通过“生活实验室”和多中心治理设计韧性水景
|
摘要
多中心治理和"生活实验室"概念均基于去中心化的参与式规划、协同设计和决策而建立。尽管"生活实验室"的概念在近几年才刚刚兴起,但于2000～2011年施行的伊萨河计划既已对其进行了开拓性探索。该计划沿德国慕尼黑市伊萨河对多种基于自然的解决方案进行了选择、协同设计并予以实施。虽然多个管理部门参与了伊萨河计划的决策过程,但时至今日尚缺乏对促成该项目的多中心治理的研究分析。本文以利益相关者访谈及文献综述为基础,对伊萨河计划的修复规划流程进行了分析。文章阐述了伊萨河计划治理架构的演变,论述了"生活实验室"的协同治理方法,并分析呈现了多中心治理如何增进信任和相互交流,以及韧性水景的协同设计。最终,本文认为,当各具自主权的多层级决策者共同参与政策方案制定时,"生活实验室"可以成为一种实施多中心治理的方法,反之亦然。
The both polycentric governance and Living Labs concepts are based on decentralized participatory planning, co-design, and decisionmaking. While the concept of Living Lab is still emerging, the Isar-Plan(2000 ～ 2011) pioneered the approach for selecting, co-designing, and implementing nature-based solutions along the Isar River in Munich, Germany. Despite multiple governing authorities involved in the decisionmaking process of the Isar-Plan, the polycentric governance that led to the success of the project has to date not been analyzed. This paper presents the results of an ex-post-analysis of the Isar-Plan restoration planning process based on stakeholder interviews and a literature review.The contribution describes the evolution of IsarPlan governance arrangements and discusses the Living Lab approaches to cooperative governance.The analysis demonstrates how polycentricity facilitated trust, learning, and the co-design of a resilient waterscape. The paper concludes that Living Labs can be a way of applying polycentric governance when autonomous and multi-scale decision-makers are collaboratively involved in the design of policy solutions, and vice-versa.
The both polycentric governance and Living Labs concepts are based on decentralized participatory planning, co-design, and decisionmaking. While the concept of Living Lab is still emerging, the Isar-Plan(2000 ～ 2011) pioneered the approach for selecting, co-designing, and implementing nature-based solutions along the Isar River in Munich, Germany. Despite multiple governing authorities involved in the decisionmaking process of the Isar-Plan, the polycentric governance that led to the success of the project has to date not been analyzed. This paper presents the results of an ex-post-analysis of the Isar-Plan restoration planning process based on stakeholder interviews and a literature review.The contribution describes the evolution of IsarPlan governance arrangements and discusses the Living Lab approaches to cooperative governance.The analysis demonstrates how polycentricity facilitated trust, learning, and the co-design of a resilient waterscape. The paper concludes that Living Labs can be a way of applying polycentric governance when autonomous and multi-scale decision-makers are collaboratively involved in the design of policy solutions, and vice-versa.
引文
[1]Wantzen, K. M., Ballouche, A., Longuet, I., Bao, I., Bocoum, H.,Cissé, L.,... Zalewski, M.(2016). River Culture:An eco-social approach to mitigate the biological and cultural diversity crisis in riverscapes. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, 16(1), 7-18.
[2]Hardin, G.(1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science,162(3859), 1243-1248.
[3]Walsh, C. J., Roy, A., Feminella, J. W., Cottingham, P., Groffman, P.M.,&Morgan, R. P.(2005). The urban stream syndrome:Current knowledge and the search for a cure. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 24(3), 706-723.
[4]Berkes, Folke, C.,&F., Colding.(2001). Linking Social and Ecological Systems. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[5]Berkes, F., Colding, J.,&Folke, C.(2002). Navigating socialecological systems:Building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[6]Ostrom, E.(2009). A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems. Sciences, 325(5939), 419-422.
[7]Winterhalder, K., Group, P.,&Higgs, E.(2004). The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration. Ecological Restoration, 2(2), 206-207.
[8]European Commission.(2015). Nature-Based Solutions&ReNaturing Cities(p.74). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/22849939/Nature-Based_Solutions_and_Re-Naturing_Cities._Towards_an_EU_Research_and_Innovation_policy_agenda
[9]Naumann, S.,&Kaphengst, T.(2015). Erfolgsfaktoren bei der Planung und Umsetzung naturbasierter Ans?tze zum Klimaschutz und zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel[Success factors in the planning and implementation of nature-based approaches to climate protection and adaptation to climate change](p. 24). Germany:Bundesamt für Naturschutz.
[10]R?dlinger, C.(2012). Geschichte der Isar in München[History of the Isar in Munich]. Munich:Schiermeier.
[11]Zingraff-Hamed, A.(2019). Die Isar, Die Rei?ende[The Isar,the tearing]. In S. Muhar(Ed.), Rivers of the Alps—Diversity in Nature and Culture. Bern:Haupt Verlag.
[12]Scheuermann, K.(1998). Die Isar—Ein Gebirgfluss im Wandel der Zeiten[The Isar—A mountain river through the ages].Jahrbuch des Verein zum Schutz der Bergwelt,(63), 1-131.
[13]Wulf, R.,&Schaufu?, D.(2013, September 11). A New Lease of Life for the Isar River. City of Munich, Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved from http://www.docin.com/p-1855787241.html
[14]Prokopf, C.(2016). International River Gouvernance:Extreme events as a trigger for discursive changes in the Rhine river basin. In P. Philipp&Z. Fariborz(Eds.), Environmental Politics and Governance in the Anthropocene:Institutions and Legitimacy in a Complex World(pp. 145-162). Andorra:Routledge.
[15]D?ring, N.,&Jochum, G.(2006). Revitalization of a tamed river:The isar in Munich. In M. Knoll(Ed.), Rivers Lost, Rivers Regained:Rethinking City-River(pp. 288-311). Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press.
[16]Armonat, T.(2010). Isar—Drei Ziele, Ein Plan[Isar—Three goals, one plan]. Garten+Landschaft,(11), 20-24.
[17]Kiss, B.(2018). Snapshot—Munich:The restoration of the Isar river. Naturvation. Retrieved from https://naturvation.eu/sites/default/files/munich_snapshot.pdf
[18]Ostrom, E.(2005). Understanding institutional diversity.Princeton:Princeton university press.
[19]Ostrom, V. A., Tiebout, C. M.,&Warren, R.(1961). The organization of government in metropolitan areas:A theoretical inquiry. American political science review, 55(4), 831-842.
[20]Feldman, D.(2016). Polycentric Governance. In Bainbridge W.&Roco M.(Eds.),Handbook of Science and Technology Convergence(pp. 877-890), Cham:Springer.
[21]Galaz, V., Crona, B.,?sterblom, H., Olsson, P.,&Folke, C.(2012).Polycentric systems and interacting planetary boundaries—Emerging governance of climate change-ocean acidificationmarine biodiversity. Ecological Economics,(81), 21-32.
[22]Sovacool, B. K.(2011). An international comparison of four polycentric approaches to climate and energy governance.Energy Policy, 39(6), 3832-3844.
[23]Carlisle, K.,&Gruby, R. L.(2017). Polycentric Systems of Governance:A Theoretical Model for the Commons. Policy Studies Journal,(0), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12212
[24]Jordan, A. J., Huitema, D., Hildén, M., Van Asselt, H., Rayner, T.,Choenefeld, J. J.,... Boasson, E. L.(2015). Emergence of polycentric climate governance and its future prospects. Nature Climate Change, 5(11), 977.
[25]Tosun, J.(2017). Polycentrism in Global Health Governance:Comment on “Four Challenges That Global Health Networks Face."International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7(1), 78-80.
[26]Shackelford, S. J.(2013). Toward Cyberpeace:Managing Cyberattacks Through Polycentric Governance. American University Law Review, 62(5), 1273-1348.
[27]Ostrom, E.(2010). Beyond Markets and States:Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. American Economic Review, 100(3), 641-672.
[28]Berkes, F.(2006). From community-based resource management to complex systems:The scale issue and marine commons. Ecology and Society, 11(1), 1-10.
[29]Dietz, T., Ostrom, E.,&Stern, P. C.(2003). The Struggle to Govern the Commons. Science, 302(5652), 1907-1912.
[30]Blomquist, W.(2009). Multi-level governance and natural resource management:The challenges of complexity, diversity, and uncertainty. In Padmanabhan(Ed.), Institutions and Sustainability(pp. 109-126). Berlin:Springer Netherlands.
[31]Dallimer, M.,&Strange, N.(2015). Why socio-political borders and boundaries matter in conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,30(3), 132-139.
[32]Crooks, K. R.,&Sanjayan, M.(2006). Connectivity conservation.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[33]Rist, L., Felton, A., Nystr?m, M., Troell, M., Sponseller, R.,Bengtsson, J.,... Moen, J.(2014). Applying resilience thinking to production ecosystems. Ecosphere, 5(6), 73.
[34]Biggs, R., Schlüter, M.,&Schoon M. L.(2015). Principles for building resilience:Sustaining ecosystem services in social-ecological systems. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[35]Tosun, J.,&Guy, B. P.(2018). Intergovernmental organizations’normative commitments to policy integration:The dominance of environmental goals. Environmental Science and Policy,(82), 90-99.
[36]Ostrom, E.(1996). Crossing the great divide:Coproduction,synergy, and development. World Development, 24(6), 1073-1087.
[37]Marshall, G. R.(2009). Polycentricity, reciprocity, and farmer adoption of conservation practices under community-based governance. Ecological Economics, 68(5), 1507-1520.
[38]Dietz, T.(2010). Institutionen und Globalisierung:Eine empirische Untersuchung am Beispiel grenzüberschreitender Softwareentwicklungsvertr?ge[Institutions and Globalization:An Empirical Study Using the Example of Cross-Border Software Development Contracts]. Retrieved from https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/en/book/institutionen-und-globalisierung-9783161504273?no_cache=1
[39]Goldthau, A.(2014). Rethinking the governance of energy infrastructure:Scale, decentralization and polycentrism. Energy Research and Social Science,(1), 134-140.
[40]Ostrom, E.(1999). Coping with tragedies of the commons. Annual Review of Political Science,(2), 493-535.
[41]Imperial, M. T.(1999). Institutional analysis and ecosystembased management:The institutional analysis and development framework. Environmental management, 24(4), 449-465.
[42]Young, O. R., King,L.,&Schroeder, H.(Eds.)(2008). Institutions and Environmental Change:Principal Findings, Applications, and Research Frontiers. Cambridge:MIT Press
[43]Winiwarter, V., Haidvogl, G.,&Bürkner, M.(2016). The rise and fall of Munich’s early modern water network:A tale of prowess and power. Water History, 8(3), 277-299.
[44]Oppermann, B.,&Pauleit, S.(2005). The Greenstructure of Munich:The need for and risk of regional cooperation[Final Report of European Commssion COST Action 11](pp. 72-79).Retrieved from http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11-book/pdfs/a-Intro.pdf
[45]Freudenberger, J.(1927). Aus der Geschichte der Au(München)[History of the Au(Munich)]. Retrieved from https://www.bwb.badw.de/materialsammlung/literarische-quellen.html
[46]Hickethier, G.(2000). Die Stadtb?che links und rechts der Isar,München[The city streams left and right of the Isar, Munich].Munich:Baureferat LHS München.
[47]Reichholf, J. H.&Arzet, K.(2011). Das Buch zum Abschlu?des Projekts“Isarplan”[The book to complete the project “Isar-Plan”].Munich:Buch&Media.
[48]Zech, U.(1988). Isar Plan—Berichtüber das Isar-Colloquim[Isar-Plan—Report on the Isar-Colloquim]/Editor:L.M.-R.f.S.u.Bauordnung. Munich:City of Munich.
[49]Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum.(2017). Rechnungen im Rahmen des Internationalen Klimamodell-Vergleichsprojektes CMIP5und für den Fünften Klimasachstandsbericht der Vereinten Nationen(IPCC AR5)[Invoices under the International Climate Model Comparative Project CMIP5 and for the Fifth Review of the United Nations Climate Change Report(IPCC AR5)]. Retrieved from https://www.dkrz.de/Klimaforschung/konsortial/ipcc-ar5/ergebnisse/niederschlag
[50]Wagner, T., Theme?l, M., Schüppel, A., Gobiet, H.,&Stigler, S.B.(2017). Impacts of climate change on stream flow and hydro power generation in the Alpine region. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(22), 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-6318-6
[51]D?ring, N.,&Binder, W.(2010). Die neue Isar/1—Renaturierung, kulturelle?ffnung und Ideen-Flu?,Geschichtliches wie Literarisches[The New Isar/1—Renaturation, Cultural Opening and Flow Of Ideas, History as Literary]. Munich:Buch&Media.
[52]Rossano, F.(2016). Isar Plan:The Wild as the New Urban?.Contour,(1). Retrieved from http://amup.strasbourg.archi.fr/sites/default/files/pubications/rossano_2016.pdf
[53]Sartori, R.(2010). Die neue Isar/2—Renaturierung, kulturelle?ffnung und Ideen-Flu?, Geschichtliches wie Literarisches[The New Isar/2—Renaturation, Cultural Opening and Flow Of Ideas,History As Literary]. Munich:Buch&Media.
[54]Fulgencio, H., Le Fever, H.,&Katzy. B.(2012, October). Living Lab:Innovation through Pastiche(a research linking disparate and discorded ontology). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/11037703/Living_Lab_Innovation_through_Pastiche
[55]Mitchell, W. J.(1999). E-topia:“Urban life, Jim—But Not As We Know It.” Cambridge:MIT Press.
[56]Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Senach, B.,&Scapin, D.(2010, August).Living Lab Research Landscape:From User Centred Design and User Experience towards User Cocreation[During the First European Summer School”Living Labs”, Inria(ICT Usage Lab),Userlab, EsoceNet, Universcience, Paris]. Retrieved from https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00612632/document/
[57]Voytenko, Y., McCormick, K., Evans, J.,&Schliwa, G.(2016).Urban living labs for sustainability and low carbon cities in Europe:Towards a research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production,(123), 45-54.
[58]Leminen, S., Nystrom, A. G.,&Westerlund, M.(2015). A typology of creative consumers in living labs. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,(37), 6-20.
[59]Leminen, S.(2015). Living Labs as Open Innovation Networks—Networks, Roles and Innovation Outcome(Doctoral dissertation,Department of Industrial Engineering and Management of Aalto University, Helsinki, Finnlands). Retrieved from https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/17899
[60]Veeckman, C., Schuurman, D., Leminen, S.,&Westerlund, M.(2013). Linking Living Lab Characteristics and Their Outcomes:Towards a Conceptual Framework. Technology Innovation Management Review,(3), 6-15. doi:10.22215/timreview/748
[61]Westerlund, M.,&Leminen, S.(2011). Managing the Challenges of Becoming an Open Innovation Company:Experiences from Living Labs. Technology Innovation Management Review, 1(1), 19-25.
[62]Almirall, E., Lee, M.,&Wareham, J.(2012). Mapping Living Labs in the Landscape of Innovation Methodologies. Technology Innovation Management Review, 2(9), 12-18. http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/603
[63]Van Geenhuizen, M.(2012). From Ivory Tower to Living Lab:Accelerating the Use of University Knowledge. Environment and Planning C-Government and Policy, 31(6), 1115-1132.
[64]Bajgier, S. M., Maragah, H. D., Saccucci, M. S., Verzilli, A.,&Prybutok, V. R.(1991). Introducing Students to Community Operations-Research by Using a City Neighbourhood as a Living Laboratory. Operations Research, 39(5), 701-709.
[65]Franz, Y.(2015). Designing social living labs in urban research.Info, 17(4), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/info-01-2015-0008
[66]Paskaleva, K., Cooper, I., Linde, P., Perterson, B.,&G?tz, C.(2015).Stakeholder Engagement in the Smart City:Making Living Labs Work. In M. P. Rodriguez-Bolivar(Ed.), Public Administration and Information Technology:Vol. 8. Transforming City Governments for Successful Smart Cities(pp. 115-145). Berlin:Springer-Verlag Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03167-5_7
[67]Steen, K.,&Van Bueren, E.(2017). Urban Living Labs. A living lab way of working(1st ed.). Amsterdam:Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions.
[68]Steen, K.,&Van Bueren, E.(2017). The Defining Characteristics of Urban Living Labs. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(7), 21-23. http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1088
[69]Fohlmeister, S., Zingraff-Hamed, A., Lupp, G.,&Pauleit, S.(2018).Guiding Framework for Tailored Living Lab Establishment at Concept and Demonstrator Case Study Sites, Deliverable 3.1 of Horizon 2020 Project PHUSICOS[Grant Agreement No. 776681].Retrieved from https://phusicos.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/D3_1_GF_Final_Version_complete_201807312-Disclaimers.pdf
[70]Concilio, G.(2016). Urban Living Labs:Opportunities in and for Planning. In G. Concilio&F. Rizzo.(Eds.), Human Smart Cities:Rethinking the Interplay between Design and Planning(pp. 21-40). Cham:Springer International Publishing AG.
[71]Linnerooth-Bayer, J.,&Patt, A.(2016). Introduction to the special issue on rethinking participatory processes:The case of landslide risk in Nocera Inferiore. Natural Hazards, 81(Suppl 1), 1-6.
[72]Ahmad Shabudin, A. F., Syed Azhar, S. N. F.,&Ng, T. F.(2017).Learning lab on disaster risk management for sustainable development(DRM-SD):An evaluation. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 9(5), 600-625.
[73]Leminen, S.(2013). Coordination and Participation in Living Lab Networks. Technology Innovation Management Review, 3(11), 5-14.
[74]Schaffers, H., Komninos, N., Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Nilsson,M.,&Oliveira, A.(2011). Smart Cities and the Future Internet:Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation, in J.Domingue et al.(Eds.), Future Internet:Future Internet Assembly2011:Achievements and Technological Promises(pp. 431-446).Berlin:Springer-Verlag Berlin.
[75]Guzman, J. G., Del Carpio, A. F., Colomo-Palacios, R.,&De Diego,M. V.(2013). Living Labs for User-Driven Innovation:A Process Reference Model. Research-Technology Management, 56(3), 29-39.
[76]Mulder, I.(2012). Living Labbing the Rotterdam Way:Co-Creation as an Enabler for Urban Innovation. Technology Innovation Management Review, 2(9), 39-43. http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/607
[77]Von Wirth, T., Fuenfschilling, L., Frantzeskaki, N.,&Coenen, L.(2019).Impacts of urban living labs on sustainability transitions:Mechanisms and strategies for systemic change through experimentation. European Planning Studies, 27(2), 229-257. doi:10.1080/09654313.2018.1504895
[78]Dutilleul, B., Birrer, F. A. J.,&Mensink, W.(2010). Unpacking European Living Labs:Analysing Innovation’s Social Dimensions.Central European Journal of Public Policy, 4(1), 60-85.
[79]Ballon, P.(Ed.).(2015). Living Labs. In R. Mansell et al.(Eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication and Society.Hoboken:Wiley&Sons.
[80]Juuj?rvi, S.,&Lund, V.(2016). Enhancing Early Innovation in an Urban Living Lab:Lessons from Espoo, Finland. Technology Innovation Management Review, 6(1), 17-26.
[81]B?umler, K.(2019). Die Isar in München:Von der, Pissrinne‘zum lebendigen Flu?[The Isar in Munich:From the"Pissrinne"to the Living Flow]/Interviewer and Editor:P.S.L.A.L. Freising:TUM.
[82]Renner, S. S.,&Schuhwerk, F.(2012). Das Buch zum Isarplan in München, Teil 2[The Book for Isar-Plan in Munich(part 2)]. Munich:Buch&media.
[83]RESTORE.(2013). Rivers by Design—Rethinking development and river restoration. Bristol:Environment Agency.
[84]B?umler, K.(2018). Interview Report about Living Lab Isar/Editor:A.Zingraff-Hamed.
[85]Binder, W.(2018). Interview Report about Living Lab Isar/Editor:A.Zingraff-Hamed
[86]D?ring, N.(2018). Interview Report about Living Lab Isar/Editor:A.Zingraff-Hamed
[87]Rutschmann, P.(2007). Modellversuch ISARPLAN[Model Test ISARPLAN](P. 8). Munich:TUM. Retrieved from https://www.wwa-m.bayern.de/fluesse_seen/massnahmen/isarplan/doc/modellversuch_tum_%20obernach.pdf
[88]Lang, T.(2019). A interview about the Sylvenstein Speichersee/Interviewer and Editor:P.S.L.A.L.
[89]Orlamünde, S.(2013). Die Renaturierung der Mittleren Isar[The Renaturation of Middle Isar]. Munich:Umwelt-Akademie e.V.Retrieved from https://www.undekade-biologischevielfalt.de/undekade/media/230313043309_333134.pdf
[90]Kangler, G., Liebl-Schwindhammer, B.,&Voigt, A.(2014). Faszination Wildfluss–Gesellschaftliche Auffassungen von Wildflüssen und ihre Relevanz für Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung[Fascinating Wild Rivers–Social Perception of Wild Rivers and Its Relevance for Nature Conservation and Landscape Planning]. ANLiegen Natur, 36(1),66-73. Retrieved from https://www.anl.bayern.de/publikationen/anliegen/doc/an36102kangler_et_al_2014_faszination_wildfluss.pdf
[91]Verweij, M.(2011). Clumsy Solutions for a Wicked World:How to Improve Global Governance. London:Palgrave Macmillan.
[92]Arnstein, S. R.(1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216-224. Retrieved from https://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html
[93]Wilcox, D.(1994). The Guide to Effective Participation. Brighton:Partnership Books.
[94]Hudson, B., Rosenbloom, J.,&Cole, D.(Eds.).(2019). Routledge Handbook of the Study of the Commons. London:Routledge.
[95]Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.(2018). Opportunities for all:A framework for policy action on inclusive growth. Paris:OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264301665-en
[96]Laakso, S., Berg, A.,&Annala, M.(2017). Dynamics of experimental governance:A meta-study of functions and uses of climate governance experiments. Journal of Cleaner Production,(169), 8-16.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.140
[97]Turnheim, B., Kivimaa, P.,&Berkhout, F.(Eds.).(2018). Innovating Climate Governance:Moving Beyond Experiments. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108277679
[98]Asley, H., Kenton, N.,&Milligan, A.(Eds.).(2008). Participatory learning and action:Issue 58, Towards Empowered Participation:stories and reflection. London:International Institute for Environment and Development.
[2]Hardin, G.(1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science,162(3859), 1243-1248.
[3]Walsh, C. J., Roy, A., Feminella, J. W., Cottingham, P., Groffman, P.M.,&Morgan, R. P.(2005). The urban stream syndrome:Current knowledge and the search for a cure. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 24(3), 706-723.
[4]Berkes, Folke, C.,&F., Colding.(2001). Linking Social and Ecological Systems. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[5]Berkes, F., Colding, J.,&Folke, C.(2002). Navigating socialecological systems:Building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[6]Ostrom, E.(2009). A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems. Sciences, 325(5939), 419-422.
[7]Winterhalder, K., Group, P.,&Higgs, E.(2004). The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration. Ecological Restoration, 2(2), 206-207.
[8]European Commission.(2015). Nature-Based Solutions&ReNaturing Cities(p.74). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/22849939/Nature-Based_Solutions_and_Re-Naturing_Cities._Towards_an_EU_Research_and_Innovation_policy_agenda
[9]Naumann, S.,&Kaphengst, T.(2015). Erfolgsfaktoren bei der Planung und Umsetzung naturbasierter Ans?tze zum Klimaschutz und zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel[Success factors in the planning and implementation of nature-based approaches to climate protection and adaptation to climate change](p. 24). Germany:Bundesamt für Naturschutz.
[10]R?dlinger, C.(2012). Geschichte der Isar in München[History of the Isar in Munich]. Munich:Schiermeier.
[11]Zingraff-Hamed, A.(2019). Die Isar, Die Rei?ende[The Isar,the tearing]. In S. Muhar(Ed.), Rivers of the Alps—Diversity in Nature and Culture. Bern:Haupt Verlag.
[12]Scheuermann, K.(1998). Die Isar—Ein Gebirgfluss im Wandel der Zeiten[The Isar—A mountain river through the ages].Jahrbuch des Verein zum Schutz der Bergwelt,(63), 1-131.
[13]Wulf, R.,&Schaufu?, D.(2013, September 11). A New Lease of Life for the Isar River. City of Munich, Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved from http://www.docin.com/p-1855787241.html
[14]Prokopf, C.(2016). International River Gouvernance:Extreme events as a trigger for discursive changes in the Rhine river basin. In P. Philipp&Z. Fariborz(Eds.), Environmental Politics and Governance in the Anthropocene:Institutions and Legitimacy in a Complex World(pp. 145-162). Andorra:Routledge.
[15]D?ring, N.,&Jochum, G.(2006). Revitalization of a tamed river:The isar in Munich. In M. Knoll(Ed.), Rivers Lost, Rivers Regained:Rethinking City-River(pp. 288-311). Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press.
[16]Armonat, T.(2010). Isar—Drei Ziele, Ein Plan[Isar—Three goals, one plan]. Garten+Landschaft,(11), 20-24.
[17]Kiss, B.(2018). Snapshot—Munich:The restoration of the Isar river. Naturvation. Retrieved from https://naturvation.eu/sites/default/files/munich_snapshot.pdf
[18]Ostrom, E.(2005). Understanding institutional diversity.Princeton:Princeton university press.
[19]Ostrom, V. A., Tiebout, C. M.,&Warren, R.(1961). The organization of government in metropolitan areas:A theoretical inquiry. American political science review, 55(4), 831-842.
[20]Feldman, D.(2016). Polycentric Governance. In Bainbridge W.&Roco M.(Eds.),Handbook of Science and Technology Convergence(pp. 877-890), Cham:Springer.
[21]Galaz, V., Crona, B.,?sterblom, H., Olsson, P.,&Folke, C.(2012).Polycentric systems and interacting planetary boundaries—Emerging governance of climate change-ocean acidificationmarine biodiversity. Ecological Economics,(81), 21-32.
[22]Sovacool, B. K.(2011). An international comparison of four polycentric approaches to climate and energy governance.Energy Policy, 39(6), 3832-3844.
[23]Carlisle, K.,&Gruby, R. L.(2017). Polycentric Systems of Governance:A Theoretical Model for the Commons. Policy Studies Journal,(0), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12212
[24]Jordan, A. J., Huitema, D., Hildén, M., Van Asselt, H., Rayner, T.,Choenefeld, J. J.,... Boasson, E. L.(2015). Emergence of polycentric climate governance and its future prospects. Nature Climate Change, 5(11), 977.
[25]Tosun, J.(2017). Polycentrism in Global Health Governance:Comment on “Four Challenges That Global Health Networks Face."International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7(1), 78-80.
[26]Shackelford, S. J.(2013). Toward Cyberpeace:Managing Cyberattacks Through Polycentric Governance. American University Law Review, 62(5), 1273-1348.
[27]Ostrom, E.(2010). Beyond Markets and States:Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. American Economic Review, 100(3), 641-672.
[28]Berkes, F.(2006). From community-based resource management to complex systems:The scale issue and marine commons. Ecology and Society, 11(1), 1-10.
[29]Dietz, T., Ostrom, E.,&Stern, P. C.(2003). The Struggle to Govern the Commons. Science, 302(5652), 1907-1912.
[30]Blomquist, W.(2009). Multi-level governance and natural resource management:The challenges of complexity, diversity, and uncertainty. In Padmanabhan(Ed.), Institutions and Sustainability(pp. 109-126). Berlin:Springer Netherlands.
[31]Dallimer, M.,&Strange, N.(2015). Why socio-political borders and boundaries matter in conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,30(3), 132-139.
[32]Crooks, K. R.,&Sanjayan, M.(2006). Connectivity conservation.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[33]Rist, L., Felton, A., Nystr?m, M., Troell, M., Sponseller, R.,Bengtsson, J.,... Moen, J.(2014). Applying resilience thinking to production ecosystems. Ecosphere, 5(6), 73.
[34]Biggs, R., Schlüter, M.,&Schoon M. L.(2015). Principles for building resilience:Sustaining ecosystem services in social-ecological systems. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[35]Tosun, J.,&Guy, B. P.(2018). Intergovernmental organizations’normative commitments to policy integration:The dominance of environmental goals. Environmental Science and Policy,(82), 90-99.
[36]Ostrom, E.(1996). Crossing the great divide:Coproduction,synergy, and development. World Development, 24(6), 1073-1087.
[37]Marshall, G. R.(2009). Polycentricity, reciprocity, and farmer adoption of conservation practices under community-based governance. Ecological Economics, 68(5), 1507-1520.
[38]Dietz, T.(2010). Institutionen und Globalisierung:Eine empirische Untersuchung am Beispiel grenzüberschreitender Softwareentwicklungsvertr?ge[Institutions and Globalization:An Empirical Study Using the Example of Cross-Border Software Development Contracts]. Retrieved from https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/en/book/institutionen-und-globalisierung-9783161504273?no_cache=1
[39]Goldthau, A.(2014). Rethinking the governance of energy infrastructure:Scale, decentralization and polycentrism. Energy Research and Social Science,(1), 134-140.
[40]Ostrom, E.(1999). Coping with tragedies of the commons. Annual Review of Political Science,(2), 493-535.
[41]Imperial, M. T.(1999). Institutional analysis and ecosystembased management:The institutional analysis and development framework. Environmental management, 24(4), 449-465.
[42]Young, O. R., King,L.,&Schroeder, H.(Eds.)(2008). Institutions and Environmental Change:Principal Findings, Applications, and Research Frontiers. Cambridge:MIT Press
[43]Winiwarter, V., Haidvogl, G.,&Bürkner, M.(2016). The rise and fall of Munich’s early modern water network:A tale of prowess and power. Water History, 8(3), 277-299.
[44]Oppermann, B.,&Pauleit, S.(2005). The Greenstructure of Munich:The need for and risk of regional cooperation[Final Report of European Commssion COST Action 11](pp. 72-79).Retrieved from http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11-book/pdfs/a-Intro.pdf
[45]Freudenberger, J.(1927). Aus der Geschichte der Au(München)[History of the Au(Munich)]. Retrieved from https://www.bwb.badw.de/materialsammlung/literarische-quellen.html
[46]Hickethier, G.(2000). Die Stadtb?che links und rechts der Isar,München[The city streams left and right of the Isar, Munich].Munich:Baureferat LHS München.
[47]Reichholf, J. H.&Arzet, K.(2011). Das Buch zum Abschlu?des Projekts“Isarplan”[The book to complete the project “Isar-Plan”].Munich:Buch&Media.
[48]Zech, U.(1988). Isar Plan—Berichtüber das Isar-Colloquim[Isar-Plan—Report on the Isar-Colloquim]/Editor:L.M.-R.f.S.u.Bauordnung. Munich:City of Munich.
[49]Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum.(2017). Rechnungen im Rahmen des Internationalen Klimamodell-Vergleichsprojektes CMIP5und für den Fünften Klimasachstandsbericht der Vereinten Nationen(IPCC AR5)[Invoices under the International Climate Model Comparative Project CMIP5 and for the Fifth Review of the United Nations Climate Change Report(IPCC AR5)]. Retrieved from https://www.dkrz.de/Klimaforschung/konsortial/ipcc-ar5/ergebnisse/niederschlag
[50]Wagner, T., Theme?l, M., Schüppel, A., Gobiet, H.,&Stigler, S.B.(2017). Impacts of climate change on stream flow and hydro power generation in the Alpine region. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(22), 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-6318-6
[51]D?ring, N.,&Binder, W.(2010). Die neue Isar/1—Renaturierung, kulturelle?ffnung und Ideen-Flu?,Geschichtliches wie Literarisches[The New Isar/1—Renaturation, Cultural Opening and Flow Of Ideas, History as Literary]. Munich:Buch&Media.
[52]Rossano, F.(2016). Isar Plan:The Wild as the New Urban?.Contour,(1). Retrieved from http://amup.strasbourg.archi.fr/sites/default/files/pubications/rossano_2016.pdf
[53]Sartori, R.(2010). Die neue Isar/2—Renaturierung, kulturelle?ffnung und Ideen-Flu?, Geschichtliches wie Literarisches[The New Isar/2—Renaturation, Cultural Opening and Flow Of Ideas,History As Literary]. Munich:Buch&Media.
[54]Fulgencio, H., Le Fever, H.,&Katzy. B.(2012, October). Living Lab:Innovation through Pastiche(a research linking disparate and discorded ontology). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/11037703/Living_Lab_Innovation_through_Pastiche
[55]Mitchell, W. J.(1999). E-topia:“Urban life, Jim—But Not As We Know It.” Cambridge:MIT Press.
[56]Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Senach, B.,&Scapin, D.(2010, August).Living Lab Research Landscape:From User Centred Design and User Experience towards User Cocreation[During the First European Summer School”Living Labs”, Inria(ICT Usage Lab),Userlab, EsoceNet, Universcience, Paris]. Retrieved from https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00612632/document/
[57]Voytenko, Y., McCormick, K., Evans, J.,&Schliwa, G.(2016).Urban living labs for sustainability and low carbon cities in Europe:Towards a research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production,(123), 45-54.
[58]Leminen, S., Nystrom, A. G.,&Westerlund, M.(2015). A typology of creative consumers in living labs. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,(37), 6-20.
[59]Leminen, S.(2015). Living Labs as Open Innovation Networks—Networks, Roles and Innovation Outcome(Doctoral dissertation,Department of Industrial Engineering and Management of Aalto University, Helsinki, Finnlands). Retrieved from https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/17899
[60]Veeckman, C., Schuurman, D., Leminen, S.,&Westerlund, M.(2013). Linking Living Lab Characteristics and Their Outcomes:Towards a Conceptual Framework. Technology Innovation Management Review,(3), 6-15. doi:10.22215/timreview/748
[61]Westerlund, M.,&Leminen, S.(2011). Managing the Challenges of Becoming an Open Innovation Company:Experiences from Living Labs. Technology Innovation Management Review, 1(1), 19-25.
[62]Almirall, E., Lee, M.,&Wareham, J.(2012). Mapping Living Labs in the Landscape of Innovation Methodologies. Technology Innovation Management Review, 2(9), 12-18. http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/603
[63]Van Geenhuizen, M.(2012). From Ivory Tower to Living Lab:Accelerating the Use of University Knowledge. Environment and Planning C-Government and Policy, 31(6), 1115-1132.
[64]Bajgier, S. M., Maragah, H. D., Saccucci, M. S., Verzilli, A.,&Prybutok, V. R.(1991). Introducing Students to Community Operations-Research by Using a City Neighbourhood as a Living Laboratory. Operations Research, 39(5), 701-709.
[65]Franz, Y.(2015). Designing social living labs in urban research.Info, 17(4), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/info-01-2015-0008
[66]Paskaleva, K., Cooper, I., Linde, P., Perterson, B.,&G?tz, C.(2015).Stakeholder Engagement in the Smart City:Making Living Labs Work. In M. P. Rodriguez-Bolivar(Ed.), Public Administration and Information Technology:Vol. 8. Transforming City Governments for Successful Smart Cities(pp. 115-145). Berlin:Springer-Verlag Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03167-5_7
[67]Steen, K.,&Van Bueren, E.(2017). Urban Living Labs. A living lab way of working(1st ed.). Amsterdam:Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions.
[68]Steen, K.,&Van Bueren, E.(2017). The Defining Characteristics of Urban Living Labs. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(7), 21-23. http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1088
[69]Fohlmeister, S., Zingraff-Hamed, A., Lupp, G.,&Pauleit, S.(2018).Guiding Framework for Tailored Living Lab Establishment at Concept and Demonstrator Case Study Sites, Deliverable 3.1 of Horizon 2020 Project PHUSICOS[Grant Agreement No. 776681].Retrieved from https://phusicos.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/D3_1_GF_Final_Version_complete_201807312-Disclaimers.pdf
[70]Concilio, G.(2016). Urban Living Labs:Opportunities in and for Planning. In G. Concilio&F. Rizzo.(Eds.), Human Smart Cities:Rethinking the Interplay between Design and Planning(pp. 21-40). Cham:Springer International Publishing AG.
[71]Linnerooth-Bayer, J.,&Patt, A.(2016). Introduction to the special issue on rethinking participatory processes:The case of landslide risk in Nocera Inferiore. Natural Hazards, 81(Suppl 1), 1-6.
[72]Ahmad Shabudin, A. F., Syed Azhar, S. N. F.,&Ng, T. F.(2017).Learning lab on disaster risk management for sustainable development(DRM-SD):An evaluation. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 9(5), 600-625.
[73]Leminen, S.(2013). Coordination and Participation in Living Lab Networks. Technology Innovation Management Review, 3(11), 5-14.
[74]Schaffers, H., Komninos, N., Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Nilsson,M.,&Oliveira, A.(2011). Smart Cities and the Future Internet:Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation, in J.Domingue et al.(Eds.), Future Internet:Future Internet Assembly2011:Achievements and Technological Promises(pp. 431-446).Berlin:Springer-Verlag Berlin.
[75]Guzman, J. G., Del Carpio, A. F., Colomo-Palacios, R.,&De Diego,M. V.(2013). Living Labs for User-Driven Innovation:A Process Reference Model. Research-Technology Management, 56(3), 29-39.
[76]Mulder, I.(2012). Living Labbing the Rotterdam Way:Co-Creation as an Enabler for Urban Innovation. Technology Innovation Management Review, 2(9), 39-43. http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/607
[77]Von Wirth, T., Fuenfschilling, L., Frantzeskaki, N.,&Coenen, L.(2019).Impacts of urban living labs on sustainability transitions:Mechanisms and strategies for systemic change through experimentation. European Planning Studies, 27(2), 229-257. doi:10.1080/09654313.2018.1504895
[78]Dutilleul, B., Birrer, F. A. J.,&Mensink, W.(2010). Unpacking European Living Labs:Analysing Innovation’s Social Dimensions.Central European Journal of Public Policy, 4(1), 60-85.
[79]Ballon, P.(Ed.).(2015). Living Labs. In R. Mansell et al.(Eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication and Society.Hoboken:Wiley&Sons.
[80]Juuj?rvi, S.,&Lund, V.(2016). Enhancing Early Innovation in an Urban Living Lab:Lessons from Espoo, Finland. Technology Innovation Management Review, 6(1), 17-26.
[81]B?umler, K.(2019). Die Isar in München:Von der, Pissrinne‘zum lebendigen Flu?[The Isar in Munich:From the"Pissrinne"to the Living Flow]/Interviewer and Editor:P.S.L.A.L. Freising:TUM.
[82]Renner, S. S.,&Schuhwerk, F.(2012). Das Buch zum Isarplan in München, Teil 2[The Book for Isar-Plan in Munich(part 2)]. Munich:Buch&media.
[83]RESTORE.(2013). Rivers by Design—Rethinking development and river restoration. Bristol:Environment Agency.
[84]B?umler, K.(2018). Interview Report about Living Lab Isar/Editor:A.Zingraff-Hamed.
[85]Binder, W.(2018). Interview Report about Living Lab Isar/Editor:A.Zingraff-Hamed
[86]D?ring, N.(2018). Interview Report about Living Lab Isar/Editor:A.Zingraff-Hamed
[87]Rutschmann, P.(2007). Modellversuch ISARPLAN[Model Test ISARPLAN](P. 8). Munich:TUM. Retrieved from https://www.wwa-m.bayern.de/fluesse_seen/massnahmen/isarplan/doc/modellversuch_tum_%20obernach.pdf
[88]Lang, T.(2019). A interview about the Sylvenstein Speichersee/Interviewer and Editor:P.S.L.A.L.
[89]Orlamünde, S.(2013). Die Renaturierung der Mittleren Isar[The Renaturation of Middle Isar]. Munich:Umwelt-Akademie e.V.Retrieved from https://www.undekade-biologischevielfalt.de/undekade/media/230313043309_333134.pdf
[90]Kangler, G., Liebl-Schwindhammer, B.,&Voigt, A.(2014). Faszination Wildfluss–Gesellschaftliche Auffassungen von Wildflüssen und ihre Relevanz für Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung[Fascinating Wild Rivers–Social Perception of Wild Rivers and Its Relevance for Nature Conservation and Landscape Planning]. ANLiegen Natur, 36(1),66-73. Retrieved from https://www.anl.bayern.de/publikationen/anliegen/doc/an36102kangler_et_al_2014_faszination_wildfluss.pdf
[91]Verweij, M.(2011). Clumsy Solutions for a Wicked World:How to Improve Global Governance. London:Palgrave Macmillan.
[92]Arnstein, S. R.(1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216-224. Retrieved from https://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html
[93]Wilcox, D.(1994). The Guide to Effective Participation. Brighton:Partnership Books.
[94]Hudson, B., Rosenbloom, J.,&Cole, D.(Eds.).(2019). Routledge Handbook of the Study of the Commons. London:Routledge.
[95]Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.(2018). Opportunities for all:A framework for policy action on inclusive growth. Paris:OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264301665-en
[96]Laakso, S., Berg, A.,&Annala, M.(2017). Dynamics of experimental governance:A meta-study of functions and uses of climate governance experiments. Journal of Cleaner Production,(169), 8-16.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.140
[97]Turnheim, B., Kivimaa, P.,&Berkhout, F.(Eds.).(2018). Innovating Climate Governance:Moving Beyond Experiments. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108277679
[98]Asley, H., Kenton, N.,&Milligan, A.(Eds.).(2008). Participatory learning and action:Issue 58, Towards Empowered Participation:stories and reflection. London:International Institute for Environment and Development.