电磁复合场对Ni60合金凝固过程中显微组织和裂纹的影响
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摘要
利用电磁复合场协同激光熔覆制备多道Ni60合金熔覆层,运用着色探伤剂、OM、SEM、EDS、XRD与硬度测试等实验手段,对制备的Ni60合金熔覆层进行测试分析。结果表明,施加电磁复合场之前,制备的Ni60合金熔覆层表面出现明显开裂,内部存在大尺寸气孔,表面成形质量差;施加电磁复合场之后,Ni60合金熔覆层表面裂纹得到了抑制,内部气孔消失,且熔覆层表面成形质量也得到了改善。同时,施加电磁复合场后,制备的Ni60合金熔覆层的脆性相(CrB和(Cr, Fe)23C6)颗粒尺寸从4～6 mm降低至2～4 mm,且颗粒偏聚得到降低,并有效地消除了内部裂纹。施加电磁复合场之后,熔覆层内部的脆性相含量、颗粒偏聚、晶格畸变和硬度均减少,降低了裂纹萌生的几率,从而有效地抑制了内部裂纹的形成。
Ni60 alloy has been widely used in many application fields due to its excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance and high temperature oxidation resistance. However, uneven microstructure was easily formed due to the effect of heat shock and heat accumulation during laser multi-track overlap process. Moreover, Ni60 alloy powder was composed of a variety of elements. The composition segregation and high content CrB,(Cr, Fe)23 C6 were easily present in the coating during the laser cladding process, which can easily lead to the cracking of Ni60 alloy coating. In this work, multi-layer Ni60 alloy coating was prepared by electric-magnetic compound field assisted laser cladding. Synthesis of Ni60 alloy coating was analyzed by coloring agent, OM, SEM, EDS, XRD and microhardness tester. The results showed that cracks and large pores were to appear at the coating when the electric-magnetic compound field was not applied, and the molding quality was also poor. When the electric-magnetic compound field was applied,the surface cracks of Ni60 alloy coating were suppressed,the pores were eliminated,and the molding quality of the coating was also improved.Meanwhile,the particle size of the brittle phase(CrB,(Cr,was decreased from 4~6 mm to 2~4 mm by the aid of the electric-magnetic compound field,and the degree of particle cluster was also reduced,which was beneficial to the elimination of the internal crack.XRD,microstructure and microhardness analysis results showed that the brittle phase content,particle segregation,lattice distortion and hardness were reduced under the condition of electricmagnetic compound field,leading to the decrease of crack initiation probability,so the crack of Ni60 alloy coating was remarkably reduced.
Ni60 alloy has been widely used in many application fields due to its excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance and high temperature oxidation resistance. However, uneven microstructure was easily formed due to the effect of heat shock and heat accumulation during laser multi-track overlap process. Moreover, Ni60 alloy powder was composed of a variety of elements. The composition segregation and high content CrB,(Cr, Fe)23 C6 were easily present in the coating during the laser cladding process, which can easily lead to the cracking of Ni60 alloy coating. In this work, multi-layer Ni60 alloy coating was prepared by electric-magnetic compound field assisted laser cladding. Synthesis of Ni60 alloy coating was analyzed by coloring agent, OM, SEM, EDS, XRD and microhardness tester. The results showed that cracks and large pores were to appear at the coating when the electric-magnetic compound field was not applied, and the molding quality was also poor. When the electric-magnetic compound field was applied,the surface cracks of Ni60 alloy coating were suppressed,the pores were eliminated,and the molding quality of the coating was also improved.Meanwhile,the particle size of the brittle phase(CrB,(Cr,was decreased from 4~6 mm to 2~4 mm by the aid of the electric-magnetic compound field,and the degree of particle cluster was also reduced,which was beneficial to the elimination of the internal crack.XRD,microstructure and microhardness analysis results showed that the brittle phase content,particle segregation,lattice distortion and hardness were reduced under the condition of electricmagnetic compound field,leading to the decrease of crack initiation probability,so the crack of Ni60 alloy coating was remarkably reduced.
引文
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[23] Wen P, Shinozaki K, Yamamoto M. Experimental research and numerical simulation of solidification crack during laser welding of ring structure[J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2011, 47:1241(温鹏,荻崎贤二,山本元道.环形结构激光焊接凝固热裂纹的实验研究和数值模拟[J].金属学报, 2011, 47:1241)
[24] Na S, Yoon D, Kim J, et al. An evaluation of the fatigue crack propagation rate for powder metallurgical nickel-based superalloys using the DCPD method at elevated temperatures[J]. Int. J.Fatigue., 2017, 101:27
[25] Yan F, Liu S, Hu C J, et al. Liquation cracking behavior and control in the heat affected zone of GH909 alloy during Nd:YAG laser welding[J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 244:44
[26] Ye X, Hua X M, Wang M, et al. Controlling hot cracking in Nibased Inconel-718 superalloy cast sheets during tungsten inert gas welding[J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2015, 222:381
[2] Wen Z H, Bai Y, Yang J F, et al. Effect of vacuum re-melting on the solid particles erosion behavior of Ni60-NiCrMoY composite coatings prepared by plasma spraying[J]. Vacuum, 2016, 134:73
[3] Xu B S, Fang J X, Dong S Y, et al. Heat-affected zone microstructure evolution and its effects on mechanical properties for laser cladding FV520B stainless steel[J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2015, 52:1(徐滨士,方金祥,董世运等. FV520B不锈钢激光熔覆热影响区组织演变及其对力学性能的影响[J].金属学报, 2015, 52:1)
[4] Ocelík V, Furár I, De Hosson J T M. Microstructure and properties of laser clad coatings studied by orientation imaging microscopy[J]. Acta Mater., 2010, 58:6763
[5] Yao J H, Yang L J, Li B, et al. Characteristics and performance of hard Ni60 alloy coating produced with supersonic laser deposition technique[J]. Mater. Des., 2015, 83:26
[6] Lu X L, Liu X B, Yu P C, et al. Synthesis and characterization of Ni60-hBN high temperature self-lubricating anti-wear composite coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy by laser cladding[J]. Opt. Laser Technol., 2016, 78:87
[7] Ma Q S, Li Y J, Wang J, et al. Microstructure evolution and growth control of ceramic particles in wide-band laser clad Ni60/WC composite coatings[J]. Mater. Des., 2016, 92:897
[8] Zhang J, Hu Y, Tan X J, et al. Microstructure and high temperature tribological behavior of laser cladding Ni60A alloys coatings on 45steel substrate[J]. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2015, 25:1525
[9] Shu D, Li Z G, Zhang K, et al. In situ synthesized high volume fraction WC reinforced Ni-based coating by laser cladding[J]. Mater Lett., 2017, 195:178
[10] Wang L, Yao J H, Hu Y, et al. Influence of electric-magnetic compound field on the WC particles distribution in laser melt injection[J]. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2017, 315:32
[11] Wang L, Yao J H, Hu Y, et al. Suppression effect of a steady magnetic field on molten pool during laser remelting[J]. Appl. Surf.Sci., 2015, 351:794
[12] Bachmann M, Avilov V, Gumenyuk A, et al. About the influence of a steady magnetic field on weld pool dynamics in partial penetration high power laser beam welding of thick aluminium parts[J]. Int. J. Heat. Mass. Transfer, 2013, 60:309
[13] Rong Y M, Xu J J, Cao H Y, et al. Influence of steady magnetic field on dynamic behavior mechanism in full penetration laser beam welding[J]. J. Manuf. Process., 2017, 26:399
[14] Chen J C, Wei Y H, Zhan X H, et al. Melt flow and thermal transfer during magnetically supported laser beam welding of thick aluminum alloy plates[J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 254:325
[15] Wang L, Wu C S, Chen J, et al. Influence of the external magnetic field on fluid flow, temperature profile and humping bead in high speed gas metal arc welding[J]. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 2018,116:1282
[16] Wen Z H, Bai Y, Yang J F, et al. Corrosion resistance of vacuum remelted Ni60-NiCrMoY alloy coatings[J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2017,711:659
[17] Luo F, Cockburn A, Sparkes M, et al. Performance characterization of Ni60-WC coating on steel processed with supersonic laser deposition[J]. Defence Technol., 2015, 11:35
[18] Chen G, Gao Z Y. Effect of welding processing parameters on porosity formation of mild steel treated by CO2laser deep penetration welding[J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2013, 49:181(陈高,高子英.焊接工艺参数对低碳钢CO2激光深熔焊接气孔形成的影响[J].金属学报, 2013, 49:181)
[19] Wei H L, Elmer J W, DebRoy T. Crystal growth during keyhole mode laser welding[J]. Acta Mater., 2017, 133:10
[20] Chen M H, Xu J N, Xin L J, et al. Effect of keyhole characteristics on porosity formation during pulsed laser-GTA hybrid welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy[J]. Opt. Laser Eng., 2017, 93:139
[21] Ma Q S, Li Y J, Wang J, et al. Investigation on cored-eutectic structure in Ni60/WC composite coatings fabricated by wide-band laser cladding[J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 645:151
[22] Cai Y C, Luo Z, Feng M N, et al. The effect of TiC/Al2O3composite ceramic reinforcement on tribological behavior of laser cladding Ni60 alloys coatings[J]. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2016, 291:222
[23] Wen P, Shinozaki K, Yamamoto M. Experimental research and numerical simulation of solidification crack during laser welding of ring structure[J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2011, 47:1241(温鹏,荻崎贤二,山本元道.环形结构激光焊接凝固热裂纹的实验研究和数值模拟[J].金属学报, 2011, 47:1241)
[24] Na S, Yoon D, Kim J, et al. An evaluation of the fatigue crack propagation rate for powder metallurgical nickel-based superalloys using the DCPD method at elevated temperatures[J]. Int. J.Fatigue., 2017, 101:27
[25] Yan F, Liu S, Hu C J, et al. Liquation cracking behavior and control in the heat affected zone of GH909 alloy during Nd:YAG laser welding[J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 244:44
[26] Ye X, Hua X M, Wang M, et al. Controlling hot cracking in Nibased Inconel-718 superalloy cast sheets during tungsten inert gas welding[J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2015, 222:381