摘要
公共政策是一个时间现象,几乎所有的政策研究文献都会关注到时间及其重要性。时间与公共政策之间的关系是复杂的。迄今为止的研究大致从语境、现象、结构、资源四个角度来认知时间,探讨了时间发生学与时间影响力两大主题,由此形成了一定的知识谱系。但总体来说,这一知识谱系是不完整的、碎片化的,至今尚未形成关于时间与公共政策的一般性理论分析框架。论文把时间当成公共政策的内生变量,提出要把时间重新带回到公共政策理论研究的中心,并从时间观念、时间规则和时间策略三个维度建立了一个概念性的框架。该分析框架虽然是初步的,但为研究时间与公共政策提出了一个新的研究方向。
Public policy is basically a time phenomenon,and almost all the existing policy research literature has paid attention to time as well as noting its importance. The relationship between time and public policy,however,is complex. The existing research generally take time as context,phenomenon,structure or resource while discussing the two main topics of time: the occurrence and the influence,which formed a valuable knowledge pedigree. This pedigree is, however, incomplete and fragmented. As a result,a theoretical framework on time and public policy has generally not formed yet.This paperviews time as an endogenous variable of public policy. The author proposes that time should be placed at the core of public policy studies,and thus establishes a conceptual framework based on the dimensions of time perception,time rules as well as time strategies. Although preliminary,it presents a new direction for the future studies on time and public policy.
引文
B.盖伊·彼得斯(2013).政府未来的治理模式.吴爱明、夏宏图译,张成福校.北京:中国人民大学出版社.
保罗·皮尔逊(2007).拆散福利国家:里根、撒切尔和紧缩政治学.舒绍福译.长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司.
保罗·皮尔逊(2014).时间中的政治:历史、制度与社会分析.黎汉基、黄佩璇译.南京:江苏人民出版社.
保罗·A.萨巴蒂尔、汉克·C.詹金斯-史密斯编著(2011).政策变迁与学习:一种倡议联盟途径.邓征译.北京:北京大学出版社.
布莱恩·琼斯(2010).再思民主政治中的决策制定:注意力、选择和公共政策.李丹阳译,刘新胜、张国庆校.北京:北京大学出版社.
彼得·古勒维奇(2009).艰难时世下的政治:五国应对世界经济危机的政策比较.袁明旭、朱天飚译.长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司.
陈天祥、饶先艳(2010).“渐进式统一”城乡社会保障一体化模式:以东莞市为例.华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),1:16-24.
查尔斯·林德布鲁姆(1988).决策过程.竺乾威、胡君芳译.上海:上海译文出版社.
邓剑伟(2013).社会管理政策的多源流分析:议程、方案与机制.东北大学学报(社会科学版),3:276-281.
丁煌(1999).林德布洛姆的渐进决策理论.国际技术经济研究,3:20-27.
弗兰克·鲍姆加特纳、布莱恩·琼斯(2011).美国政治中的议程与不稳定性.曹堂哲、文雅译,刘新胜、张国庆校.北京:北京大学出版社.
胡安·林兹(2011).总统制危机(下).罗湘衡译.国外理论动态,2:46-51.
黄俊辉、徐自强(2012).校车安全条例(草案)的政策议程分析.公共管理学报,3:19-31.
曼瑟·奥尔森(2005).权力与繁荣.苏长和、嵇飞译.上海:上海世纪出版集团.
尼古拉斯·扎哈里尔迪斯(2006).模糊性、时间与多源流分析.载保罗·A.萨巴蒂尔编《政策过程理论》.彭宗超、张开斌等译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店.
唐贤兴、唐豫鹏(1997).社会转型时期的公共政策:走出短期化的诱惑.理论学习月刊,2:11-17.
唐贤兴、堵琴囡(2015).时间中的公共政策制定:一个概念化的分析框架.复旦学报(社会科学版),6:138-148.
托马斯·R.戴伊(2011).理解公共政策.谢明译.北京:中国人民大学出版社.
王茂福、李平菊(2014).中国城镇就业政策的形成与演变:1949—2008.广西社会科学,3:141-147.
王新明、王中伟(2013).领导者更迭与政策行为短期化及其约束机制探析.领导科学,7:4-6.
薛刚(2009).地方政府公共决策中短期行为的成因分析.上海行政学院学报,1:66-74.
叶海卡·德罗尔(1996).逆境中的政策制定.王满传、尹宝虎、张萍译,张金马校.上海:上海远东出版社.
约翰·W.金登(2004).议程、备选方案与公共政策.丁煌、方兴译,丁煌校.北京:中国人民大学出版社.
詹姆斯·E.安德森(2009).公共政策制定.谢明等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社.
周超、颜学勇(2005).从强制收容到无偿救助.中山大学学报,6:80-85.
竺乾威(1995).渐进决策理论及其运用.决策探索,11:14-15.
周雪光、练宏(2011).政府内部上下级部门间谈判的一个分析框架.中国社会科学,5:80-96.
周晓中(2012).公共政策中的时间问题.中共中央党校党报,2:70-74.
Anderson,J.E.(1990).Public Policymaking:An Introduction.Boston:Houghton Mifflin.
Avery,G.(2009).Uses of Time in the EU's Enlargement Process.Journal of European Public Policy,16(2):256-269.
Baumgartner,F.R.&Jones,B.D.(1993).Agendas and Instability in American Politics.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Béland,D.(2010).Reconsidering Policy Feedback:How Policies Affect Politics.Administration&Society,45(2):568-590.
Bergstorm,C-F.,Farrell,H.&Héritier,A.(2007).Legislate or Delegate?Bargaining over Implementation and Legislative Authority in the EU.West European Politics,30(2):338-366.
Bevan,G.&Robinson,R.(2005).The Interplay between Economic and Political Logics:Path Dependency in Health Care in England.Journal of Health Politics,Policy and Law,30(1):53-78.
Borghetto,E.(2014).Legislative Processes as Sequences:Exploring Temporal Trajectories of Italian Law-making By Means of Sequence Analysis.International Review of Administrative Sciences,80(3):553-576.
Brewer,G.D.(1974).The Policy Sciences Emerge:To Nurture and Structure a Discipline.Policy Sciences,5(3):239-244.
Campbell,A.L.(2003).How Policies Make Citizens Senior Political Activism and the American Welfare State.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Carpenter,D.(2001).The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy:Reputation,Networks and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies:1862-1923.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Cohen,M.D.,March,J.G.&Olsen,J.P.(1972).A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice.Administrative Science Quarterly,17(1):1-25.
Daugbjerg,C.(2009).Sequencing in Public Policy:The Evolution of the CAP Over a Decade.Journal of European Public Policy,16(3):395-411.
Donnelly,P.&Hogan,J.(2012).Understanding Policy Change Using a Critical Junctures Theory in Comparative Context.The Policy Studies Journal,40(2):324-350.
Drucker,P.F.(1967).The Effective Executive.New York:Random House.
Dror,Y.(1986).Policy Making Under Adversity.Piscataway:Transaction Publisher.
Dye,T.R.(1978).Understanding Public Policy.New Jersey:Prentice Hall.
Dyson,K.(2009).The Evolving Timescapes of European Economic Governance:Contesting and Using Time.Journal of European Public Policy,16(2):286-306.
Enikolopov,R.(2014).Politicians,Bureaucrats and Targeted Redistribution.Journal of Public Economic,120(4):74-83.
Fischer,F.&Miler,G.J.(2007).Handbook of Public Policy Analysis:Theory,Politics and Methods.Florida:CRC Press.
Goetz,K.H.(2009).How Does the EU Tick?Five Propositions on Political Time.Journal of European Public Policy,16(2):202-220.
Goetz,K.H.&Meyer-Sahling,J-H.(2009).Political Time in the EU:Dimensions,Perspectives,Theories.Journal of European Public Policy,16(2):180-201.
Goetz,K.H.(2014 a).Time and Power in the European Commission.International Review of Administrative Sciences,80(3):577-596.
Goetz,K.H.(2014 b).A Question of Time:Responsive and Responsible Democratic Politics.West European Politics,37(2):379-399.
Gourevitch,P.A.(1986).Politics in Hard Times:Comparative Responses to International Economic Crises.Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
Gulick,L.(1987).Time and Public Administration.Public Administration Review,47(1):115-119.
Hacker,J.S.(1998).The Historical Logic of National Health Insurance:Structure and Sequence in the Development of British,Canadian and US Medical Policy.Studies in American Political Development,12(1):57-130.
Hacker,J.S.&Pierson,P.(2002).Business Power and Social Policy:Employer and the Formation of the American Welfare State.Politics and Society,30(2):277-325.
Hall,P.A.&Taylor,R.C.(1996).Political Science and the Three New Institutionalism.Political Studies,44(5):936-957.
Hogwood,B.W.&Peters,B.G.(1985).The Pathology of Public Policy.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
Howard,C.(2007).The Welfare State Nobody Knows:Debunking Myths about U.S.Social Policy.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Howlett,M.(2009).Process Sequencing Policy Dynamics:Beyond Homeostasis and Path Dependency.Journal of Public Policy,29(3):241-262.
Howlett,M.(2014).From the Old to the New Policy Design:Design Thinking Beyond Markets and Collaborative Governance.Policy Science,47(3):187-207.
Howlett,M.&Goetz,K.H.(2014).Introduction:Time,Temporality and Timescapes in Administration and Policy.International Review of Administrative Sciences,80(3):477-492.
Howlett,M.&Ramesh,M.&Perl,A.(2009).Studying Public Policy:Policy Cycles&Public Subsystems.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Huber,E.&Stephens.J.(2001).Development and Crisis of the Welfare State:Parties and Policies in Global Markets.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Jacobs,A.M.(2008).The Politics of When:Redistribution,Investment and Policy Making for the Long Term.British Journal of Political Science,38(2):193-220.
Joe,S.&Sanford,F.S.(2007).A Public Transformed?Welfare Reform as Policy Feedback.American Political Science Review,101(1):111-127.
Jones,B.D.(1994).Reconceiving Decision-Making in Democratic Politics:Attention,Choice and Public Policy.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Jordan,J.(2013).Policy Feedback and Support for the Welfare State.Journal of European Social Policy,23(2):134-148.
Kay,A.(2003).Path Dependency and the CAP.Journal of European Public Policy,10(3):405-420.
King,D.(1995).Actively Seeking Work:The Politics of Unemployment and Welfare Policy in the United States.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Kington,J.W.(1984).Agenda,Alternatives and Public Policy.New York:Little Brown and Company.
Kington,J.W.(1995).Agenda,Alternatives and Public Policy.New York:Harper Collins College Publisher.
Kline,D.(2001).Positive Feedback,Lock In and Environmental Policy.Policy Sciences,34(1):95-107.
Koehler,G.(2003).Time,Complex Systems and Public Policy:A Theoretical Foundation For Adaptive Policy Making.Nonlinear Dynamics,Psychology and Life Sciences,7(1):99-114.
Konig,T.(2007).Divergence or Convergence?From Ever-Growing to Ever-Slowing European Legislative Decision Making.European Journal of Political Research,46(3):417-444.
Kono,D.Y.&Montinola,G.R.(2015).Foreign Aid,Time Horizons and Trade Policy.Comparative Political Studies,48(6):788-819.
Kovats,L.(2009).Do Elections Set the Pace?A Quantitative Assessment of the Timing of European Legislation.Journal of European Public Policy,16(2):239-255.
Kumlin,S.(2014).How Welfare States Shape the Democratic Public:Policy Feedback,Participation,Voting and Attitudes.Northapton:Edward Elgar Pub.
Lagro,E.(2007).The Temporality of Enlargement:Comparing East Central Europe and Turkey(Conference Paper).Canada:The Temporality of Europeanisation and Enlargement.
Lasswell,H.D.(1956).The Decision Process:Seven Categories of Functional Analysis.College Park:University of Maryland Press.
Lasswell,H.D.(1971).A Pre-View of Policy Sciences.New York:American Elsevier.
Lindblom,C.E.(1968).The Policy Making Process.New Jersey:Prentice Hall.
Linz,J.J.(1998).Democracy's Time Constraints.International Political Science Review,19(1):19-37.
Loomis,B.A.(1994).Time,Politics and Policies:A Legislative Year.Kansas:University Press of Kansas.
Magnus,E.(2002).The Time of European Governance.Manchester:Manchester University Press.
Martin,L.W.(2004).The Government Agenda in Parliamentary Democracies.American Journal of Political Science,48(3):445-461.
Meyer-Sahling,J-H.(2007).Time and European Governance:An Inventory(Conference Paper).Canada:The Temporality of Europeanisation and Enlargement.
Mittenzwei,K.,Bullack,D.S.&Salhofer,K.(2012).Towards a Theory of Policy Timing.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,56(4):583-596.
Mucciaroni,G.(1992).The Garbage Can Model and the Study of Policy Making:A Critique.Polity,24(3):459-482.
Pierson,P.(1993).When Effect Becomes Cause:Policy Feedback and Political Change.World Politics,45(4):595-628.
Pierson,P.(1996).The Path to European Integration:A Historical Institutionalisms Approach.Comparative Political Studies,29(2):123-163.
Pierson,P.(2000).Increasing Returns,Path Dependence,and the Study of Politics.American Political Sciences Review,94(2):251-267.
Pierson,P.(2001).The new Politics of the Welfare State.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Pierson,P.(2004).Politics in Time:History Institution,and Social Analysis.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Pollitt,C.(2008).Time,Policy and Management.New York:Oxford University Press.
Pollitt,C.(2009).Bureaucracies Remember,Post-Bureaucratic Organizations Forget?.Public Administration,87(2):198-218.
Pommeret,A.&Prieur,F.(2013).Double Irreversibility and Environmental Policy Timing,Journal of Public Economic Theory,15(2):273-291.
Rittberger,B.(2000).Impatient Legislators and New Issue-Dimensions.Journal of European Public Policy,7(4):554-575.
Sabatier,P.A.&Jenkins-Smith,H.C.(1993).Policy Change and Learning:An Advocacy Coalition Approach.Boulder:Westview Press.
Scharf,M.P.&Williams,P.R.(2010).Shaping Foreign Policy in Times of Crisis:The Role of International Law and the State Department Legal Adviser.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Schedler,A.&Santiso,J.(1998).Democracy and Time:An Invitation.International Political Science Review,19(1):5-18.
Schlesinger,A.M.(1986).The Cycles of American History.Boston:Houghton Mifflin.
Schmitter,P.C.&Santiso,J.(1998).Three Temporal Dimensions of the Consolidation of Democracy.International Political Science Review,19(1):69-92.
Shepsle,K.A.&Weingast,B.R.(1987).The Institutional Foundations of Committee Power.The American Political Science Review,80(1):85-104.
Skocpol,T.(1992).Protecting Soldiers and Mother:The Political Origin of Social Policy in the United States.Cambridge:Belknap Press.
Skocpol,T.(1995).Why I am an History Institutionalist.Polity,28(1):103-106.
Smith,T.A.(1988).Time and Public Policy.Knoxvill:The University of Tennessee Press.
Suzanne,M.&Eric,W.(2004).Civic Generation:Policy Feedback Effects of the G.I.Bill on Political Involvement over the Life Course.British Journal of Political Science,34(3):497-518.
Swank,D.(2001).Political Institutions and Welfare State Restructuring:The Impact of Institutions on Social Policy Change in Developed Democracies.in Pierson,P.The new Politics of the Welfare State.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Thelen,K.(1999).Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.Annual Review Political Science,2(1):369-404.
Tholoniat,L.(2009).The Temporal Constitution of the European Commission:A Timely Investigation.Journal of European Public Policy,16(2):221-238.
Wright,J.(2008).To Invest or Insure?How Authoritarian Time Horizons Impact Foreign Aid Effectiveness.Comparative Political Studies,41(7):971-1000.