新能源汽车混合储能系统中超级电容器的热行为研究
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摘要
超级电容器是一种新型大功率储能元件,具有较高的能量密度,但其性能受温度影响非常大。为了更精确地研究超级电容器的热特性,本文对新能源汽车混合储能系统中的超级电容器进行三维有限元热分析建模,并分析了其内部温度场的分布情况。对串并联等效热阻模型建立温度分布方程,得到超级电容器表面的总换热系数hc和总热流密度q。实验和仿真结果表明,在充放电的初始阶段,每进行一次充放电行为,超级电容器温度上升约0.94℃。经过2A恒流、50次充放电循环后,最高温度出现在核心区域,底部径向温度下降为0.34℃/cm,进入稳态后达到42.6℃。温度影响超级电容器自放电程度,温度越高、初始电压越大,自放电现象越明显。
Super-capacitor is a new type of high-power energy storage device with high energy density, but its performance is greatly affected by temperature. In order to study the thermal characteristics of the super-capacitor more precisely, the 3D finite element thermal analysis modeling of the super-capacitor in the hybrid energy storage system of the new energy vehicle was performed, and the distribution of its internal temperature field was analyzed. The temperature distribution equation is established for the series-parallel equivalent thermal resistance model to obtain the total heat transfer coefficient hc and the total heat flux density q on the super-capacitor surface. The experimental and simulation results show that during the initial charge and discharge stages, the super-capacitor temperature rises about 0.94 ℃ for every charge and discharge behavior. After 2A constant current and 50 cycles of charge and discharge, the highest temperature occurs in the core region, the radial temperature at the bottom decreases to 0.34 ℃/cm, and reaches 42.6 ℃ after entering the steady state. The temperature affects the self-discharge degree of the super capacitor. The higher the temperature, the greater the initial voltage, and the more obvious the self-discharge phenomenon.
Super-capacitor is a new type of high-power energy storage device with high energy density, but its performance is greatly affected by temperature. In order to study the thermal characteristics of the super-capacitor more precisely, the 3D finite element thermal analysis modeling of the super-capacitor in the hybrid energy storage system of the new energy vehicle was performed, and the distribution of its internal temperature field was analyzed. The temperature distribution equation is established for the series-parallel equivalent thermal resistance model to obtain the total heat transfer coefficient hc and the total heat flux density q on the super-capacitor surface. The experimental and simulation results show that during the initial charge and discharge stages, the super-capacitor temperature rises about 0.94 ℃ for every charge and discharge behavior. After 2A constant current and 50 cycles of charge and discharge, the highest temperature occurs in the core region, the radial temperature at the bottom decreases to 0.34 ℃/cm, and reaches 42.6 ℃ after entering the steady state. The temperature affects the self-discharge degree of the super capacitor. The higher the temperature, the greater the initial voltage, and the more obvious the self-discharge phenomenon.
引文
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[16]刘宇,江浩,李春忠,等.超级电容器及锂电池中锂离子相互作用模型的构建[J].化工学报,2016,68(2):552-559.Liu Yu,Jiang Hao,Li Chunzhong,et al.Construction of interaction model for lithium ion in super[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering,2016,68(2):552-559.
[17]卢军,张兴磊,王文,等.电动车用超级电容器热行为分析[J].电源技术,2015,39(3):543-545.Lu Jun,Zhang Xinglei,Wang Wen,et al.Themal performance of supercapacitors in electric Vehicles[J].Chinese Journal of Power Sources,2015,39(3):543-545.
[18]田明杰,吴俊勇,熊飞,等.应用于混合储能的组合级联式多端口变流器拓扑结构研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2014,42(22):81-89.Tian Mingjie,Wu Junyong,Xiong Fei,et al.Research on combination of cascaded multiport converter topology in hybrid energy storage[J].Power System Protection&Control,2014,42(22):81-89.
[2]Kiseleva E A,Yanilkin I V,Grigorenko A V,et al.Stability of Carbons in the Composition of Electrodes for Supercapacitors with Organic Electrolytes[J].Russian Journal of Electrochemistry,2017,53(11):1239-1245.
[3]蔡国伟,陈冲,孔令国,等.风电/制氢/燃料电池/超级电容器混合系统控制策略[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(17):84-94.Cai Guowei,Chen Chong,Kong Lingguo,et al.Control of Hybrid System of Wind/Hydrogen/Fuel Cell/Supercapacitor[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(17):84-94.
[4]Parvini Y,Siegel J B,Stefanopoulou A G,et al.Supercapacitor Electrical and Thermal Modeling,Identification,and Validation for a Wide Range of Temperature and Power Applications[J].IEEETransactions on Industrial Electronics,2016,63(3):1574-1585.
[5]Mousa M A,Khairy M,Shehab M.Nanostructured ferrite/graphene/polyanilineusing for supercapacitor to enhance the capacitive b e h a v i o r[J].Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry,2016,21(4):1-11.
[6]胡斯登,梁梓鹏,范栋琦,等.基于Z源变换器的电动汽车超级电容-电池混合储能系统[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(8):247-255.Hu Sideng,Liang Zipeng,Fan Dongqi,et al.Implementation of Z-Source Converter for Ultracapacitor-Battery Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicle[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(8):247-255.
[7]Lystianingrum V,Hredzak B,Agelidis V G,et al.On Estimating Instantaneous Temperature of a Supercapacitor String Using an Observer Based on Experimentally Validated Lumped Thermal Model[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2015,30(4):1438-1448.
[8]Yuhimenko V,Geula G,Agranovich G,et al.Average Modeling and Performance Analysis of Voltage Sensorless Active Supercapacitor Balancer With Peak Current Protection[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2016,32(2):1570-1578.
[9]刘振宇,马民,马辉栋,等.阶梯式快速混合储能系统设计及控制策略研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2015,43(9):69-75.Liu Zhenyu,Ma Min,Ma Huidong,et al.Storage system and control stratrgy research of stepwise and fast storage energy[J].Dianli Xitong Baohu Yu Kongzhi/power System Protection&Control,2015,43(9):69-75.
[10]Meyer R T,Decarlo R A,Pekarek S.Hybrid Model Predictive Power Management of a Battery‐Supercapacitor Electric Vehicle[J].Asian Journal of Control,2016,18(1):150-165.
[11]张莉,吴延平,李琛,等.基于超级电容器储能系统的均压放电控制策略[J].电工技术学报,2014,29(4):329-333.Zhang Li,Wu Yanping,Li Chen,et al.Control Strategy for Balanced Discharge Based on Supercapacitor Storage System[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(4):329-333.
[12]Li Q,Yang H,Han Y,et al.A state machine strategy based on droop control for an energy management system of PEMFC-battery-supercapacitor hybrid tramway[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2016,41(36):16148-16159.
[13]任桂周,常思勤.一种基于超级电容器组串并联切换的储能系统[J].电工技术学报,2014,29(1):187-195.Ren Guizhou,Chang Siqin.An Energy Storage System Based on Series-Parallel Switchover of Ultra-capacitor Banks[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(1):187-195.
[14]Ayadi M,Briat O,Lallemand R,et al.Description of supercapacitor performance degradation rate during thermal cycling under constant voltage ageing test[J].Microelectronics Reliability,2014,54(9-10):1944-1948.
[15]陈威,叶少士,刘冬.储能超级电容动态响应优化自适应控制策略[J].电气技术,2017,18(12):90-94.Chen Wei,Ye Shaoshi,Liu Dong.Adaptive Control Strategy for Optimum Transient Response of Energy Storage Supercapacitor[J].Electrical Engineering,2017,18(12):90-94.
[16]刘宇,江浩,李春忠,等.超级电容器及锂电池中锂离子相互作用模型的构建[J].化工学报,2016,68(2):552-559.Liu Yu,Jiang Hao,Li Chunzhong,et al.Construction of interaction model for lithium ion in super[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering,2016,68(2):552-559.
[17]卢军,张兴磊,王文,等.电动车用超级电容器热行为分析[J].电源技术,2015,39(3):543-545.Lu Jun,Zhang Xinglei,Wang Wen,et al.Themal performance of supercapacitors in electric Vehicles[J].Chinese Journal of Power Sources,2015,39(3):543-545.
[18]田明杰,吴俊勇,熊飞,等.应用于混合储能的组合级联式多端口变流器拓扑结构研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2014,42(22):81-89.Tian Mingjie,Wu Junyong,Xiong Fei,et al.Research on combination of cascaded multiport converter topology in hybrid energy storage[J].Power System Protection&Control,2014,42(22):81-89.