不同降雨条件下紫色土横垄坡面地表微地形变化特征
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摘要
【目的】地表微地形是影响坡面侵蚀过程的重要因素之一。它影响着地表填洼量、渗透速率、地表径流等过程,同时这些过程也会对微地形变化产生影响。论文探讨了不同降雨条件下地表微地形动态变化特征,为深入理解坡面水蚀机理,以及坡耕地水土流失的有效防治与耕作措施的合理布设提供科学依据。【方法】以川中丘陵区横坡垄作坡面为研究对象,以直线坡面为对照,通过室内人工模拟降雨方法,结合GIS技术,从地表糙度的角度,分析递增和递减降雨条件下,紫色土坡面地表微地形的变化特征。【结果】不同降雨条件下横垄坡面高程值变化范围最高可达-180—80 mm,主要集中在-20—20 mm,地表高程减小区域所占比例相对较大。直线坡面高程变化量在-10—10 mm,主要集中-5—5 mm。不同措施在递增降雨系列下的土壤侵蚀面积均大于递减降雨系列;不同降雨条件下横垄坡面地表糙度值介于57.47—65.32 mm,且不同坡位地表糙度值均呈现出上坡>下坡>中坡。直线坡面地表糙度值在5.71—6.28 mm内变动,不同坡位受随机糙度的影响具有明显的空间变异性;横垄坡面不同降雨条件下微坡度栅格数随坡度的增加呈现出先减小后增加再减小的变化趋势,坡度主要集中于0°—5°和30°—35°。对于直线坡面,栅格统计数随坡度的增加呈现出逐渐减小的变化趋势,微坡度主要集中在0°—10°。不同降雨条件下横垄坡面微坡向栅格数主要分布在北坡和南坡,且其余坡向分布较为均匀。直线坡面在不同降雨条件下微坡向分布差异较大。【结论】水蚀过程中,地表高程值变化、地表糙度体现了微地形垂直方向上的变化,地形因子体现了微地形的空间分布,将其结合起来可较好的反映横垄坡面微地形变化特征。递增型降雨雨型与紫色土区夏季主要侵蚀雨型特点相似,更易造成的土壤侵蚀的发生,是研究区坡耕地土壤侵蚀防控的主要雨型。该研究结果可以为地表微地形量化、揭示坡耕地土壤侵蚀效应本质提供新思路。
【Objective】Soil surface microtopography is one of the important factors that affects processes such as surface depression storage, penetration rate and surface runoff. Conversely, some of these processes also alter microtopography due to erosion and deposition. The objective of this paper was to investigate the dynamic variation characteristics of microtopography under different rainfall patterns, which to further understand water erosion mechanism on sloping farmland, and to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the configuration of tillage measures and the prediction of soil erosion.【Method】This paper took sloping of ridge tillage in Hilly Area of Central Sichuan basin as the research object and the linear slope was used as control. From the perspective of soil roughness, methods involving artificial rainfall and GIS were adopted to analyze the variation characteristics of microtopography of purple soil.【Result】The range of relative elevation was from-180 mm to 80 mm on the sloping of ridge tillage under different rainfall patterns, which mainly focused on-20 mm-20 mm, the proportion of soil surface elevation reduction was relatively higher. However, the range of relative elevation was from-10 mm to 10 mm on the linear slope, which mainly focused on-5 mm-5 mm. The soil erosion area of increased rainfall series was higher than that of decreased rainfall series for different tillage measures. The value of soil roughness was from 57.47 mm to 65.32 mm on the sloping of ridge tillage under different rainfall patterns, and the value of soil roughness showed that upslope>downslope>midslope under different slope positions. The value of soil roughness was from 5.71 mm to 6.28 mm on the linear slope under different rainfall patterns, but soil roughness of different slope positions had obvious variability affected by the random roughness. Grid number of micro-slope of the sloping of ridge tillage showed a decreasing-increasing-decreasing with the increase of slope under different rainfall patterns, and the slopes were mainly concentrated at 0°-5°and 30°-35°. Grid number of micro-slope of the linear slope decreased gradually with the increase of slope, and the slope was mainly concentrated at 0°-10°. Grid number of micro-aspect of the sloping of ridge tillage mainly focused on the northern slope and the southern slope, and distributions of the other micro-aspect were relatively even, but there was an obvious difference in the linear slope under different rainfall patterns. 【Conclusion】The variation of elevation values and soil roughness reflected the vertical variability of microtopography, while the terrain factors could reflect the spatial distribution of microtopography in the process of water erosion. The combination of them reflected variation characteristics of microtopography of the sloping of ridge tillage well. The increased rainfall pattern was similar to the major erosion rainfall pattern in purple soil region in summer which resulted in relatively severe soil erosion on sloping farmland, and it was the main rainfall pattern of soil erosion prevention and control in the study area. This study could provide a new ideas for quantification of microtopography and reveal the essence of soil erosion on sloping farmland.
【Objective】Soil surface microtopography is one of the important factors that affects processes such as surface depression storage, penetration rate and surface runoff. Conversely, some of these processes also alter microtopography due to erosion and deposition. The objective of this paper was to investigate the dynamic variation characteristics of microtopography under different rainfall patterns, which to further understand water erosion mechanism on sloping farmland, and to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the configuration of tillage measures and the prediction of soil erosion.【Method】This paper took sloping of ridge tillage in Hilly Area of Central Sichuan basin as the research object and the linear slope was used as control. From the perspective of soil roughness, methods involving artificial rainfall and GIS were adopted to analyze the variation characteristics of microtopography of purple soil.【Result】The range of relative elevation was from-180 mm to 80 mm on the sloping of ridge tillage under different rainfall patterns, which mainly focused on-20 mm-20 mm, the proportion of soil surface elevation reduction was relatively higher. However, the range of relative elevation was from-10 mm to 10 mm on the linear slope, which mainly focused on-5 mm-5 mm. The soil erosion area of increased rainfall series was higher than that of decreased rainfall series for different tillage measures. The value of soil roughness was from 57.47 mm to 65.32 mm on the sloping of ridge tillage under different rainfall patterns, and the value of soil roughness showed that upslope>downslope>midslope under different slope positions. The value of soil roughness was from 5.71 mm to 6.28 mm on the linear slope under different rainfall patterns, but soil roughness of different slope positions had obvious variability affected by the random roughness. Grid number of micro-slope of the sloping of ridge tillage showed a decreasing-increasing-decreasing with the increase of slope under different rainfall patterns, and the slopes were mainly concentrated at 0°-5°and 30°-35°. Grid number of micro-slope of the linear slope decreased gradually with the increase of slope, and the slope was mainly concentrated at 0°-10°. Grid number of micro-aspect of the sloping of ridge tillage mainly focused on the northern slope and the southern slope, and distributions of the other micro-aspect were relatively even, but there was an obvious difference in the linear slope under different rainfall patterns. 【Conclusion】The variation of elevation values and soil roughness reflected the vertical variability of microtopography, while the terrain factors could reflect the spatial distribution of microtopography in the process of water erosion. The combination of them reflected variation characteristics of microtopography of the sloping of ridge tillage well. The increased rainfall pattern was similar to the major erosion rainfall pattern in purple soil region in summer which resulted in relatively severe soil erosion on sloping farmland, and it was the main rainfall pattern of soil erosion prevention and control in the study area. This study could provide a new ideas for quantification of microtopography and reveal the essence of soil erosion on sloping farmland.
引文
[1]郑子成,秦凤,李廷轩.不同坡度下紫色土地表微地形变化及其对土壤侵蚀的影响.农业工程学报,2015,31(8):168-175.Zheng Z C,Qin F,Li T X.Changes in soil surface microrelief of purple soil under different slope gradients and its effects on soil erosion.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(8):168-175.(in Chinese)
[2]YANG J,CHU X.Quantification of the spatio-temporal variations in hydrologic connectivity of small-scale topographic surfaces under various rainfall conditions.Journal of Hydrology,2013,505:65-77.
[3]PE?UELA A,JAVAUX M,BIELDERS C L.How do slope and surface roughness affect plot-scale overland flow connectivity?Journal of Hydrology,2015,528:192-205.
[4]MORBIDELLI R,SALTALIPPI C,FLAMMINI A,CIFRODELLI M,CORRADINI C,GOVINDARAJU R S.Infiltration on sloping surfaces:Laboratory experimental evidence and implications for infiltration modeling.Journal of Hydrology,2015,523:79-85.
[5]VERMANG J,NORTON L D,HUANG C,CORNELIS W M,DA SILVA A M,GABRIELS D.Characterization of soil surface roughness effects on runoff and soil erosion rates under simulated rainfall.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2015,79(3):903-916.
[6]RAI R K,UPADHYAY A,SINGH V P.Effect of variable roughness on runoff.Journal of Hydrology,2010,382(1):115-127.
[7]PLANCHON O,DARBOUX F.A fast,simple and versatile algorithm to fill the depressions of digital elevation models.Catena,2002,46(2):159-176.
[8]郑子成,吴发启,何淑勤,王健,佘雕.地表糙度对径流和产沙影响的室内试验研究.农业工程学报,2007,23(10):19-24.ZHENG Z C,WU F Q,HE S Q,WANG J,SHE D.Effects of soil surface roughness on runoff and sediment discharges with laboratory experiments.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2007,23(10):19-24.(in Chinese)
[9]MAGUNDA M K,LARSON W E,LINDEN D R,NATER E A.Changes in microrelief and their effects on infiltration and erosion during simulated rainfall.Soil Technology,1997,10(1):57-67.
[10]崔灵周,李占斌,郭彦彪,朱永清.基于分形信息维数的流域地貌形态与侵蚀产沙关系.土壤学报,2007,44(2):197-203.CUI L Z,LI Z B,GUO Y B,ZHU Y Q.Fractal-informationdimension based relationship between sediment yield and topographic feature of watershed.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(2):197-203.(in Chinese)
[11]赵龙山,张青峰,王健,吴发启.黄土坡面不同微坡位上糙度对降雨侵蚀的响应.土壤学报,2013,50(4):637-642.ZHAO L S,ZHANG Q F,WANG J,WU F Q.Effect of soil surface roughness on rainfall erosion as affected by slope position on loess slope.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(4):637-642.(in Chinese)
[12]张莉,张青峰,赵龙山,王健,吴发启.黄土坡耕地地表糙度的空间异质性研究.中国农业科学,2014,47(12):2365-2373.ZHANG L,ZHANG Q F,ZHAO L S,WANG J,WU F Q.Spatial heterogeneity of loess tilled slope surface roughness.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(12):2365-2373.(in Chinese)
[13]LINDEN D R,VAN DOREN D M.Parameters for characterizing tillage-induced soil surface roughness.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1986,50(6):1560-1565.
[14]HUANG C,BRADFORD J M.Depressional storage for MarkovGaussian surfaces.Water Resources Research,1990,26(9):2235-2242.
[15]赵龙山,张青峰,梁心蓝,曹伟鹏,吴发启.基于GIS的坡耕地数字高程模型的建立与应用.农业工程学报,2010(11):317-322.ZHAO L S,ZHANG Q F,LIANG X L,CAO W P,WU F Q.Establishment and application of DEM for loess slope land based on GIS.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(11):317-322.(in Chinese)
[16]HUANG Y F,CHEN X,HUANG G H,CHEN B,ZENG G M,LI J B,XIA J.GIS-based distributed model for simulating runoff and sediment load in the Malian River Basin.Hydrobiologia,2003,49(4):127-134.
[17]GóMEZ J A,NEARING M A.Runoff and sediment losses from rough and smooth soil surfaces in a laboratory experiment.Catena,2005,59(3):253-266.
[18]ZHAO L S,LIANG X L,WU F Q.Soil surface roughness change and its effect on runoff and erosion on the Loess Plateau of China.Journal of Arid Land,2014,6(4):400-409.
[19]DARBOUX F,HUANG C.Does soil surface roughness increase or decrease water and particle transfers?Soil Science Society of America Journal,2005,69(3):748-756.
[20]R?MKENS M J M,HELMING K,PRASAD S N.Soil erosion under different rainfall intensities,surface roughness,and soil water regimes.Catena,2002,46(2):103-123.
[21]秦凤,郑子成,何淑勤,李廷轩,孔祥东.降雨类型对地表微地形空间变化及产流,产沙的影响.水土保持学报,2013,27(4):17-22.QIN F,ZHENG Z C,HE S Q,LI T X,KONG X D.Effect of rainfall types on spatial variation of micro-topography,runoff and sediment yield.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(4):17-22.(in Chinese)
[22]MORENO R G,ALVAREZ M C D,REQUEJO A S,DELFA J V,TARQUIS A M.Multiscaling analysis of soil roughness variability.Geoderma,2010,160(1):22-30.
[23]郑子成.坡面水蚀过程中地表糙度的作用及变化特征研究[D].陕西:西北农林科技大学,2007.ZHENG Z C.Study on the effect and change characteristic of soil surface roughness during the course of water erosion[D].Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2007.(in Chinese)
[24]罗键,郑子成,李廷轩,何淑勤.横垄坡面地表微地形多重分形特征及其对侵蚀产沙的影响.水土保持学报,2015,29(4):66-72.LUO J,ZHENG Z C,LI T X,HE S Q.Multifractal characteristics of surface microtopography and its influence on sediment yield on slope of cross ridge.Journal of soil and water conservation,2015,29(4):66-72.(in Chinese)
[25]ZHAO L S,HUANG C H,WU F Q.Effect of microrelief on water erosion and their changes during rainfall.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2016,41(5):579-586.
[26]郑子成,何淑勤,吴发启.降雨条件下耕作方式对地表糙度的溅蚀效应.农业工程学报,2009,25(11):103-108.ZHENG Z C,HE S Q,WU F Q.Splash erosion effects of tillage practices on soil surface roughness under different rainfall conditions.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(11):103-108.(in Chinese)
[27]塔娜,王健,张慧芸,田龙,张青峰.黄土耕作坡面溅蚀过程中微地形响应特征.水土保持通报,2016,36(1):110-114.TA N,WANG J,ZHANG H Y,TIAN L,ZHANG Q F.Variation characteristics of micro-topography in tillage loess slope during splash erosion.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(1):110-114.(in Chinese)
[28]ZHANG Q F,ZHAO L S,WANG J,WU F Q.Spatiotemporal variability and simulation of tillaged loess microtopography in water erosion.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,69(4):343-351.
[29]ZHANG Q F,WANG J,ZHAO L S,WU F Q,ZHANG Z Y,TORBERT A H.Spatial heterogeneity of surface roughness during different erosive stages of tilled loess slopes under a rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm·min-1.Soil and Tillage Research,2015,153:95-103.
[2]YANG J,CHU X.Quantification of the spatio-temporal variations in hydrologic connectivity of small-scale topographic surfaces under various rainfall conditions.Journal of Hydrology,2013,505:65-77.
[3]PE?UELA A,JAVAUX M,BIELDERS C L.How do slope and surface roughness affect plot-scale overland flow connectivity?Journal of Hydrology,2015,528:192-205.
[4]MORBIDELLI R,SALTALIPPI C,FLAMMINI A,CIFRODELLI M,CORRADINI C,GOVINDARAJU R S.Infiltration on sloping surfaces:Laboratory experimental evidence and implications for infiltration modeling.Journal of Hydrology,2015,523:79-85.
[5]VERMANG J,NORTON L D,HUANG C,CORNELIS W M,DA SILVA A M,GABRIELS D.Characterization of soil surface roughness effects on runoff and soil erosion rates under simulated rainfall.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2015,79(3):903-916.
[6]RAI R K,UPADHYAY A,SINGH V P.Effect of variable roughness on runoff.Journal of Hydrology,2010,382(1):115-127.
[7]PLANCHON O,DARBOUX F.A fast,simple and versatile algorithm to fill the depressions of digital elevation models.Catena,2002,46(2):159-176.
[8]郑子成,吴发启,何淑勤,王健,佘雕.地表糙度对径流和产沙影响的室内试验研究.农业工程学报,2007,23(10):19-24.ZHENG Z C,WU F Q,HE S Q,WANG J,SHE D.Effects of soil surface roughness on runoff and sediment discharges with laboratory experiments.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2007,23(10):19-24.(in Chinese)
[9]MAGUNDA M K,LARSON W E,LINDEN D R,NATER E A.Changes in microrelief and their effects on infiltration and erosion during simulated rainfall.Soil Technology,1997,10(1):57-67.
[10]崔灵周,李占斌,郭彦彪,朱永清.基于分形信息维数的流域地貌形态与侵蚀产沙关系.土壤学报,2007,44(2):197-203.CUI L Z,LI Z B,GUO Y B,ZHU Y Q.Fractal-informationdimension based relationship between sediment yield and topographic feature of watershed.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(2):197-203.(in Chinese)
[11]赵龙山,张青峰,王健,吴发启.黄土坡面不同微坡位上糙度对降雨侵蚀的响应.土壤学报,2013,50(4):637-642.ZHAO L S,ZHANG Q F,WANG J,WU F Q.Effect of soil surface roughness on rainfall erosion as affected by slope position on loess slope.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(4):637-642.(in Chinese)
[12]张莉,张青峰,赵龙山,王健,吴发启.黄土坡耕地地表糙度的空间异质性研究.中国农业科学,2014,47(12):2365-2373.ZHANG L,ZHANG Q F,ZHAO L S,WANG J,WU F Q.Spatial heterogeneity of loess tilled slope surface roughness.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(12):2365-2373.(in Chinese)
[13]LINDEN D R,VAN DOREN D M.Parameters for characterizing tillage-induced soil surface roughness.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1986,50(6):1560-1565.
[14]HUANG C,BRADFORD J M.Depressional storage for MarkovGaussian surfaces.Water Resources Research,1990,26(9):2235-2242.
[15]赵龙山,张青峰,梁心蓝,曹伟鹏,吴发启.基于GIS的坡耕地数字高程模型的建立与应用.农业工程学报,2010(11):317-322.ZHAO L S,ZHANG Q F,LIANG X L,CAO W P,WU F Q.Establishment and application of DEM for loess slope land based on GIS.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(11):317-322.(in Chinese)
[16]HUANG Y F,CHEN X,HUANG G H,CHEN B,ZENG G M,LI J B,XIA J.GIS-based distributed model for simulating runoff and sediment load in the Malian River Basin.Hydrobiologia,2003,49(4):127-134.
[17]GóMEZ J A,NEARING M A.Runoff and sediment losses from rough and smooth soil surfaces in a laboratory experiment.Catena,2005,59(3):253-266.
[18]ZHAO L S,LIANG X L,WU F Q.Soil surface roughness change and its effect on runoff and erosion on the Loess Plateau of China.Journal of Arid Land,2014,6(4):400-409.
[19]DARBOUX F,HUANG C.Does soil surface roughness increase or decrease water and particle transfers?Soil Science Society of America Journal,2005,69(3):748-756.
[20]R?MKENS M J M,HELMING K,PRASAD S N.Soil erosion under different rainfall intensities,surface roughness,and soil water regimes.Catena,2002,46(2):103-123.
[21]秦凤,郑子成,何淑勤,李廷轩,孔祥东.降雨类型对地表微地形空间变化及产流,产沙的影响.水土保持学报,2013,27(4):17-22.QIN F,ZHENG Z C,HE S Q,LI T X,KONG X D.Effect of rainfall types on spatial variation of micro-topography,runoff and sediment yield.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(4):17-22.(in Chinese)
[22]MORENO R G,ALVAREZ M C D,REQUEJO A S,DELFA J V,TARQUIS A M.Multiscaling analysis of soil roughness variability.Geoderma,2010,160(1):22-30.
[23]郑子成.坡面水蚀过程中地表糙度的作用及变化特征研究[D].陕西:西北农林科技大学,2007.ZHENG Z C.Study on the effect and change characteristic of soil surface roughness during the course of water erosion[D].Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2007.(in Chinese)
[24]罗键,郑子成,李廷轩,何淑勤.横垄坡面地表微地形多重分形特征及其对侵蚀产沙的影响.水土保持学报,2015,29(4):66-72.LUO J,ZHENG Z C,LI T X,HE S Q.Multifractal characteristics of surface microtopography and its influence on sediment yield on slope of cross ridge.Journal of soil and water conservation,2015,29(4):66-72.(in Chinese)
[25]ZHAO L S,HUANG C H,WU F Q.Effect of microrelief on water erosion and their changes during rainfall.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2016,41(5):579-586.
[26]郑子成,何淑勤,吴发启.降雨条件下耕作方式对地表糙度的溅蚀效应.农业工程学报,2009,25(11):103-108.ZHENG Z C,HE S Q,WU F Q.Splash erosion effects of tillage practices on soil surface roughness under different rainfall conditions.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(11):103-108.(in Chinese)
[27]塔娜,王健,张慧芸,田龙,张青峰.黄土耕作坡面溅蚀过程中微地形响应特征.水土保持通报,2016,36(1):110-114.TA N,WANG J,ZHANG H Y,TIAN L,ZHANG Q F.Variation characteristics of micro-topography in tillage loess slope during splash erosion.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(1):110-114.(in Chinese)
[28]ZHANG Q F,ZHAO L S,WANG J,WU F Q.Spatiotemporal variability and simulation of tillaged loess microtopography in water erosion.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,69(4):343-351.
[29]ZHANG Q F,WANG J,ZHAO L S,WU F Q,ZHANG Z Y,TORBERT A H.Spatial heterogeneity of surface roughness during different erosive stages of tilled loess slopes under a rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm·min-1.Soil and Tillage Research,2015,153:95-103.