青藏高原北麓河流域不同退化程度高寒草甸生产力和群落结构特征
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摘要
近年来,青藏高原高寒草甸部分地区退化严重,对生态环境及牧民畜牧业生产造成了不利的影响。在草地不同退化阶段中存在着关键阶段,超过了这个阶段,极难恢复。因此,确定草地退化的关键阶段是草地可持续恢复的基础。研究样地设在青藏高原北麓河流域多年冻土区,根据植被和土壤特征选取了未退化到极度退化的5个退化梯度,探讨不同退化程度对植被地上、地下生物量以及群落中各功能群相对盖度的影响,为揭示多年冻土区高寒草甸植被退化关键阶段提供依据。结果表明:1)随着退化程度加剧,禾本科和杂草类植物相对盖度显著增加(P <0.05),而莎草科植物相对盖度则显著降低(P <0.05);2)地上生物量在轻度退化阶段无显著变化(P> 0.05),中度退化阶段开始显著降低(P <0.05);3)地下生物量和地下净初级生产力均在中度退化阶段后显著降低(P <0.05),地下净初级生产力在各土壤深度比例有向深处增加的趋势;4)不同退化程度莎草科植物相对盖度和地下净初级生产力在0–10 cm土壤深度所占比例极显著正相关(P <0.01),但与10–20 cm土壤深度地下净初级生产力所占比例无显著相关(P> 0.05),与20–30 cm和30–50 cm土壤深度地下净初级生产力所占比例均显著负相关(P <0.05),而杂草相对盖度和地下净初级生产力在各土壤深度所占比例则表现出与莎草科植物相反的趋势。中度退化是草地退化的关键阶段。
In recent years, alpine grassland has become severely degraded in parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP). This has had a negative effect on livestock production in the region. At some point in the process of the degradation of the grassland, there is a point beyond which it is extremely difficult to restore the grassland. Determining this point in the grassland degradation is an important question for restoration of the grassland. We selected five areas along a gradient from intact to extremely degraded alpine meadows in the permafrost region of the Beiluhe Basin on the QTP to explore the effects of degradation on the above-ground and below-ground biomass of vegetation, and the relative coverage of different plant functional groups(grasses, sedges and forbs). The results showed: 1) as the severity of grassland degradation increased, the relative coverage of grasses and forbs increased while the relative coverage of sedges decreased; 2) there was no significant change in aboveground biomass in the slightly degraded area, and it began to decrease in the moderately degraded area; 3)both belowground biomass and belowground net primary productivity(BNPP) decreased significantly from the moderate degradation stage, and the BNPP moved to deeper layers as the severity of degradation increased; and 4) the relative coverage of sedges and the proportion of BNPP at 0 –10 cm soil depth showed a positive correlation with degree of degradation, no significant correlation at 10–20 cm soil depth, and a negative correlation at 20–30 cm and 30–50 cm soil depth. While the relative coverage of forbs at different degrees of degradation and the proportion of BNPP at each soil depth showed an opposite trend to that of sedges, the moderate degradation stage is the critical stage of grassland degradation.
In recent years, alpine grassland has become severely degraded in parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP). This has had a negative effect on livestock production in the region. At some point in the process of the degradation of the grassland, there is a point beyond which it is extremely difficult to restore the grassland. Determining this point in the grassland degradation is an important question for restoration of the grassland. We selected five areas along a gradient from intact to extremely degraded alpine meadows in the permafrost region of the Beiluhe Basin on the QTP to explore the effects of degradation on the above-ground and below-ground biomass of vegetation, and the relative coverage of different plant functional groups(grasses, sedges and forbs). The results showed: 1) as the severity of grassland degradation increased, the relative coverage of grasses and forbs increased while the relative coverage of sedges decreased; 2) there was no significant change in aboveground biomass in the slightly degraded area, and it began to decrease in the moderately degraded area; 3)both belowground biomass and belowground net primary productivity(BNPP) decreased significantly from the moderate degradation stage, and the BNPP moved to deeper layers as the severity of degradation increased; and 4) the relative coverage of sedges and the proportion of BNPP at 0 –10 cm soil depth showed a positive correlation with degree of degradation, no significant correlation at 10–20 cm soil depth, and a negative correlation at 20–30 cm and 30–50 cm soil depth. While the relative coverage of forbs at different degrees of degradation and the proportion of BNPP at each soil depth showed an opposite trend to that of sedges, the moderate degradation stage is the critical stage of grassland degradation.
引文
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[2]HARRIS R B.Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau:A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes.Journal of Arid Environments,2010,74(1):1-12.
[3]LI C,PENG F,XUE X,YOU Q,LAI C,ZHANG W,CHENG Y.Productivity and quality of alpine grassland vary with soil water availability under experimental warming.Frontiers in Plant Science,2018,9:1790.
[4]YAO T,PU J,LU A,WANG Y,YU W.Recent glacial retreat and its impact on hydrological processes on the Tibetan Plateau,China,and surrounding Regions.Arctic Antarctic&Alpine Research,2007,39(4):642-650.
[5]WU Q B,ZHANG T J.Recent permafrost warming on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113(13):13108.
[6]尤全刚,薛娴,彭飞,董斯扬.高寒草甸草地退化对土壤水热性质的影响及其环境效应.中国沙漠,2015,35(5):1183-1192.YOU Q G,XUE X,PENG F,DONG S Y.Alpine meadow degradation effect on soil thermal and hydraulic properties and its environmental impacts.Journal of Desert Research,2015,35(5):1183-1192.
[7]徐翠,张林波,杜加强,郭杨,吴志丰,徐延达,李芬,王风玉.三江源区高寒草甸退化对土壤水源涵养功能的影响.生态学报,2013,33(8):2388-2399.XU C,ZHANG L B,DU J Q,GUO Y,WU Z F,XU Y D,LI F,WANG F Y.Impact of alpine meadow degradation on soil water conservation in the source region of three rivers.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(8):2388-2399.
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[9]周华坤,赵新全,周立,唐艳鸿,刘伟,师燕.层次分析法在江河源区高寒草地退化研究中的应用.资源科学,2005,27(4):63-70.ZHOU H K,ZHAO X Q,ZHOU L,TANG Y H,LIU W,SHI Y.Application of analytic hierarchy process on the alpine grassland degradation in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers.Resources Science,2005,27(4):63-70.
[10]石德军,李希来,杨力军,孙海群,杨元武.不同退化程度“黑土滩”草地群落特征的变化及其恢复对策.草业科学,2006,23(7):1-3.SHI D G,LI X L,YANG L J,SUN H Q,YANG Y W.The characteristics and restoring strategy of Heitutan grassland communities in different degrading degrees.Pratacultural Science,2006,23(7):1-3.
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[14]XIAN X,JIAN G,HAN B,SUN Q,LIU L.The effect of climate warming and permafrost thaw on desertification in the QinghaiTibetan Plateau.Geomorphology,2009,108(3):182-190.
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[19]江小雷,张卫国,杨振宇.黑土滩恢复演替过程中植物功能群及牧草品质变化.草地学报,2008,17(6):619-623.JIANG X L,ZHANG W G,YANG Z Y.Study on the dynamics of plant functional groups and forage quality along succession gradient of black soil bottomlands.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2008,17(6):619-623.
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