学前儿童基本动作技能与感知运动能力的关系研究
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摘要
目的:分析学前儿童基本动作技能与感知运动能力的关系,检测不同性别、年龄学前儿童感知运动能力与基本动作技能的差异。方法:采用分层随机抽样的方法选取了298名4~7岁学前儿童(5.5±0.54岁),按照年龄分组测试学前儿童的基本动作技能与感知运动能力,采用方差分析比较不同性别、年龄的学前儿童基本动作技能与感知运动能力的差异,采用皮尔森相关分析两者的关系。结果:学前儿童的感知运动能力与基本动作技能有中度的相关性(r=0.468,P<0.001);男童表现出更高的基本动作技能和感知运动能力;大肌肉动作发展测试量表(TGMD-2)与感知运动能力量表在本次研究中有较好的信效度;基本动作技能(20.8)与感知运动能力(2.45)测试总分较低,其中身体移动技能得分较高,物体操作技能得分较低;基本动作技能在年龄分组中呈现出显著差异(P<0.005),性别不同也呈现出差异显著(P<0.001);感知运动能力呈现出显著的性别差异(P<0.001),年龄分组差异无统计学意义。结论:研究使用的测量工具适合学前儿童基本动作技能发展的评估;男童基本动作技能与感知运动能力水平高于女童;学前儿童感知运动能力与基本动作技能的相关关系在本研究中得到验证。
Objective: To analyze the relationship between fundamental motor skills and perceived physical competence and to detect the differences of perceived motor competence and fundamental motor skills between different genders and age groups.Methods: Using stratified random sampling method selects 295 preschool children(average age 5.5 years old,with a standard deviation of 0.55 years),amount of perceived motor competence in preschool children in the age group testing fundamental motor skill(using TGMD-2) and perceived physical competence in a scale of confirmatory factor analysis,based on the analysis of variance was used to compare different gender,age of preschool children's fundamental motor skills and perceived physical competence difference,using Pearson correlation analysis between the two relationships,by linear regression analysis of influence of basic skill of perceived motor competence.Results: Moderate correlation of preschool children perceived physical competence and fundamental skills(r = 0.478,P < 0.001); the boy showed higher fundamental motor skill and perceived physical competence; The test of gross motor development(TGMD-2) and Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence(PSPC) has good reliability and validity in the study; fundamental motor skill(20.8) and perception of physical competence test(2.45) total scores lower,compared to Object control skills,locomotor skills scores; fundamental motor skill total scores showed significant difference in the age groups(P < 0.005),also showing significant differences between different gender(P < 0.001); perceived physical competence showing a significant gender differences(P < 0.001),there was no significant difference between age groups.Conclusions: The test of gross motor development(TGMD-2) and Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence(PSPC) is suitable for measurement of preschool children's fundamental motor skill development; boy fundamental motor skill and perceived physical competence level is higher than that of girls; perceived physical competence and fundamental motor skill have correlation.
Objective: To analyze the relationship between fundamental motor skills and perceived physical competence and to detect the differences of perceived motor competence and fundamental motor skills between different genders and age groups.Methods: Using stratified random sampling method selects 295 preschool children(average age 5.5 years old,with a standard deviation of 0.55 years),amount of perceived motor competence in preschool children in the age group testing fundamental motor skill(using TGMD-2) and perceived physical competence in a scale of confirmatory factor analysis,based on the analysis of variance was used to compare different gender,age of preschool children's fundamental motor skills and perceived physical competence difference,using Pearson correlation analysis between the two relationships,by linear regression analysis of influence of basic skill of perceived motor competence.Results: Moderate correlation of preschool children perceived physical competence and fundamental skills(r = 0.478,P < 0.001); the boy showed higher fundamental motor skill and perceived physical competence; The test of gross motor development(TGMD-2) and Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence(PSPC) has good reliability and validity in the study; fundamental motor skill(20.8) and perception of physical competence test(2.45) total scores lower,compared to Object control skills,locomotor skills scores; fundamental motor skill total scores showed significant difference in the age groups(P < 0.005),also showing significant differences between different gender(P < 0.001); perceived physical competence showing a significant gender differences(P < 0.001),there was no significant difference between age groups.Conclusions: The test of gross motor development(TGMD-2) and Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence(PSPC) is suitable for measurement of preschool children's fundamental motor skill development; boy fundamental motor skill and perceived physical competence level is higher than that of girls; perceived physical competence and fundamental motor skill have correlation.
引文
[1]Greg Payne,耿培新,梁国立.人类动作发展概论[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2008.
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[3]陶沙,董奇.动作与心理发展[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2002.
[4]张英波,梁林,赵洪波.动作——功能动作训练体系[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2011.
[5]Clark J E,Metcalfe J S.The mountain of motor development:A metaphor[M].2015.
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[7]Robinson L E.Effect of a mastery climate motor program on object control skills and perceived physical competence in preschoolers[J].Research quarterly for exercise and sport,2011,82(2):355-359.
[8]Logan S W,Robinson L E,Wilson A E,et al.getting the fundamentals of movement:a meta‐analysis of the effectiveness of motor skill interventions in children[J].Child:care,health and development,2012,38(3):305-315.
[9]Weiss M R,Amorose A J.Children’s self-perceptions in the physical domain:Between-and within-age variability in level,accuracy,and sources of perceivedcompetence[J].Journal of sport and exercise psychology,2015,27(2):226-244.
[10]Sollerhed A C,Apitzsch E,Rostand L,et al.Factors associated with young children's self-perceived physical competence and self-reported physical activity[J].Health Education Research,2008,23(1):125-136.
[11]Wagner M O,Hai Bach P S,Lieberman L J.Gross motor skill performance in children with and without visual impairments—Research to practice[J].Research in developmental disabilities,2013,34(10):3246-3252.
[12]Robinson L E.The relationship between perceived physical competence and fundamental motor skills in preschool children[J].Child:care,health and development,2011,37(4):589-596.
[13]Ulrich D A.Test of gross motor development-2[J].Austin:Prod-Ed,2000.
[14]Harter S,Pike R.The pictorial scale of perceived competence and social acceptance for youngchildren[J].Child development,1984:1969-1982.
[15]Vendor B,Vandendriessche J,Vereen’s R,et al.Relationship between sports participation and the level of motor coordination in childhood:A longitudinal approach[J].Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,2012,15(3):220-225.
[16]Fornell C,Larcker D F.Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurementerror[J].Journal of marketing research,1981:39-50.
[17]Logan W S,Getchell N.The relationship between motor skill proficiency and body mass index in children with and without dyslexia:a pilotstudy[J].Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,2010,81(4):518-523.
[18]Mc Cullough N,Muldoon O,Dumpster M.Self-perception in overweight and obese children:a cross-sectional study[J].Child:care,health and development,2009,35(3):357-364.
[19]Legwear M,Grayling L,Sloan E,et al.A window of opportunity?Motor skills and perceptions of competence of children in Kindergarten[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,2012,9(1):29.
[20]任园春,赵琳琳,王芳,程嘉,潘启强.不同大肌肉动作发展水平儿童体质、行为及认知功能特点[J].北京体育大学学报,2013(3):79-84.
[21]Robinson L E.Effect of a mastery climate motor program on object control skills and perceived physical competence inpreschoolers[J].Research quarterly for exercise and sport,2011,82(2):355-359.
[22]Williams H G,Pfeiffer K A,O’Neill J R,et al.Motor skill performance and physical activity in preschool children[J].Obesity,2008,16(6):1421-1426.
[23]Houwen S,Hartman E,Visscher C.Physical activity and motor skills in children with and without visual impairments[J].Medicine and science in sports and exercise,2009,41(1):103-109.
[24]Vedul-Kelsea’s V,Sigmund son H,Stensdotter A K,et al.The relationship between motor competence,physical fitness and self‐perception in children[J].Child:care,health and development,2012,38(3):394-402.
[25]Laban’s D R,Morgan P J,Cliff D P,et al.Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents[J].Sports medicine,2010,40(12):1019-1035.
[26]Fisher A,Reilly J J,Kelly L A,et al.Fundamental movement skills and habitual physical activity in young children[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2005,37(4):684-688.
[27]Barnett L M,Morgan P J,van Bearden E,et al.Perceived sports competence mediates the relationship between childhood motor skill proficiency and adolescent physical activity and fitness:a longitudinal assessment[J].International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity,2008,5(1):40.
[28]Logan S W,Robinson L E,Wilson A E,et al.getting the fundamentals of movement:a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of motor skill interventions in children[J].Child:care,health and development,2012,38(3):305-315.
[29]Fisher A,Reilly J J,Kelly L A,et al.Fundamental movement skills ationship[J].Quest,2008,60(2):290-306.
[31]罗家英.学前儿童发展心理学[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[32]Hagan M.The relationship between physical fitness and motor competence in children[J].Child:care,health and development,2008,34(3):329-334.
[33]D'hondt E,Ge Force B,Vaeyens R,et al.Gross motor coordination in relation to weight status and age in 5 to 12 year-old boys and girls:a cross‐sectional study[J].International Journal of Pediatric Obesity,2011,6(2):556-564.
[34]Lopes V P,Stodden D F,Bianchi M M,et al.Correlation between BMI and motor coordination in children[J].Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,2012,15(1):38-43.
[2]Clark J E,Metcalfe J S.The mountain of motor development:A metaphor[J].Motor development:Research and reviews,2002,2:163-190.
[3]陶沙,董奇.动作与心理发展[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2002.
[4]张英波,梁林,赵洪波.动作——功能动作训练体系[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2011.
[5]Clark J E,Metcalfe J S.The mountain of motor development:A metaphor[M].2015.
[6]Castetbon K,Andreyeva T.Obesity and motor skills among 4 to6-year-old children in the United States:Nationally-representative surveys[J].BMC pediatrics,2012,12(1):28.
[7]Robinson L E.Effect of a mastery climate motor program on object control skills and perceived physical competence in preschoolers[J].Research quarterly for exercise and sport,2011,82(2):355-359.
[8]Logan S W,Robinson L E,Wilson A E,et al.getting the fundamentals of movement:a meta‐analysis of the effectiveness of motor skill interventions in children[J].Child:care,health and development,2012,38(3):305-315.
[9]Weiss M R,Amorose A J.Children’s self-perceptions in the physical domain:Between-and within-age variability in level,accuracy,and sources of perceivedcompetence[J].Journal of sport and exercise psychology,2015,27(2):226-244.
[10]Sollerhed A C,Apitzsch E,Rostand L,et al.Factors associated with young children's self-perceived physical competence and self-reported physical activity[J].Health Education Research,2008,23(1):125-136.
[11]Wagner M O,Hai Bach P S,Lieberman L J.Gross motor skill performance in children with and without visual impairments—Research to practice[J].Research in developmental disabilities,2013,34(10):3246-3252.
[12]Robinson L E.The relationship between perceived physical competence and fundamental motor skills in preschool children[J].Child:care,health and development,2011,37(4):589-596.
[13]Ulrich D A.Test of gross motor development-2[J].Austin:Prod-Ed,2000.
[14]Harter S,Pike R.The pictorial scale of perceived competence and social acceptance for youngchildren[J].Child development,1984:1969-1982.
[15]Vendor B,Vandendriessche J,Vereen’s R,et al.Relationship between sports participation and the level of motor coordination in childhood:A longitudinal approach[J].Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,2012,15(3):220-225.
[16]Fornell C,Larcker D F.Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurementerror[J].Journal of marketing research,1981:39-50.
[17]Logan W S,Getchell N.The relationship between motor skill proficiency and body mass index in children with and without dyslexia:a pilotstudy[J].Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,2010,81(4):518-523.
[18]Mc Cullough N,Muldoon O,Dumpster M.Self-perception in overweight and obese children:a cross-sectional study[J].Child:care,health and development,2009,35(3):357-364.
[19]Legwear M,Grayling L,Sloan E,et al.A window of opportunity?Motor skills and perceptions of competence of children in Kindergarten[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,2012,9(1):29.
[20]任园春,赵琳琳,王芳,程嘉,潘启强.不同大肌肉动作发展水平儿童体质、行为及认知功能特点[J].北京体育大学学报,2013(3):79-84.
[21]Robinson L E.Effect of a mastery climate motor program on object control skills and perceived physical competence inpreschoolers[J].Research quarterly for exercise and sport,2011,82(2):355-359.
[22]Williams H G,Pfeiffer K A,O’Neill J R,et al.Motor skill performance and physical activity in preschool children[J].Obesity,2008,16(6):1421-1426.
[23]Houwen S,Hartman E,Visscher C.Physical activity and motor skills in children with and without visual impairments[J].Medicine and science in sports and exercise,2009,41(1):103-109.
[24]Vedul-Kelsea’s V,Sigmund son H,Stensdotter A K,et al.The relationship between motor competence,physical fitness and self‐perception in children[J].Child:care,health and development,2012,38(3):394-402.
[25]Laban’s D R,Morgan P J,Cliff D P,et al.Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents[J].Sports medicine,2010,40(12):1019-1035.
[26]Fisher A,Reilly J J,Kelly L A,et al.Fundamental movement skills and habitual physical activity in young children[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2005,37(4):684-688.
[27]Barnett L M,Morgan P J,van Bearden E,et al.Perceived sports competence mediates the relationship between childhood motor skill proficiency and adolescent physical activity and fitness:a longitudinal assessment[J].International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity,2008,5(1):40.
[28]Logan S W,Robinson L E,Wilson A E,et al.getting the fundamentals of movement:a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of motor skill interventions in children[J].Child:care,health and development,2012,38(3):305-315.
[29]Fisher A,Reilly J J,Kelly L A,et al.Fundamental movement skills ationship[J].Quest,2008,60(2):290-306.
[31]罗家英.学前儿童发展心理学[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[32]Hagan M.The relationship between physical fitness and motor competence in children[J].Child:care,health and development,2008,34(3):329-334.
[33]D'hondt E,Ge Force B,Vaeyens R,et al.Gross motor coordination in relation to weight status and age in 5 to 12 year-old boys and girls:a cross‐sectional study[J].International Journal of Pediatric Obesity,2011,6(2):556-564.
[34]Lopes V P,Stodden D F,Bianchi M M,et al.Correlation between BMI and motor coordination in children[J].Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,2012,15(1):38-43.