碳纤维增强复合材料应力检测技术
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摘要
碳纤维增强复合材料在制备、加工到装配、服役过程中,由于热膨胀不匹配等原因会导致材料内部出现分层、裂纹等缺陷,这些缺陷往往使材料处于一定的应力状态。这些应力状态有些对结构有益,而大多会使分层、裂纹等缺陷加剧进而造成结构强度和稳定性的大幅下降,在结构设计过程中必须充分认识有害的残余应力。精确快速地检测复合材料所处的应力状态,对于准确评估结构的强度、稳定性和使用寿命至关重要。总结了有损和无损应力检测技术的研究现状,并通过分析不同检测方法的优势与不足,指出了今后碳纤维增强复合材料应力检测研究工作的发展趋势。
In the process of laying,machining,assembling and servicing,there will be many defects in the interior of carbon fiber reinforced composites resulting from different thermal expansion coefficients in different components.These defects such as delamination and cracks will make composites in a certain stress state.Although these residual stresses are beneficial for structure sometimes,they also can weaken the strength and stability of structure by aggravating delamination and cracks in most time.So,it is necessary for recognizing the harmful residual stress when design the structure.Meanwhile,it is meaningful for assessing the strength,stability,and service life of the structure if the stress state in composites could be measured quickly and accurately.In the present paper,the current situation of destructive and nondestructive stress testing technologies is summarized respectively.According to the advantage and disadvantage,the developing tendency for stress testing on carbon fiber reinforced composites of each method is put forward respective.
In the process of laying,machining,assembling and servicing,there will be many defects in the interior of carbon fiber reinforced composites resulting from different thermal expansion coefficients in different components.These defects such as delamination and cracks will make composites in a certain stress state.Although these residual stresses are beneficial for structure sometimes,they also can weaken the strength and stability of structure by aggravating delamination and cracks in most time.So,it is necessary for recognizing the harmful residual stress when design the structure.Meanwhile,it is meaningful for assessing the strength,stability,and service life of the structure if the stress state in composites could be measured quickly and accurately.In the present paper,the current situation of destructive and nondestructive stress testing technologies is summarized respectively.According to the advantage and disadvantage,the developing tendency for stress testing on carbon fiber reinforced composites of each method is put forward respective.
引文
1 Tebedge N,Alpsten G,Tall L.Residual-stress measurement by the sectioning method[J].Experimental Mech,1973,13(2):88.
2 马子奇.基于临界折射纵波声弹效应的平面应力测量理论和方法[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2014.
3 Mansilla C,Martínez-Martínez D,Ocelík V,et al.On the determination of local residual stress gradients by the slit milling method[J].J Mater Sci,2015,50(10):3646.
4 Soete W.Measurement and relaxation of residual stress[J].Sheet Met Ind,1949,26(266):1269.
5 Soete W,Vancrombrugge R.An industrial method for the determination of residual stresses[J].Proc SESA,1950,8(1):17.
6 王娜.中厚板焊接残余应力测试的盲孔法研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2007.
7 ASTM E 837-081.Standard test method for determining residual stresses by the hole drilling strain-gauge method[S].1981.
8 Lord J D,Penn D,Whitehead P.The application of digital image correlation for measuring residual stress by incremental hole drilling[J].Appl Mech Mater,2008,13:65.
9 Zhu J G,Zhang B G.Experimental measurement of tesidual stress on thermal spray coatings with moire Interferometry and hole-drilling method[J].Appl Mech Mater,2015,782:335.
10 Schajer G S,Yang L.Residual-stress measurement in orthotropic materials using the hole-drilling method[J].Experimental Mech,1994,34(4):324.
11 Pisarev V S,Eleonsky S I,Chernov A V.Residual stress determination in orthotropic composites by displacement measurements near through hole[J].Experimental Mech,2015,55(7):1225.
12 Baldi A.Residual stress analysis of orthotropic materials using integrated digital image correlation[J].Experimental Mech,2014,54(7):1279.
13 Ghasemi A R,Mohammadi M M.Residual stress measurement of fiber metal laminates using incremental hole-drilling technique in consideration of the integral method[J].Int J Mech Sci,2016,114:246.
14 Zhu J G,Xie H M,Li Y J,et al.Interfacial residual stress analysis of thermal spray coatings by miniature ring-core cutting combined with DIC method[J].Experimental Mech,2014,54(2):127.
15 吴立夫,张宝鸽,霍成民,等.基于云纹干涉技术的环芯和切槽残余应力测量方法的实验研究[J].中国科学:技术科学,2015,45(5):503.
16 Li K,Ren W.Application of minature ring-core and interferometric strain/slope rosette to determine residual stress distribution with depth—PartⅠ:Theories[J].J Appl Mech,2007,74(2):298.
17 JB/T 8888-1999环芯法测量汽轮机、汽轮发电机转子锻件残余应力的试验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2000.
18 Hughes D S,Kelly J L.Second-order elastic deformation of solids[J].Phys Rev,1953,92(5):1145.
19 Crecraft D I.The measurement of applied and residual stresses in metals using ultrasonic waves[J].J Sound Vibration,1967,5(1):173.
20 Iwashimizu Y,Kubomura K.Stress-induced rotation of polarization directions of elastic waves in slightly anisotropic materials[J].Int J Solids Struct,1973,9(1):99.
21 Kino G S.Acoustic imaging for nondestructive evaluation[J].Proceedings IEEE,1979,67(4):510.
22 Kino G S,Hunter J B,Johnson G C,et al.Acoustoelastic imaging of stress fields[J].J Appl Phys,1979,50(4):2607.
23 Okada K.Stress-acoustic relations for stress measurement by ultrasonic technique[J].J Acoust Soc Japan(E),1980,1(3):193.
24 Okada K.Acoustoelastic determination of stress in slightly orthotropic materials[J].Experimental Mech,1981,21(12):461.
25 Imanishi E,Sasabe M,Iwashimizu Y.Experimental study on acoustical birefringence in stressed and slightly anisotropic materials[J].J Acoust Soc America,1982,71(3):565.
26 Johnson G C,Mase G T.Acoustoelasticity in transversely isotropic materials[J].J Acoust Soc America,1984,75(6):1741.
27 Dorfi H R,Busby H R,Janssen M.Ultrasonic stress measurements based on the generalized acoustic ratio technique[J].Int J Solids Struct,1996,33(8):1157.
28 Osetrov A V,Fr9hlich H J,Koch R,et al.Acoustoelastic effect in anisotropic layered structures[J].Phys Rev B,2000,62(21):13963.
29 Zhu Q,Burtin C,Binetruy C,et al.Residual stress determination with acoustic birefringence in slightly anisotropic polymers[J].Polym Eng Sci,2015,55(10):2307.
30 Liu B,Dong S.Stress evaluation of laser cladding coating with critically refracted longitudinal wave based on cross correlation function[J].Appl Acoust,2016,101:98.
31 Leisk G G,Saigal A.The acoustoelastic measurement of elastic constants in alumina/aluminum metal matrix composites[J].Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia,1995,33(7):1151.
32 Zhang B Y,Jiang F M,Shi Y,et al.Scanning electron-acoustic imaging of residual stress distributions in aluminum metal and ZrSiO4multiphase ceramics[J].Appl Phys Lett,1997,70(5):589.
33 Hu E,He Y,Chen Y.Experimental study on the surface stress measurement with Rayleigh wave detection technique[J].Appl Acoust,2009,70(2):356.
34 Dos Santos A A,Ambiel L B,Garcia R H,et al.Stress analysis in carbon/epoxy composites using Lcr waves[J].J Compos Mater,2014,48(27):3425.
35 Castellano A,Foti P,Fraddosio A,et al.Mechanical characterization of CFRP composites by ultrasonic immersion tests:Experimental and numerical approaches[J].Composites Part B:Eng,2014,66:299.
36 徐虹,滕宏春,崔波,等.残余应力非破坏性测量技术的发展现状简介[J].理化检验:物理分册,2004,39(11):595.
37 ASTM E915.Standard test method for verifying the alignment of Xray diffraction instrumentation for residual stress measurement[S].2002.
38 Iwashita N,Park C R,Fujimoto H,et al.Specification for a standard procedure of X-ray diffraction measurements on carbon materials[J].Carbon,2004,42(4):701.
39 Nishino T,Naito H,Nakamura K,et al.X-ray diffraction studies on the stress transfer of transversely loaded carbon fibre reinforced composite[J].Composites Part A:Appl Sci Manuf,2000,31(11):1225.
40 Nishino T,Hirokane D,Nakamae K.X-ray diffraction studies of the environmental deterioration of a transversely loaded carbon-fibrereinforced composite[J].Compos Sci Technol,2001,61(16):2455.
41 Predecki P,Barrett C S.Stress measurement in graphite/epoxy composites by X-ray diffraction from fillers[J].J Compos Mater,1979,13(1):61.
42 Meske R,Schnack E.A micromechanical model for X-ray stress analysis of fiber reinforced composites[J].J Compos Mater,2001,35(11):972.
43 Zhang X,Xue Y,Zhang H,et al.Thermal residual stresses in W fibers/Zr-based metallic glass composites by high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction[J].J Mater Sci Technol,2015,31(2):159.
44 孙光爱,陈波.中子衍射残余应力分析技术及其应用[J].核技术,2007,30(4):286.
45 田国辉,陈亚杰,冯清茂.拉曼光谱的发展及应用[J].化学工程师,2008,148(1):34.
46 何林.BET铁电薄膜的MOD法制备及其残余应力的拉曼光谱表征[D].湘潭:湘潭大学,2006.
47 李铁骑,章明秋,曾汉民.用Raman光谱研究碳纤维/聚醚醚酮复合材料的界面结构[J].高分子学报,1998,1(4):482.
48 李铁骑,章明秋,曾汉民.碳纤维/聚醚醚酮复合材料界面的强相互作用[J].材料研究学报,1999,13(6):606.
49 Montes-Moran M A,Young R J.Raman spectroscopy study of HM carbon fibres:Effect of plasma treatment on the interfacial properties of single fibre/epoxy composites[J].Carbon,2002,40(6):845.
50 Goutianos S,Peijs T,Galiotis C.Mechanisms of stress transfer and interface integrity in carbon/epoxy composites under compression loading:Part I:Experimental investigation[J].Int J Solids Struct,2002,39(12):3217.
51 黄远,何芳,万怡灶,等.碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料湿热残余应力的微Raman光谱测试表征[J].复合材料学报,2009,26(4):22.
52 Watts J,Hilmas G,Fahrenholtz W G,et al.Stress measurements in ZrB2-SiC composites using Raman spectroscopy and neutron diffraction[J].J Eur Ceram Soc,2010,30(11):2165.
53 Mu M,Osswald S,Gogotsi Y,et al.An in situ Raman spectroscopy study of stress transfer between carbon nanotubes and polymer[J].Nanotechnology,2009,20(33):335703.
2 马子奇.基于临界折射纵波声弹效应的平面应力测量理论和方法[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2014.
3 Mansilla C,Martínez-Martínez D,Ocelík V,et al.On the determination of local residual stress gradients by the slit milling method[J].J Mater Sci,2015,50(10):3646.
4 Soete W.Measurement and relaxation of residual stress[J].Sheet Met Ind,1949,26(266):1269.
5 Soete W,Vancrombrugge R.An industrial method for the determination of residual stresses[J].Proc SESA,1950,8(1):17.
6 王娜.中厚板焊接残余应力测试的盲孔法研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2007.
7 ASTM E 837-081.Standard test method for determining residual stresses by the hole drilling strain-gauge method[S].1981.
8 Lord J D,Penn D,Whitehead P.The application of digital image correlation for measuring residual stress by incremental hole drilling[J].Appl Mech Mater,2008,13:65.
9 Zhu J G,Zhang B G.Experimental measurement of tesidual stress on thermal spray coatings with moire Interferometry and hole-drilling method[J].Appl Mech Mater,2015,782:335.
10 Schajer G S,Yang L.Residual-stress measurement in orthotropic materials using the hole-drilling method[J].Experimental Mech,1994,34(4):324.
11 Pisarev V S,Eleonsky S I,Chernov A V.Residual stress determination in orthotropic composites by displacement measurements near through hole[J].Experimental Mech,2015,55(7):1225.
12 Baldi A.Residual stress analysis of orthotropic materials using integrated digital image correlation[J].Experimental Mech,2014,54(7):1279.
13 Ghasemi A R,Mohammadi M M.Residual stress measurement of fiber metal laminates using incremental hole-drilling technique in consideration of the integral method[J].Int J Mech Sci,2016,114:246.
14 Zhu J G,Xie H M,Li Y J,et al.Interfacial residual stress analysis of thermal spray coatings by miniature ring-core cutting combined with DIC method[J].Experimental Mech,2014,54(2):127.
15 吴立夫,张宝鸽,霍成民,等.基于云纹干涉技术的环芯和切槽残余应力测量方法的实验研究[J].中国科学:技术科学,2015,45(5):503.
16 Li K,Ren W.Application of minature ring-core and interferometric strain/slope rosette to determine residual stress distribution with depth—PartⅠ:Theories[J].J Appl Mech,2007,74(2):298.
17 JB/T 8888-1999环芯法测量汽轮机、汽轮发电机转子锻件残余应力的试验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2000.
18 Hughes D S,Kelly J L.Second-order elastic deformation of solids[J].Phys Rev,1953,92(5):1145.
19 Crecraft D I.The measurement of applied and residual stresses in metals using ultrasonic waves[J].J Sound Vibration,1967,5(1):173.
20 Iwashimizu Y,Kubomura K.Stress-induced rotation of polarization directions of elastic waves in slightly anisotropic materials[J].Int J Solids Struct,1973,9(1):99.
21 Kino G S.Acoustic imaging for nondestructive evaluation[J].Proceedings IEEE,1979,67(4):510.
22 Kino G S,Hunter J B,Johnson G C,et al.Acoustoelastic imaging of stress fields[J].J Appl Phys,1979,50(4):2607.
23 Okada K.Stress-acoustic relations for stress measurement by ultrasonic technique[J].J Acoust Soc Japan(E),1980,1(3):193.
24 Okada K.Acoustoelastic determination of stress in slightly orthotropic materials[J].Experimental Mech,1981,21(12):461.
25 Imanishi E,Sasabe M,Iwashimizu Y.Experimental study on acoustical birefringence in stressed and slightly anisotropic materials[J].J Acoust Soc America,1982,71(3):565.
26 Johnson G C,Mase G T.Acoustoelasticity in transversely isotropic materials[J].J Acoust Soc America,1984,75(6):1741.
27 Dorfi H R,Busby H R,Janssen M.Ultrasonic stress measurements based on the generalized acoustic ratio technique[J].Int J Solids Struct,1996,33(8):1157.
28 Osetrov A V,Fr9hlich H J,Koch R,et al.Acoustoelastic effect in anisotropic layered structures[J].Phys Rev B,2000,62(21):13963.
29 Zhu Q,Burtin C,Binetruy C,et al.Residual stress determination with acoustic birefringence in slightly anisotropic polymers[J].Polym Eng Sci,2015,55(10):2307.
30 Liu B,Dong S.Stress evaluation of laser cladding coating with critically refracted longitudinal wave based on cross correlation function[J].Appl Acoust,2016,101:98.
31 Leisk G G,Saigal A.The acoustoelastic measurement of elastic constants in alumina/aluminum metal matrix composites[J].Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia,1995,33(7):1151.
32 Zhang B Y,Jiang F M,Shi Y,et al.Scanning electron-acoustic imaging of residual stress distributions in aluminum metal and ZrSiO4multiphase ceramics[J].Appl Phys Lett,1997,70(5):589.
33 Hu E,He Y,Chen Y.Experimental study on the surface stress measurement with Rayleigh wave detection technique[J].Appl Acoust,2009,70(2):356.
34 Dos Santos A A,Ambiel L B,Garcia R H,et al.Stress analysis in carbon/epoxy composites using Lcr waves[J].J Compos Mater,2014,48(27):3425.
35 Castellano A,Foti P,Fraddosio A,et al.Mechanical characterization of CFRP composites by ultrasonic immersion tests:Experimental and numerical approaches[J].Composites Part B:Eng,2014,66:299.
36 徐虹,滕宏春,崔波,等.残余应力非破坏性测量技术的发展现状简介[J].理化检验:物理分册,2004,39(11):595.
37 ASTM E915.Standard test method for verifying the alignment of Xray diffraction instrumentation for residual stress measurement[S].2002.
38 Iwashita N,Park C R,Fujimoto H,et al.Specification for a standard procedure of X-ray diffraction measurements on carbon materials[J].Carbon,2004,42(4):701.
39 Nishino T,Naito H,Nakamura K,et al.X-ray diffraction studies on the stress transfer of transversely loaded carbon fibre reinforced composite[J].Composites Part A:Appl Sci Manuf,2000,31(11):1225.
40 Nishino T,Hirokane D,Nakamae K.X-ray diffraction studies of the environmental deterioration of a transversely loaded carbon-fibrereinforced composite[J].Compos Sci Technol,2001,61(16):2455.
41 Predecki P,Barrett C S.Stress measurement in graphite/epoxy composites by X-ray diffraction from fillers[J].J Compos Mater,1979,13(1):61.
42 Meske R,Schnack E.A micromechanical model for X-ray stress analysis of fiber reinforced composites[J].J Compos Mater,2001,35(11):972.
43 Zhang X,Xue Y,Zhang H,et al.Thermal residual stresses in W fibers/Zr-based metallic glass composites by high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction[J].J Mater Sci Technol,2015,31(2):159.
44 孙光爱,陈波.中子衍射残余应力分析技术及其应用[J].核技术,2007,30(4):286.
45 田国辉,陈亚杰,冯清茂.拉曼光谱的发展及应用[J].化学工程师,2008,148(1):34.
46 何林.BET铁电薄膜的MOD法制备及其残余应力的拉曼光谱表征[D].湘潭:湘潭大学,2006.
47 李铁骑,章明秋,曾汉民.用Raman光谱研究碳纤维/聚醚醚酮复合材料的界面结构[J].高分子学报,1998,1(4):482.
48 李铁骑,章明秋,曾汉民.碳纤维/聚醚醚酮复合材料界面的强相互作用[J].材料研究学报,1999,13(6):606.
49 Montes-Moran M A,Young R J.Raman spectroscopy study of HM carbon fibres:Effect of plasma treatment on the interfacial properties of single fibre/epoxy composites[J].Carbon,2002,40(6):845.
50 Goutianos S,Peijs T,Galiotis C.Mechanisms of stress transfer and interface integrity in carbon/epoxy composites under compression loading:Part I:Experimental investigation[J].Int J Solids Struct,2002,39(12):3217.
51 黄远,何芳,万怡灶,等.碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料湿热残余应力的微Raman光谱测试表征[J].复合材料学报,2009,26(4):22.
52 Watts J,Hilmas G,Fahrenholtz W G,et al.Stress measurements in ZrB2-SiC composites using Raman spectroscopy and neutron diffraction[J].J Eur Ceram Soc,2010,30(11):2165.
53 Mu M,Osswald S,Gogotsi Y,et al.An in situ Raman spectroscopy study of stress transfer between carbon nanotubes and polymer[J].Nanotechnology,2009,20(33):335703.