北半球西风带准周期性转换的理论分析——初步探讨北极与中纬度及副热带能量相互输送的机制
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摘要
本文运用准地转模式,通过等值投影方法,将等值线转换为向量场结构,探讨西风带高低指数周期性转换的机制,结果表明:(1)仅有位能转化所引起的水平涡动输送,可能产生大振幅的行星波,但不会产生西风带的断裂;(2)在波流相互作用下,平均纬向风速与基波波幅满足分岔条件时,会出现西风带断裂现象,即当满足这个分岔条件时,更有利于北极与中纬度及副热带能量的相互输送。如北极冷空气的跨纬度输送会导致东亚极端冷事件的发生;同时,也能维持西风带的高低指数循环。
In this paper, a quasi-geostrophic model is used to convert contour lines into vector field structure by the equivalent projection. The results show that:(1) Horizontal vortex transmission caused by potential energy conversion may generate planetary waves with large amplitude, but it will not break the westerlies;(2) the fracture of the westerlies will occur when the average zonal wind velocity and wave amplitude meet the bifurcation condition under the wave flow interaction. Namely, it is more conducive to the mutual transmission of energy between the Arctic and the middle latitudes and the subtropics when this bifurcation condition is satisfied. For example, the translatitudinal transportation of Arctic cold air leads to the extreme cold events over East Asia. At the same time, it can maintain the high and low index cycle of the westerlies.
In this paper, a quasi-geostrophic model is used to convert contour lines into vector field structure by the equivalent projection. The results show that:(1) Horizontal vortex transmission caused by potential energy conversion may generate planetary waves with large amplitude, but it will not break the westerlies;(2) the fracture of the westerlies will occur when the average zonal wind velocity and wave amplitude meet the bifurcation condition under the wave flow interaction. Namely, it is more conducive to the mutual transmission of energy between the Arctic and the middle latitudes and the subtropics when this bifurcation condition is satisfied. For example, the translatitudinal transportation of Arctic cold air leads to the extreme cold events over East Asia. At the same time, it can maintain the high and low index cycle of the westerlies.
引文
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Ding Q H,Wallace J M,Battisti D S,et al.2014.Tropical forcing of the recent rapid Arctic warming in northeastern Canada and Greenland[J].Nature,509(7499):209-212,doi:10.1038/nature13260.
Ding Q H,Schweiger A,L’Heureux M,et al.2017.Influence of high-latitude atmospheric circulation changes on summertime Arctic sea ice[J].Nat.Climate Change,7:289-295,doi:10.1038/nclimate3241.
Francis J A,Chan W H,Leathers D J,et al.2009.Winter Northern Hemisphere weather patterns remember summer Arctic sea-ice extent[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,36(7):L07503,doi:10.1029/2009GL037274.
Francis J A,Vavrus S J.2012.Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,39(6):L06801,doi:10.1029/2012GL051000.
高普云.2005.非线性动力学--分叉、混沌与孤立子[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,73-74.Gao Puyun.2005.Nonlinear DynamicsBifurcations,Chaos,and Solitons(in Chinese)[M].Changsha:NUDTPress,73-74.
Gill A E.1974.The stability of planetary waves on an infinite beta-plane[J].Geophys.Fluid Dyn.,6(1):29-47,doi:10.1080/03091927409365786.
郭大钧.2001.非线性泛函分析[M].2版.济南:山东科学技术出版社,34-36.Guo Dajun.2001.Nonlinear Functional Analysis(in Chinese)[M].2nd ed.Jinan:Shandong Science and Technology Press,34-36.
Hoskins B J,Hollingsworth A.1973.On the simplest example of the barotropic instability of Rossby wave motion[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,30(1):150-153,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<0150:OTSEOT>2.0.CO;2.
金飞飞,朱抱真.1986a.强迫波、自由波和纬向气流的相互作用--I.平衡态环流的分支[J].中国科学B辑,(6):663-672.Jin Feifei,Zhu Baozhen.1988.Interaction of forced waves,free wave and zonal flow(I)-Bifurcation of the equilibria[J].Scientia Sinica(Series B),31(4):469-480.
金飞飞,朱抱真.1986b.强迫波、自由波和纬向气流的相互作用--II.高低指数的转换和振荡的定性分析[J].中国科学B辑,(8):889-896.Jin Feifei,Zhu Baozhen.1986b.The interaction of forced waves,free waves and zonal flow(II)-Qualitative analysis of the conversion and oscillation about high and low index cycles[J].Scientia Sinica(Series B)(in Chinese),16(7):889-896.
刘式达,刘式适.2011.大气涡旋动力学[M].北京:气象出版社,212-213.Liu Shida,Liu Shishi.2011.Atmospheric Vortex Dynamics(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,212-213.
刘式适,刘式达,谭本馗.1996.非线性大气动力学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,134-135.Liu Shishi,Liu Shida,Tan Benkui.1996.Nonlinear Atmospheric Dynamics(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:National Defend Industry Press,134-135.
Lorenz E N.1972.Barotropic instability of Rossby wave motion[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,29(2):258-265,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<0258:BIORWM>2.0.CO;2.
罗德海.2000.阻塞非线性动力学[M].北京:气象出版社,67.Luo Dehai.2000.Blocking Nonlinear Dynamics(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,67.
吕美仲,侯志明,周毅.2004.动力气象学[M].北京:气象出版社,137-138.LüMeizhong,Hou Zhiming,Zhou Yi.2004.Dynamic Meteorology(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,137-138.
Mitchell K E,Dutton J A.1981.Bifurcations from stationary to periodic solutions in a low-order model of forced,dissipative barotropic flow[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,38(4):690-716,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<0690:BFSTPS>2.0.CO;2.
Namias J.1950.The index cycle and its role in the general circulation[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,7(2):130-139,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1950)007<0130:TICAIR>2.0.CO;2.
Overland J E,Wang M Y.2010.Large-scale atmospheric circulation changes are associated with the recent loss of Arctic sea ice[J].Tellus A,62(1):1-9,doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2009.00421.x.
Simmons A J,Wallace J M,Branstator G W.1983.Barotropic wave propagation and instability,and atmospheric teleconnection patterns[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,40(6):1363-1392,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1363:BWPAIA>2.0.CO;2.
王为德.1983.瞬时经圈环流与西风带环流变化的关系[J].气象学报,41(2):138-146.Wang Weide.1983.On the relation between the mid-latitude meridional cell and the change of zonal circulation[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),41(2):138-146,doi:10.11676/qxxb1983.016.
叶笃正,朱抱真.1958.大气环流的若干基本问题[M].北京:科学出版社,33-34.Ye Duzheng,Zhu Baozhen.1958.Basic Problems of Atmospheric Circulation(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Science Press,33-34.
曾庆存.1979.旋转大气中运动的非线性相互作用和旋转适应过程[J].中国科学,(10):986-995.Zeng Qingcun.1979.On nonlinear interaction of motion and process of rotational adaption in rotating atmosphere[J].Scientia Sinica,22(8):945-957.
张恭庆,林源渠.1987.泛函分析讲义[M].北京:北京大学出版社,103-104.Zhang Gongqing,Lin Yuanqu.1987.Functional Analysis Handout(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,103-104.
张锦炎.1981.常微分方程几何理论与分支问题[M].北京:北京大学出版社,64-65.Zhang Jinyan.1981.Geometric Theory and Branch Problems of Ordinary Differential Equations(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,64-65.
朱抱真,金飞飞,刘征宇.1991.大气和海洋的非线性动力学概论[M].北京:海洋出版社,89-89.Zhu Baozhen,Jin Feifei,Liu Zhengyu.1991.An Introduction to the Nonlinear Dynamics of the Atmosphere and Ocean(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,89-89.
Charney J G,Straus D M.1980.Form-drag instability,multiple equilibria and propagating planetary waves in baroclinic,orographically forced,planetary wave systems[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,37(6):1157-1176,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<1157:FDIMEA>2.0.CO;2.
Deininger R C.1982.Topographically forced wave instability at finite amplitude[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,38(12):2619-2625,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<2619:TFWIAF>2.0.CO;2.
Ding Q H,Wallace J M,Battisti D S,et al.2014.Tropical forcing of the recent rapid Arctic warming in northeastern Canada and Greenland[J].Nature,509(7499):209-212,doi:10.1038/nature13260.
Ding Q H,Schweiger A,L’Heureux M,et al.2017.Influence of high-latitude atmospheric circulation changes on summertime Arctic sea ice[J].Nat.Climate Change,7:289-295,doi:10.1038/nclimate3241.
Francis J A,Chan W H,Leathers D J,et al.2009.Winter Northern Hemisphere weather patterns remember summer Arctic sea-ice extent[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,36(7):L07503,doi:10.1029/2009GL037274.
Francis J A,Vavrus S J.2012.Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,39(6):L06801,doi:10.1029/2012GL051000.
高普云.2005.非线性动力学--分叉、混沌与孤立子[M].长沙:国防科技大学出版社,73-74.Gao Puyun.2005.Nonlinear DynamicsBifurcations,Chaos,and Solitons(in Chinese)[M].Changsha:NUDTPress,73-74.
Gill A E.1974.The stability of planetary waves on an infinite beta-plane[J].Geophys.Fluid Dyn.,6(1):29-47,doi:10.1080/03091927409365786.
郭大钧.2001.非线性泛函分析[M].2版.济南:山东科学技术出版社,34-36.Guo Dajun.2001.Nonlinear Functional Analysis(in Chinese)[M].2nd ed.Jinan:Shandong Science and Technology Press,34-36.
Hoskins B J,Hollingsworth A.1973.On the simplest example of the barotropic instability of Rossby wave motion[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,30(1):150-153,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<0150:OTSEOT>2.0.CO;2.
金飞飞,朱抱真.1986a.强迫波、自由波和纬向气流的相互作用--I.平衡态环流的分支[J].中国科学B辑,(6):663-672.Jin Feifei,Zhu Baozhen.1988.Interaction of forced waves,free wave and zonal flow(I)-Bifurcation of the equilibria[J].Scientia Sinica(Series B),31(4):469-480.
金飞飞,朱抱真.1986b.强迫波、自由波和纬向气流的相互作用--II.高低指数的转换和振荡的定性分析[J].中国科学B辑,(8):889-896.Jin Feifei,Zhu Baozhen.1986b.The interaction of forced waves,free waves and zonal flow(II)-Qualitative analysis of the conversion and oscillation about high and low index cycles[J].Scientia Sinica(Series B)(in Chinese),16(7):889-896.
刘式达,刘式适.2011.大气涡旋动力学[M].北京:气象出版社,212-213.Liu Shida,Liu Shishi.2011.Atmospheric Vortex Dynamics(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,212-213.
刘式适,刘式达,谭本馗.1996.非线性大气动力学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,134-135.Liu Shishi,Liu Shida,Tan Benkui.1996.Nonlinear Atmospheric Dynamics(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:National Defend Industry Press,134-135.
Lorenz E N.1972.Barotropic instability of Rossby wave motion[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,29(2):258-265,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<0258:BIORWM>2.0.CO;2.
罗德海.2000.阻塞非线性动力学[M].北京:气象出版社,67.Luo Dehai.2000.Blocking Nonlinear Dynamics(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,67.
吕美仲,侯志明,周毅.2004.动力气象学[M].北京:气象出版社,137-138.LüMeizhong,Hou Zhiming,Zhou Yi.2004.Dynamic Meteorology(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,137-138.
Mitchell K E,Dutton J A.1981.Bifurcations from stationary to periodic solutions in a low-order model of forced,dissipative barotropic flow[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,38(4):690-716,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<0690:BFSTPS>2.0.CO;2.
Namias J.1950.The index cycle and its role in the general circulation[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,7(2):130-139,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1950)007<0130:TICAIR>2.0.CO;2.
Overland J E,Wang M Y.2010.Large-scale atmospheric circulation changes are associated with the recent loss of Arctic sea ice[J].Tellus A,62(1):1-9,doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2009.00421.x.
Simmons A J,Wallace J M,Branstator G W.1983.Barotropic wave propagation and instability,and atmospheric teleconnection patterns[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,40(6):1363-1392,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1363:BWPAIA>2.0.CO;2.
王为德.1983.瞬时经圈环流与西风带环流变化的关系[J].气象学报,41(2):138-146.Wang Weide.1983.On the relation between the mid-latitude meridional cell and the change of zonal circulation[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),41(2):138-146,doi:10.11676/qxxb1983.016.
叶笃正,朱抱真.1958.大气环流的若干基本问题[M].北京:科学出版社,33-34.Ye Duzheng,Zhu Baozhen.1958.Basic Problems of Atmospheric Circulation(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Science Press,33-34.
曾庆存.1979.旋转大气中运动的非线性相互作用和旋转适应过程[J].中国科学,(10):986-995.Zeng Qingcun.1979.On nonlinear interaction of motion and process of rotational adaption in rotating atmosphere[J].Scientia Sinica,22(8):945-957.
张恭庆,林源渠.1987.泛函分析讲义[M].北京:北京大学出版社,103-104.Zhang Gongqing,Lin Yuanqu.1987.Functional Analysis Handout(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,103-104.
张锦炎.1981.常微分方程几何理论与分支问题[M].北京:北京大学出版社,64-65.Zhang Jinyan.1981.Geometric Theory and Branch Problems of Ordinary Differential Equations(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,64-65.
朱抱真,金飞飞,刘征宇.1991.大气和海洋的非线性动力学概论[M].北京:海洋出版社,89-89.Zhu Baozhen,Jin Feifei,Liu Zhengyu.1991.An Introduction to the Nonlinear Dynamics of the Atmosphere and Ocean(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,89-89.