违实句式和人称视角对二语句子加工及语义合理性的影响
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摘要
违实句式与人称视角是影响句子理解的两个重要因素。相较于对母语者的研究,有关二语学习者的研究仍有许多不明之处。为此,本研究借助自定步速阅读方法(SPR)研究了词汇合理性、违实句式以及人称视角对句子加工的影响,并考察了这些因素如何受到外语水平的调节。结果表明,词汇合理性会对不同水平的英语学习者产生显著影响,而违实情境和人称视角并不会对句子加工产生明显影响。同时,无论词汇合理性、违实句式以及人称视角如何变换,高水平学习者均比低水平学习者的反应时更短。这一结果表明:1)中国英语学习者,尤其是高水平的英语学习者对词汇合理性非常敏感,能够及时识别出使用不恰当的词语;2)二语学习者虽能理解句子,却并不一定能顺利构建起相应的违实世界以帮助理解词汇合理性;3)人称视角虽可能会增加读者的阅读深度,但对中国英语学习者的加工模式来说影响甚微;4)英语水平的高低是决定句子加工效率的一项关键性因素。
引文
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[3] Anderson,J.,J.Fincham & S.Douglass.The role of examples and rules in the acquisition of a cognitive skill [J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory and Cognition,1997,23(4):932-945.
[4] Birch,S.& K.Rayner.Linguistic focus affects eye movements during reading[J].Memory & Cognition,1997,25(5):653-660.
[5] Braze,D.,D.Shankweiler,W.Ni,et al.Readers’ eye movements distinguish anomalies of form and content[J].Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,2002,31(1):25-44.
[6] Brunyé,T.T.,T.Ditman,C.R.Mahoney,et al.When you and I share perspective pronouns modulate perspective taking during narrative comprehension [J].Psychological Science,2009,20(1):27-32.
[7] Brunyé,T.T.,T.Ditman,C.R.Mahoney,et al.Better you than I:Perspectives and emotion simulation during narrative comprehension[J].Journal of Cognitive Psychology,2011,23(5):659-666.
[8] Clahsen,H.& C.Felser.How native-like is non-native language processing [J].Trends in Cognitive Sciences,2006,10(12):564-570.
[9] Dai,H.,L.Chen,C.Ni & X.Xu.Literature reading modulates pronoun resolution in counterfactual world:Evidence from event-related potentials[J].Journal of Experimental Psychogy:Learning,Memory and Cognition,2019,45(5):904-919.
[10] Ferguson,H.J.& L.T.Jayes.Plausibility and perspective influence the processing of counterfactual narratives[J].Discourse Processes,2017,55(2):166-186.
[11] Hartung,F.,M.Burke,P.Hagoort & R.M.Willems.Taking perspective:Personal pronouns affect experiential aspects of literary reading[J].PLOS ONE,2016,11(5):1-18.
[12] Joseph,H.S.S.L.,S.P.Liversedge,H.I.Blythe,et al.Children’s and adults’ processing of anomaly and implausibility during reading:Evidence from eye movements[J].Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,2008,61(5):708-723.
[13] Kutas,M.& S.A.Hillyard.Event-related brain potentials to semantically inappropriate and surprisingly large words[J].Biological Psychology,1980,11(2):99-116.
[14] Li,P.,L.Tan,E.Bates,et al.The Handbook of East Psychololinguistics.Vol.1 Chinese [M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[15] Matsuki,K.,T.Chow,M.Hare,et al.Event-based plausibility immediately influences on-line language comprehension [J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory and Cognition,2011,37(4):913-934.
[16] Morris,R.K.& J.R.Folk.Focus as a contextual priming mechanism in reading[J].Memory & Cognition,1998,26(6):1313-1322.
[17] Ni,W.,J.D.Fodor,S.Crain,et al.Anomalous detection:Eye movement patterns[J].Journal of Psycho-linguistic Research,1998,27(5):515-539.
[18] Rayner,K.,T.Warren,B.J.Juhasz,et al.The effects of plausibility on eye movements in reading[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory and Cognition,2004,30(6):1290-1301.
[19] Ullman,M.T.A cognitive neuroscience perspective on second language acquisition:The declarative/procedural model [C] // C.Sanz.Mind and Context in Adult Second Language Acquisition:Methods,Theory and Practice.Washington:Georgetown University Press,2005:141-178.
[20] Warren,T.& K.McConnell.Investigating effects of selectional restriction violations and plausibility violation severity on eye-movements in reading[J].Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,2007,14(4):770-775.
[21] Warren,T.,K.McConnell & K.Rayner.Effects of context on eye movements when reading about possible and impossible events[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory and Cognition,2008,34 (4):1001-1010.