云南不同生态蔗区甘蔗施肥现状分析与评价
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摘要
【目的】云南省是我国第二大甘蔗和食糖生产基地,了解云南省不同生态蔗区甘蔗施肥现状及蔗农养分资源管理中存在的问题,提出解决问题的对策,对于提高甘蔗产量及品质、优化蔗农经济效益和甘蔗产业可持续发展具有重要意义。【方法】采用蔗农统一问卷实地走访调查的方法,对2013—2014年榨季的24个县1350户蔗农的甘蔗产量、施肥习惯及施肥量、施肥种类、施肥时间、施肥方式等进行了调查。根据蔗区的实际肥料投入量和各肥料产品中标注的有效养分含量,计算化肥中各养分的投入量,没有记录的按调查多数平均值计算。【结果】通过实际调查资料汇总,当甘蔗产量介于85.00~90.00 t/hm~2时,建议化肥用量分别为N285~350 kg/hm~2、P2O5 200~250 kg/hm~2、K_2O 175~225 kg/hm~2,N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O养分比例约为1∶0.7∶0.6。蔗区养分调查结果表明,不同生态蔗区甘蔗平均产量表现为南亚热带湿润蔗区>中亚热带湿润蔗区>北热带半湿润蔗区,分别为81.40 t/hm~2、81.73 t/hm~2和75.44 t/hm~2,全省甘蔗平均产量80.35 t/hm~2。南亚热带湿润蔗区以施基肥为主,施用基肥的蔗农比例为99.71%;中亚热带湿润蔗区和北热带半湿润蔗区以施追肥为主,施用追肥的蔗农比例分别为94.17%和93.94%;化学肥料品种以尿素、普通过磷酸钙和复合肥为主,且施用复合肥的比例较高,其施用的样本比例占到了总样本数的94.13%;有机肥以滤泥、酒精废液和蔗叶还田为主,且均作为基肥施用,施用比例小。全省化肥氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)和钾(K_2O)投入量分别是193.67 kg/hm~2、116.79 kg/hm~2和95.86kg/hm~2。云南省各生态蔗区甘蔗化肥养分投入量均表现为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥。蔗区施肥以两次施肥(基肥+追肥)和一次施肥(追肥)为主。甘蔗下种时基肥随蔗种一起施入,进入拔节伸长期时进行追肥,追肥均在4月份至6月份完成。肥料施用方式以条施和穴施为主,施肥深度存在较大差异,施用追肥后不盖土的现象严重,中亚热带湿润蔗区追肥后不进行覆土的蔗农占样本总数的82.53%。【结论】云南不同生态蔗区存在以下问题:重追肥,轻基肥;重视化学肥料、复合肥,忽视有机肥;重视氮肥,轻钾肥;部分地区追肥不覆土现象严重。因此,针对不同生态蔗区应积极推广有机肥的投入,平衡氮肥与磷肥用量,提高钾肥的施用量,优化基肥追肥肥料投入比例,推广测土配方施肥,做到施肥覆土,提高肥料利用效率。
【Objectives】Yunnan Province is the second largest production base for sugarcane and sugar in China. Investigation of current nutrient inputs and problems in different sugarcane production regions is of great significance for increasing sugarcane yield and quality, generating farmers' income and promoting sustainable development of sugarcane industry in Yunnan.【Methods】About 1350 households(samples) in 24 counties were interviewed from 2013 to 2014. The sugarcane yields, fertilization habits, types and applying methods were acquired through the questionnaire survey. Nutrient inputs were calculated from the actual fertilizer inputs and the labeled nutrient contents on the product packages.【Results】From the literature, the recommended fertilizer amounts should be N 285–350 kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 200–250 kg/hm~2 and K_2O 175–225 kg/hm~2,with a reasonable N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O ratio of 1∶0.7∶0.6 when the yields of sugarcane were in the range of85.00–90.00 t/hm~2. The actual surveys showed that the average sugarcane yields varied significantly among the production areas, the highest level of 81.40 t/hm~2 was in the South subtropical humid regions(SSHR), and the media level of 81.73 t/hm~2 was in the middle subtropical humid regions(MSHR) and lowest yield level of 75.44 t/hm~2 in the north tropic semi-humid region(NTSHR). About 99.71% of sugarcane farmers applied base fertilizers in SSHR, while 94.17% and 93.94% sugarcane farmers in MSHR and NTSHR applied both basal and top-dressing fertilizers. The mainly used chemical fertilizers were urea, ordinary superphosphate and compound fertilizers.Compound fertilizers were so popular that 94.13% of the farmers choose to use. The organic fertilizers was not commonly applied and the mainly organic nutrient sources were merely from filtrated mud, alcoholic waste water and the returning of sugarcane-leaves. Fertilizer inputs of N, P_2O_5 and K_2O were 193.67 kg/hm~2, 116.79 kg/hm~2 and 95.86 kg/hm~2. The highest fertilizer nutrient input in all the surveyed regions in Yunnan was nitrogen, and then was phosphous and potassium. For the application of fertilizers once basal application and twice application of basal plus topdressing are the two mine ways. The fertilizers were mainly applied in drills and holes. However,the top dressed fertilizers were rarely covered with earth, as high as 82.53% of investigated sugarcane farmer did like this in the SSHR.【Conclusions】Phenomenon of taking to additional fertilizers, despises to base fertilizers;taking to chemical fertilizers, despises to organic fertilizers and taking to nitrogenous fertilizers, despises to potash fertilizers was ubiquity in different ecological conditions in Yunnan. Fertilizers were used without earthing in most of sugarcane regions. Extension work should be strengthened in the basal plus topdressing of fertilizers and the appropriate organic fertilizer input. The nitrogen and phosphorous input ratio should be balanced in some regions, and the potassium input should be increased in all the regions. Top-dressing of fertilizer in deep should become compulsive to improve efficiencies of fertilizer usage.
【Objectives】Yunnan Province is the second largest production base for sugarcane and sugar in China. Investigation of current nutrient inputs and problems in different sugarcane production regions is of great significance for increasing sugarcane yield and quality, generating farmers' income and promoting sustainable development of sugarcane industry in Yunnan.【Methods】About 1350 households(samples) in 24 counties were interviewed from 2013 to 2014. The sugarcane yields, fertilization habits, types and applying methods were acquired through the questionnaire survey. Nutrient inputs were calculated from the actual fertilizer inputs and the labeled nutrient contents on the product packages.【Results】From the literature, the recommended fertilizer amounts should be N 285–350 kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 200–250 kg/hm~2 and K_2O 175–225 kg/hm~2,with a reasonable N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O ratio of 1∶0.7∶0.6 when the yields of sugarcane were in the range of85.00–90.00 t/hm~2. The actual surveys showed that the average sugarcane yields varied significantly among the production areas, the highest level of 81.40 t/hm~2 was in the South subtropical humid regions(SSHR), and the media level of 81.73 t/hm~2 was in the middle subtropical humid regions(MSHR) and lowest yield level of 75.44 t/hm~2 in the north tropic semi-humid region(NTSHR). About 99.71% of sugarcane farmers applied base fertilizers in SSHR, while 94.17% and 93.94% sugarcane farmers in MSHR and NTSHR applied both basal and top-dressing fertilizers. The mainly used chemical fertilizers were urea, ordinary superphosphate and compound fertilizers.Compound fertilizers were so popular that 94.13% of the farmers choose to use. The organic fertilizers was not commonly applied and the mainly organic nutrient sources were merely from filtrated mud, alcoholic waste water and the returning of sugarcane-leaves. Fertilizer inputs of N, P_2O_5 and K_2O were 193.67 kg/hm~2, 116.79 kg/hm~2 and 95.86 kg/hm~2. The highest fertilizer nutrient input in all the surveyed regions in Yunnan was nitrogen, and then was phosphous and potassium. For the application of fertilizers once basal application and twice application of basal plus topdressing are the two mine ways. The fertilizers were mainly applied in drills and holes. However,the top dressed fertilizers were rarely covered with earth, as high as 82.53% of investigated sugarcane farmer did like this in the SSHR.【Conclusions】Phenomenon of taking to additional fertilizers, despises to base fertilizers;taking to chemical fertilizers, despises to organic fertilizers and taking to nitrogenous fertilizers, despises to potash fertilizers was ubiquity in different ecological conditions in Yunnan. Fertilizers were used without earthing in most of sugarcane regions. Extension work should be strengthened in the basal plus topdressing of fertilizers and the appropriate organic fertilizer input. The nitrogen and phosphorous input ratio should be balanced in some regions, and the potassium input should be increased in all the regions. Top-dressing of fertilizer in deep should become compulsive to improve efficiencies of fertilizer usage.
引文
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