水下壁面剪应力传感器温控标定装置研究
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摘要
新型壁面剪应力传感器的出现为河口海岸工程中水下壁面剪应力的准确测量提供了新的方式。热式壁面剪应力传感器受环境温度影响显著,相关传感器的研究与应用需要准确的标定。本文基于宽扁管道内壁面切应力与沿程压力梯度的关系,研发了一种具有温控功能的水下壁面剪应力传感器静态标定装置,可实现不同水温条件下的壁面剪应力输出。该标定装置可提供的最大水温在35℃。最后通过对MEMS柔性热膜式壁面剪应力传感器在不同水温条件下的静态标定实验,确定了不同水温条件下传感器的标定系数,结果表明标定系数B与水温呈线性相关。
The appearance of new wall shear stress sensors provides new methods for measuring the underwater bed shear stress in estuarine and coastal engineering.The thermal wall shear stress sensor is affected by the ambient temperature significantly.The relevant research and application of these sensors are inseparable from the accurate calibration.Based on the relationship between the wall shear stress and the pressure gradient along the duct with high aspect ratio,a static calibration device for underwater wall shear stress sensor with temperature control is developed.This device can produce wall shear stress for calibration at different water temperature.The calibration device can provide a maximum water temperature of 35℃.A static calibration experiment of the MEMS flexible hot-film wall shear stress sensor is conducted using the device,and the calibration coefficients under different water temperature conditions are determined.The linear relation between the calibration coefficient Band the water temperature is found.
The appearance of new wall shear stress sensors provides new methods for measuring the underwater bed shear stress in estuarine and coastal engineering.The thermal wall shear stress sensor is affected by the ambient temperature significantly.The relevant research and application of these sensors are inseparable from the accurate calibration.Based on the relationship between the wall shear stress and the pressure gradient along the duct with high aspect ratio,a static calibration device for underwater wall shear stress sensor with temperature control is developed.This device can produce wall shear stress for calibration at different water temperature.The calibration device can provide a maximum water temperature of 35℃.A static calibration experiment of the MEMS flexible hot-film wall shear stress sensor is conducted using the device,and the calibration coefficients under different water temperature conditions are determined.The linear relation between the calibration coefficient Band the water temperature is found.
引文
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[2]吕海峰,姜澄宇,邓进军,等.用于壁面切应力测量的微传感器设计[J].机械工程学报,2010,46(24):54-60.Lyu H F,Jiang C Y,Deng J J,et al.Design of micro sensor for wall shear stress measurement[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2010,46(24):54-60.
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[4]Savelsberg R,Schiffer M,Obermeier E,et al.Calibration and use of a MEMS surface fence for wall shear stress measurements in turbulent flows[J].Experiments in Fluids,2012,53(2):489-498.
[5]马炳和,赵建国,邓进军,等.全柔性热膜微传感器阵列制造工艺及性能优化[J].光学精密工程,2009,17(8):1971-1977.Ma B H,Zhao J G,Deng J J,et al.Fabrication of flexible hot film sensor array and its optimization[J].Optics and Precision Engineering,2009,17(8):1971-1977.
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[12]Sumer B M,Arnskov M M,Christiansen N,et al.Two-component hot-film probe for measurements of wall shear stress[J].Experiments in Fluids,1993,15(6):380-384.
[13]Xu Y,Lin Q,Lin G Y,et al.Micromachined thermal shearstress sensor for underwater applications[J].Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems,2005,14(5):1023-1030.
[14]田于逵,谢华,黄欢,等.MEMS壁面剪应力传感器阵列水下标定实验研究[J].实验流体力学,2015,29(2):8-12.Tian Y K,Xie H,Huang H,et al.Calibration of MEMS wall shear-stress-sensor array for underwater applications[J].Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics,2015,29(2):8-12.
[15]徐华.波流作用下床面切应力及挟沙能力研究[D].南京:河海大学,2016.Xu H.Research on bed shear stress and sediment-carrying capacity under wave-current interaction[D].Najing:Hohai University,2016.
[16]Pope S B.Turbulent flows[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,2001:802.
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[18]Vinuesa R,Schlatter P,Nagib H M.On minimum aspect ratio for duct flow facilities and the role of side walls in generating secondary flows[J].Journal of Turbulence,2015,16(6):588-606.
[19]Knight D W,Patel H S.Boundary shear in smooth rectangular ducts[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1985,111(1):29-47.
[20]Rhodes D G,Knight D W.Distribution of shear force on boundary of smooth rectangular duct[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1994,120(7):787-807.
[21]Monty J P.Developments in smooth wall turbulent duct flows[D].Melbourne:University of Melbourne,2005.
[22]Vinuesa R,Bartrons E,Chiu D,et al.New insight into flow development and two dimensionality of turbulent channel flows[J].Experiments in Fluids,2014,55(6):1-14.
[23]Hanratty T J,Campbell J A.Measurement of wall shear stress[M]//Fluid Mechanics Measurements.Washington D C:Taylor&Francis,1996:575-648.
[2]吕海峰,姜澄宇,邓进军,等.用于壁面切应力测量的微传感器设计[J].机械工程学报,2010,46(24):54-60.Lyu H F,Jiang C Y,Deng J J,et al.Design of micro sensor for wall shear stress measurement[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2010,46(24):54-60.
[3]Ma B H,Ma C Y.A MEMS surface fence for wall shear stress measurement with high sensitivity[J].Microsystem Technologies,2016,22(2):239-246.
[4]Savelsberg R,Schiffer M,Obermeier E,et al.Calibration and use of a MEMS surface fence for wall shear stress measurements in turbulent flows[J].Experiments in Fluids,2012,53(2):489-498.
[5]马炳和,赵建国,邓进军,等.全柔性热膜微传感器阵列制造工艺及性能优化[J].光学精密工程,2009,17(8):1971-1977.Ma B H,Zhao J G,Deng J J,et al.Fabrication of flexible hot film sensor array and its optimization[J].Optics and Precision Engineering,2009,17(8):1971-1977.
[6]Miau J J,Leu T S,Yu J M,et al.MEMS thermal film sensors for unsteady flow measurement[J].Sensors and Actuators A:Physical,2015,235:1-13.
[7]Pujara N,Liu P L F.Direct measurements of local bed shear stress in the presence of pressure gradients[J].Experiments in Fluids,2014,55(7):1-13.
[8]Huo G,Wang Y G,Yin B S,et al.A new measure for direct measurement of the bed shear stress of wave boundary layer in wave flume[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,Ser B,2007,19(4):517-524.
[9]Hultmark M,Smits A J.Temperature corrections for constant temperature and constant current hot-wire anemometers[J].Measurement Science and Technology,2010,21(10):105404.
[10]Talluru K M,Kulandaivelu V,Hutchins N,et al.A calibration technique to correct sensor drift issues in hot-wire anemometry[J].Measurement Science and Technology,2014,25(10):105304.
[11]马炳和,王毅,姜澄宇,等.柔性热膜剪应力传感器水下测量温度修正[J].实验流体力学,2014,28(2):39-44.Ma B H,Wang Y,Jiang C Y,et al.Temperature correction of flexible thermal shear stress sensor for underwater measurements[J].Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics,2014,28(2):39-44.
[12]Sumer B M,Arnskov M M,Christiansen N,et al.Two-component hot-film probe for measurements of wall shear stress[J].Experiments in Fluids,1993,15(6):380-384.
[13]Xu Y,Lin Q,Lin G Y,et al.Micromachined thermal shearstress sensor for underwater applications[J].Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems,2005,14(5):1023-1030.
[14]田于逵,谢华,黄欢,等.MEMS壁面剪应力传感器阵列水下标定实验研究[J].实验流体力学,2015,29(2):8-12.Tian Y K,Xie H,Huang H,et al.Calibration of MEMS wall shear-stress-sensor array for underwater applications[J].Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics,2015,29(2):8-12.
[15]徐华.波流作用下床面切应力及挟沙能力研究[D].南京:河海大学,2016.Xu H.Research on bed shear stress and sediment-carrying capacity under wave-current interaction[D].Najing:Hohai University,2016.
[16]Pope S B.Turbulent flows[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,2001:802.
[17]Marusic I,Mckeon B J,Monkewitz P A,et al.Wall-bounded turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers:Recent advances and key issues[J].Physics of Fluids,2010,22(6):065103.1-24.
[18]Vinuesa R,Schlatter P,Nagib H M.On minimum aspect ratio for duct flow facilities and the role of side walls in generating secondary flows[J].Journal of Turbulence,2015,16(6):588-606.
[19]Knight D W,Patel H S.Boundary shear in smooth rectangular ducts[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1985,111(1):29-47.
[20]Rhodes D G,Knight D W.Distribution of shear force on boundary of smooth rectangular duct[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1994,120(7):787-807.
[21]Monty J P.Developments in smooth wall turbulent duct flows[D].Melbourne:University of Melbourne,2005.
[22]Vinuesa R,Bartrons E,Chiu D,et al.New insight into flow development and two dimensionality of turbulent channel flows[J].Experiments in Fluids,2014,55(6):1-14.
[23]Hanratty T J,Campbell J A.Measurement of wall shear stress[M]//Fluid Mechanics Measurements.Washington D C:Taylor&Francis,1996:575-648.