therefore, for the soil of these areas, the arbor-shrub-grass plant community configuration is popular planned. The soil water-salt control and fertility restoration with the reliance on the precise restoration capability of a single species at the fixed soil depth and the exertion of collaborative purification potential among different species are significant in ecology.This paper summaried the current situation of coastal saline-alkali soil deterioration in recent years, compared and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of several restoration measures, started with physical structure remolding and fertility fostering at different soil depths by underground root system with the restoration mode of arbor-shrub-grass community configuration, and analyzed how to realize the restoration potential by the multi-community system with examples. Simultaneously, this paper mainly discussed the key steps of the selection and application of a single plant community, multi-community configuration principles and other restoration process,and finally, summarized coastal saline-alkali soil reclamation at the multi-community configuration restoration mode and describes it with examples, and discussed the saline-alkali soil reclamation principles and future development orientation at the multi-community configuration. Based on the above, suggestions on coastal soil restoration in future are proposed to be as the reference for coastal saline-alkali soil utilization of coastal cities in China.
引文
Cao L.F.,2014,Improvement effect evaluation on the soil nutrient characteristics of different shrub-herb communities in coastal reclamation area,Thesis for M.S.,East China Normal University,Supervisor:Wang K.Y.,pp.20-31(曹流芳,2014,滨海湿地围垦区灌草群落对土壤养分特性改良测评,硕士学位论文,华东师范大学,导师:王开运,pp.20-31)
Chen M.M.,Liu G.M.,Liu D.X.,Yang Q.S.,Du Z.Y.,Wei H.X.,Wang X.,Zhou J.,and Li C.H.,2017,Effect of different plantations on soil physicochemical properties in coastal saline land of the Yellow River delta,Shuitu Baochi Xuebao(Journal of Soil and Water Conservation),24(6):41-44(陈苗苗,刘桂民,刘德玺,杨庆山,杜振宇,魏海霞,王霞,周健,李存华,2017,不同人工林对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响,水土保持学报,24(6):41-44)
Chen W.,Chen B.B.,and Shen Q.R.,2000,Studies on the changes of pH value and alkalization of heavily saline soil in seabeach during its desalting process,Turang Xuebao(Acta Pedologica Sinica),37(4):521-528(陈巍,陈邦本,沈其荣,2000,滨海盐土脱盐过程中pH变化及碱化问题研究,土壤学报,37(4):521-528)
Gong J.N.,Wang K.Y.,Zhang C.,and Ma Y.L.,2009,Invasion and its effects of xerarch halophytes in reclaimed tidal wetlands,Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao(Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology),20(1):33-39(巩晋南,王开运,张超,马永亮,2009,围垦滩涂湿地旱生耐盐植物的入侵和影响,应用生态学报,20(1):33-39)
Kang J.,Meng X.F.,Xu Y.Y.,Luan J.,Long X.H.,and Liu Z.P.,2012,Effects of different vegetation types on soil organic carbon pool in costal saline-alkali soils of Jiangsu province,Turang(Soils),44(2):260-266(康健,孟宪法,许妍妍,栾蜻,隆小华,刘兆普,2012,不同植被类型对滨海盐碱土壤有机碳库的影响,土壤,44(2):260-266)
Kong T.,Fu H.X.,Lv G.,Wang K.,and Shu M.,2016,Enhanced release of phosphorus from coastal saline alkaline soil induced by low molecular weight organic acids,Huanjing Huaxue(Environmental Chemistry),35(7):1526-1531(孔涛,伏虹旭,吕刚,王凯,淑敏,2016,低分子量有机酸对滨海盐碱土壤磷的活化作用,环境化学,35(7):1526-1531)
Liu L.P.,Liu Z.P.,and Long X.H.,2014,Effect of two soil ameliorant on soil salinity and plant in coastal saline-alkali soil of north Jiangsu province,Shuitu Baochi Xuebao(Journal of Soil and Water Conservation),28(2):127-131(刘莉萍,刘兆普,隆小华,2014,2种盐土改良剂对苏北滨海盐碱土壤盐分及植物生长的影响,水土保持学报,28(2):127-131)
Liu Y.H.,Wang X.P.,Liu G.M.,Sun J.P.,Yao Y.T.,and Yang Y.H.,2017,Ions absorption and accumulation in four typical salt-tolerant plants in coastal saline soil region,Turang(Soils),49(4):782-788(刘雅辉,王秀萍,刘广明,孙建平,姚玉涛,杨雅华,2017,滨海盐土区4种典型耐盐植物盐分离子的积累特征,土壤,49(4):782-788)
Liu Y.J.,2015,Effect of salt stress on plant physiology of several shrubs in Qaidam Basin,Thesis for M.S.,Beijing Forestry University,Supervisor:He K.N.,pp.12-33(刘玉娟,2015,盐胁迫对柴达木盆地几种灌木的生理影响,硕士学位论文,北京林业大学,导师:贺康宁,pp.12-33)
Reng Y.Q.,Jia H.X.,Guo Y.H.,Xu X.D.,Li J.B.,Lu M.Z.,Fan J.F.,and Hu J.J.,2017,Identification and functional analysis of F-box gene from populus euphratica,Fenzi Zhiwu Yuzhong(Molecular Plant Breeding),15(5):1655-1662(任逸秋,贾会霞,郭英华,徐向东,李建波,卢孟柱,樊军锋,胡建军,2017,胡杨F-box基因克隆和功能分析,分子植物育种,15(5):1655-1662)
Shang K.C.,Liu X.B.,and Chen X.Y.,2014,Screening of the salt tolerant plants for high salinity wastewater treatment by the artificial wetland,Nongye Ziyuan Yu Huangjing Xuebao(Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment),31(1):74-78(尚克春,刘宪斌,陈晓英,2014,高盐废水人工湿地处理中耐盐植物的筛选,农业资源与环境学报,31(1):74-78)
Shi Y.Y.,Yang J.H.,Liang F.H.,Liu T.,Gong W.Q.,and Liu Y.J.,2015,The growth of 9 common green flower shrubs and small tress on saline-alkali land,Beifang Yuanyi(Northern Horticulture),(22):61-63(史滟滪,杨静慧,梁发辉,刘婷,龚无缺,刘艳军,2015,九种常见绿化花灌木和小乔木在盐碱地上的生长比较,北方园艺,(22):61-63)
Sun B.,Xie J.C.,Wang N.,Li S.Q.,and Li C.J.,2012,Effect of reeds on salt enrichment and improvement of saline-alkali land,Shuitu Baochi Xuebao(Journal of Soil and Water Conservation),26(3):92-101(孙博,解建仓,汪妮,李双庆,李春娇,2012,芦苇对盐碱地盐分富集及改良效应的影响,水土保持学报,26(3):92-101)
Tang R.Y.,Cao J.,Don g F.,Dong L.P.,and Kong X.D.,2015,Amelioration of salt-affected soils via combination of leaching and plant cultivation,Shengtai Xuebao(Acta Ecologica Sinica),35(17):5686-5694(唐让云,曹靖,董放,董利苹,孔晓乐,2015,淋洗与植物作用耦合对盐渍化土壤的改良效应,生态学报,35(17):5686-5694)
Wan Y.Y.,Li H.Y.,Mo X.Q.,and Bao H.Y.,2017,Analysis of inter-specific relationships among community dominant species after vegetation restoration in coastal saline alkali area,Ganhanqu Ziyuan Yu Huanjing(Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment),31(2):147-154(万媛媛,李洪远,莫训强,胞海泳,2017,滨海盐碱区湿地植被恢复后群落优势种种间关系分析,干旱区资源与环境,31(2):147-154)
Wang J.,Ao H.,Zhang H.H.,Tian Y.,and Sun G.Y.,2013,Salt tolerance of PSⅡin leaves of six kinds of evergreen shrubs and comprehensive evaluation,Jingjilin Yanjiu(Nonwood Forest Research),31(1):64-69(王娟,敖红,张会慧,田野,孙广玉,2013,6种绿化灌木叶片PSⅡ的耐盐性研究及综合评价,经济林研究,31(1):64-69)
Wang L.,Zhong Q.C.,Lu Y.,Liu Q.,Cao L.F.,Gong J.N.,and Wang K.Y.,2014,Effects of plant community configuration on physical and chemical properties of coastal polder soil,Turang Xuebao(Acta Pedologica Sinica),51(3):638-647(王璐,仲启铖,陆颖,刘倩,曹流芳,巩晋楠,王开运,2014,群落配置对滨海围垦区土壤理化性质的影响,土壤学报,51(3):638-647)
Wang Q.Z.,Liu Q.,Gao Y.N.,and Liu X.,2017,Review on the mechanisms of the response to salinity-alkalinity stress in plants,Shengtai Xuebao(Acta Ecologica Sinica),37(16):5565-5577(王佺珍,刘倩,高娅妮,柳旭,2017,植物对盐碱胁迫的响应机制研究进展,生态学报,37(16):5565-5577)
Xiao K.B.,Wu P.T.,Lei J.Y.,and Ban N.R.,2013,Bio-reclamation of different halophytes on saline-alkali soil,Nongye Huanjing Kexue Xuebao(Journal of Agro-Environment Science),31(12):2433-2440(肖克飚,吴普特,雷金银,班乃荣,2013,不同类型耐盐植物对盐碱土生物改良研究,农业环境科学学报,31(12):2433-2440)
Zhang G.X.,Yang J.H.,Liu Y.J.,Gong W.Q.,Lu X.X.,and Li J.K.,2016,Effects of four kinds of combined planting patterns of tree and shrub on the growth of afforestation plants,Xinan Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition)),38(7):82-87(张桂霞,杨静慧,刘艳军,龚无缺,卢兴霞,李建科,2016,4种乔灌组合栽植方式对盐碱地常见绿化植物生长的影响,西南大学学报(自然科学版),38(7):82-87)
Zhang J.,Cui S.Y.,Feng Z.X.,Wang K.S.,and Zhai C.J.,2018,Climate factors and ground mulching affect soil salinity dynamic changes in coastal areas,Zhongguo Shengtai Nongye Xuebao(Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture),(2):294-302(张蛟,崔世友,冯芝祥,王奎山,翟彩娇,2018,气候因子和地表覆盖对沿海滩涂土壤盐分动态的影响,中国生态农业学报,(2):294-302
Chen M.M.,Liu G.M.,Liu D.X.,Yang Q.S.,Du Z.Y.,Wei H.X.,Wang X.,Zhou J.,and Li C.H.,2017,Effect of different plantations on soil physicochemical properties in coastal saline land of the Yellow River delta,Shuitu Baochi Xuebao(Journal of Soil and Water Conservation),24(6):41-44(陈苗苗,刘桂民,刘德玺,杨庆山,杜振宇,魏海霞,王霞,周健,李存华,2017,不同人工林对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响,水土保持学报,24(6):41-44)
Chen W.,Chen B.B.,and Shen Q.R.,2000,Studies on the changes of pH value and alkalization of heavily saline soil in seabeach during its desalting process,Turang Xuebao(Acta Pedologica Sinica),37(4):521-528(陈巍,陈邦本,沈其荣,2000,滨海盐土脱盐过程中pH变化及碱化问题研究,土壤学报,37(4):521-528)
Gong J.N.,Wang K.Y.,Zhang C.,and Ma Y.L.,2009,Invasion and its effects of xerarch halophytes in reclaimed tidal wetlands,Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao(Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology),20(1):33-39(巩晋南,王开运,张超,马永亮,2009,围垦滩涂湿地旱生耐盐植物的入侵和影响,应用生态学报,20(1):33-39)
Kang J.,Meng X.F.,Xu Y.Y.,Luan J.,Long X.H.,and Liu Z.P.,2012,Effects of different vegetation types on soil organic carbon pool in costal saline-alkali soils of Jiangsu province,Turang(Soils),44(2):260-266(康健,孟宪法,许妍妍,栾蜻,隆小华,刘兆普,2012,不同植被类型对滨海盐碱土壤有机碳库的影响,土壤,44(2):260-266)
Kong T.,Fu H.X.,Lv G.,Wang K.,and Shu M.,2016,Enhanced release of phosphorus from coastal saline alkaline soil induced by low molecular weight organic acids,Huanjing Huaxue(Environmental Chemistry),35(7):1526-1531(孔涛,伏虹旭,吕刚,王凯,淑敏,2016,低分子量有机酸对滨海盐碱土壤磷的活化作用,环境化学,35(7):1526-1531)
Liu L.P.,Liu Z.P.,and Long X.H.,2014,Effect of two soil ameliorant on soil salinity and plant in coastal saline-alkali soil of north Jiangsu province,Shuitu Baochi Xuebao(Journal of Soil and Water Conservation),28(2):127-131(刘莉萍,刘兆普,隆小华,2014,2种盐土改良剂对苏北滨海盐碱土壤盐分及植物生长的影响,水土保持学报,28(2):127-131)
Liu Y.H.,Wang X.P.,Liu G.M.,Sun J.P.,Yao Y.T.,and Yang Y.H.,2017,Ions absorption and accumulation in four typical salt-tolerant plants in coastal saline soil region,Turang(Soils),49(4):782-788(刘雅辉,王秀萍,刘广明,孙建平,姚玉涛,杨雅华,2017,滨海盐土区4种典型耐盐植物盐分离子的积累特征,土壤,49(4):782-788)
Liu Y.J.,2015,Effect of salt stress on plant physiology of several shrubs in Qaidam Basin,Thesis for M.S.,Beijing Forestry University,Supervisor:He K.N.,pp.12-33(刘玉娟,2015,盐胁迫对柴达木盆地几种灌木的生理影响,硕士学位论文,北京林业大学,导师:贺康宁,pp.12-33)
Reng Y.Q.,Jia H.X.,Guo Y.H.,Xu X.D.,Li J.B.,Lu M.Z.,Fan J.F.,and Hu J.J.,2017,Identification and functional analysis of F-box gene from populus euphratica,Fenzi Zhiwu Yuzhong(Molecular Plant Breeding),15(5):1655-1662(任逸秋,贾会霞,郭英华,徐向东,李建波,卢孟柱,樊军锋,胡建军,2017,胡杨F-box基因克隆和功能分析,分子植物育种,15(5):1655-1662)
Shang K.C.,Liu X.B.,and Chen X.Y.,2014,Screening of the salt tolerant plants for high salinity wastewater treatment by the artificial wetland,Nongye Ziyuan Yu Huangjing Xuebao(Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment),31(1):74-78(尚克春,刘宪斌,陈晓英,2014,高盐废水人工湿地处理中耐盐植物的筛选,农业资源与环境学报,31(1):74-78)
Shi Y.Y.,Yang J.H.,Liang F.H.,Liu T.,Gong W.Q.,and Liu Y.J.,2015,The growth of 9 common green flower shrubs and small tress on saline-alkali land,Beifang Yuanyi(Northern Horticulture),(22):61-63(史滟滪,杨静慧,梁发辉,刘婷,龚无缺,刘艳军,2015,九种常见绿化花灌木和小乔木在盐碱地上的生长比较,北方园艺,(22):61-63)
Sun B.,Xie J.C.,Wang N.,Li S.Q.,and Li C.J.,2012,Effect of reeds on salt enrichment and improvement of saline-alkali land,Shuitu Baochi Xuebao(Journal of Soil and Water Conservation),26(3):92-101(孙博,解建仓,汪妮,李双庆,李春娇,2012,芦苇对盐碱地盐分富集及改良效应的影响,水土保持学报,26(3):92-101)
Tang R.Y.,Cao J.,Don g F.,Dong L.P.,and Kong X.D.,2015,Amelioration of salt-affected soils via combination of leaching and plant cultivation,Shengtai Xuebao(Acta Ecologica Sinica),35(17):5686-5694(唐让云,曹靖,董放,董利苹,孔晓乐,2015,淋洗与植物作用耦合对盐渍化土壤的改良效应,生态学报,35(17):5686-5694)
Wan Y.Y.,Li H.Y.,Mo X.Q.,and Bao H.Y.,2017,Analysis of inter-specific relationships among community dominant species after vegetation restoration in coastal saline alkali area,Ganhanqu Ziyuan Yu Huanjing(Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment),31(2):147-154(万媛媛,李洪远,莫训强,胞海泳,2017,滨海盐碱区湿地植被恢复后群落优势种种间关系分析,干旱区资源与环境,31(2):147-154)
Wang J.,Ao H.,Zhang H.H.,Tian Y.,and Sun G.Y.,2013,Salt tolerance of PSⅡin leaves of six kinds of evergreen shrubs and comprehensive evaluation,Jingjilin Yanjiu(Nonwood Forest Research),31(1):64-69(王娟,敖红,张会慧,田野,孙广玉,2013,6种绿化灌木叶片PSⅡ的耐盐性研究及综合评价,经济林研究,31(1):64-69)
Wang L.,Zhong Q.C.,Lu Y.,Liu Q.,Cao L.F.,Gong J.N.,and Wang K.Y.,2014,Effects of plant community configuration on physical and chemical properties of coastal polder soil,Turang Xuebao(Acta Pedologica Sinica),51(3):638-647(王璐,仲启铖,陆颖,刘倩,曹流芳,巩晋楠,王开运,2014,群落配置对滨海围垦区土壤理化性质的影响,土壤学报,51(3):638-647)
Wang Q.Z.,Liu Q.,Gao Y.N.,and Liu X.,2017,Review on the mechanisms of the response to salinity-alkalinity stress in plants,Shengtai Xuebao(Acta Ecologica Sinica),37(16):5565-5577(王佺珍,刘倩,高娅妮,柳旭,2017,植物对盐碱胁迫的响应机制研究进展,生态学报,37(16):5565-5577)
Xiao K.B.,Wu P.T.,Lei J.Y.,and Ban N.R.,2013,Bio-reclamation of different halophytes on saline-alkali soil,Nongye Huanjing Kexue Xuebao(Journal of Agro-Environment Science),31(12):2433-2440(肖克飚,吴普特,雷金银,班乃荣,2013,不同类型耐盐植物对盐碱土生物改良研究,农业环境科学学报,31(12):2433-2440)
Zhang G.X.,Yang J.H.,Liu Y.J.,Gong W.Q.,Lu X.X.,and Li J.K.,2016,Effects of four kinds of combined planting patterns of tree and shrub on the growth of afforestation plants,Xinan Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition)),38(7):82-87(张桂霞,杨静慧,刘艳军,龚无缺,卢兴霞,李建科,2016,4种乔灌组合栽植方式对盐碱地常见绿化植物生长的影响,西南大学学报(自然科学版),38(7):82-87)
Zhang J.,Cui S.Y.,Feng Z.X.,Wang K.S.,and Zhai C.J.,2018,Climate factors and ground mulching affect soil salinity dynamic changes in coastal areas,Zhongguo Shengtai Nongye Xuebao(Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture),(2):294-302(张蛟,崔世友,冯芝祥,王奎山,翟彩娇,2018,气候因子和地表覆盖对沿海滩涂土壤盐分动态的影响,中国生态农业学报,(2):294-302