波臣派开创者曾鲸里籍考辨
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摘要
波臣派是中国古代肖像画史上最大的流派,其开派者曾鲸里籍,文献之记载,相互抵牾,或视其浙人,或云其闽人。云其闽人者,又分二说,或为晋江,或为莆仙。对文献所载曾鲸里籍加以疏理考辨,并以曾鲸存世画作互证。推定其里籍为福建莆仙,其后代则占籍浙江桐乡。
Bochen School is the largest painting school in the history of portrait painting. Yet there are contradictory descriptions about the native place of its founder Zeng Jing in historical documents: for in one it is said he was born in Zhejiang province, whereas in another it is in Fujian province. In the latter case, he is believed to be born either in Jinjiang or in Putian. Therefore, to solve this riddle, an analysis of the above-mentioned documents has been made in this thesis with his existing paintings as evidence. It can be concluded that his native place is Putian in Fujian province and it is just that his descendants settled down later in Tongxiang of Zhejiang province.
Bochen School is the largest painting school in the history of portrait painting. Yet there are contradictory descriptions about the native place of its founder Zeng Jing in historical documents: for in one it is said he was born in Zhejiang province, whereas in another it is in Fujian province. In the latter case, he is believed to be born either in Jinjiang or in Putian. Therefore, to solve this riddle, an analysis of the above-mentioned documents has been made in this thesis with his existing paintings as evidence. It can be concluded that his native place is Putian in Fujian province and it is just that his descendants settled down later in Tongxiang of Zhejiang province.
引文
[1]潘天寿.中国绘画史[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1983.
[2]孟德卫.中西方的伟大相遇[M].北京:新星出版社,2007.
[3]徐秉元,仲弘道.桐乡县志[M].清康熙十七年刻本.
[4]沈季友.檇李诗系[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆,1983.
[5]纪昀等.四库全书总目[M].北京:中华书局,1997.
[6]李贤.明一统志[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆,1983.
[7]姜绍书.元声诗史[M].上海:上海书画出版社,1992.
[8]徐沁.明画录[M].上海:上海书画出版社,1992.
[9]谢肇淛.五杂俎[M].上海:上海书店出版社,2001.
[10]郑方坤.全闽诗话[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆,1983.
[11]祝穆.方舆胜览[M].上海古籍出版社,1991.
[12]曾筠.浙江通志[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆,1983.
[13]卢焯.福建通志[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆,1983.
[14]官兆麟,廖必琦.莆田县志[M].清光绪五年刻本.
1黄宗羲《南雷续集》卷二《题张子游卷》记载,曾鲸弟子张远云,其师卒于丁亥,年八十四。考丁亥为清顺治四年(1647),往前推之,其生年为嘉靖四十二年(1563)。然其生年尚有诸说,如明确记其生年的始见于清吴修编《续疑年录》,其卷三云:“曾波臣八十余,鲸生隆庆元年丁卯(以顺治三年丙戌年八十推之)。”清吴荣光撰《历代名人年谱》同之云:“穆宗隆庆元年曾波臣鲸生。”而清钱保塘辑《历代名人生卒录》云:“曾鲸永历六年卒,年八十三。”此与曾鲸友人姜绍书《无声诗史》所记享年八十三同,但此诸说依据均未详。
2见沈季友《槜李诗系》卷四《梅花和尚塔》,其诗云:“每从清梦忆梅仙,杖履寻幽破晓烟。奇石尚余高士节,寒花犹得野人怜。乍看青过春塘草,却怪香生陆地莲。我有幽情怀隐去,蹉跎还负人山年。”此诗直抒其梦忆梅仙、杖履寻幽的心迹。
3《全闽诗话》卷八《榕荫诗话》云:“谢在杭小影一幅,予得见于鼇峰坊薛士玉家。丰颐隆隼,粹容充悦。姬人桃叶就其所执之卷而舒之。流观吩睐,翩若燕翔。童子煮茶,石鼎沸声与松籁互答。盖曾鲸写也。考公《居车集》有《雪夜寄侍儿诗》,又有《壬寅元日寄桃叶侍儿诗》,又有《客中梦桃叶侍儿诗》。《銮江集》中又有《六忆诗寄桃叶侍儿》,又《代答诗》,则公之缱绻于桃叶者深矣。”从画中出现姬人桃叶身影可推,其画作於金陵桃叶渡。当萌生于远距离分别之际。
4见潘天寿《中国绘画史》,第188页。潘天寿所列6人为谢环、戴进、倪端、石锐、李在、周文靖。其中李在,字以政,莆田人。山水细润者,宗郭熙;豪放者,宗马、夏;多模仿古人,笔气生动。《画史会要》谓:“自戴文进以下,一人而已。”另一人为周文靖,闽之莆田人。山水学夏珪、吴镇,苍润精密,笔力古键,酝酿墨色,各臻其妙。人物、花卉、竹石、翎毛、楼阁、牛马之类,咸有高致。
5同上,第191页。吴彬,字文中,莆田人。工山水人物,山水布置,绝不摹古,最为奇出。人物形状奇怪,迥别前人,自立门户。白描尤佳,远即不敢追踪道子,近亦足力敌松雪。万历中,召见,授工部主事。
[2]孟德卫.中西方的伟大相遇[M].北京:新星出版社,2007.
[3]徐秉元,仲弘道.桐乡县志[M].清康熙十七年刻本.
[4]沈季友.檇李诗系[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆,1983.
[5]纪昀等.四库全书总目[M].北京:中华书局,1997.
[6]李贤.明一统志[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆,1983.
[7]姜绍书.元声诗史[M].上海:上海书画出版社,1992.
[8]徐沁.明画录[M].上海:上海书画出版社,1992.
[9]谢肇淛.五杂俎[M].上海:上海书店出版社,2001.
[10]郑方坤.全闽诗话[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆,1983.
[11]祝穆.方舆胜览[M].上海古籍出版社,1991.
[12]曾筠.浙江通志[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆,1983.
[13]卢焯.福建通志[M].台湾:台湾商务印书馆,1983.
[14]官兆麟,廖必琦.莆田县志[M].清光绪五年刻本.
1黄宗羲《南雷续集》卷二《题张子游卷》记载,曾鲸弟子张远云,其师卒于丁亥,年八十四。考丁亥为清顺治四年(1647),往前推之,其生年为嘉靖四十二年(1563)。然其生年尚有诸说,如明确记其生年的始见于清吴修编《续疑年录》,其卷三云:“曾波臣八十余,鲸生隆庆元年丁卯(以顺治三年丙戌年八十推之)。”清吴荣光撰《历代名人年谱》同之云:“穆宗隆庆元年曾波臣鲸生。”而清钱保塘辑《历代名人生卒录》云:“曾鲸永历六年卒,年八十三。”此与曾鲸友人姜绍书《无声诗史》所记享年八十三同,但此诸说依据均未详。
2见沈季友《槜李诗系》卷四《梅花和尚塔》,其诗云:“每从清梦忆梅仙,杖履寻幽破晓烟。奇石尚余高士节,寒花犹得野人怜。乍看青过春塘草,却怪香生陆地莲。我有幽情怀隐去,蹉跎还负人山年。”此诗直抒其梦忆梅仙、杖履寻幽的心迹。
3《全闽诗话》卷八《榕荫诗话》云:“谢在杭小影一幅,予得见于鼇峰坊薛士玉家。丰颐隆隼,粹容充悦。姬人桃叶就其所执之卷而舒之。流观吩睐,翩若燕翔。童子煮茶,石鼎沸声与松籁互答。盖曾鲸写也。考公《居车集》有《雪夜寄侍儿诗》,又有《壬寅元日寄桃叶侍儿诗》,又有《客中梦桃叶侍儿诗》。《銮江集》中又有《六忆诗寄桃叶侍儿》,又《代答诗》,则公之缱绻于桃叶者深矣。”从画中出现姬人桃叶身影可推,其画作於金陵桃叶渡。当萌生于远距离分别之际。
4见潘天寿《中国绘画史》,第188页。潘天寿所列6人为谢环、戴进、倪端、石锐、李在、周文靖。其中李在,字以政,莆田人。山水细润者,宗郭熙;豪放者,宗马、夏;多模仿古人,笔气生动。《画史会要》谓:“自戴文进以下,一人而已。”另一人为周文靖,闽之莆田人。山水学夏珪、吴镇,苍润精密,笔力古键,酝酿墨色,各臻其妙。人物、花卉、竹石、翎毛、楼阁、牛马之类,咸有高致。
5同上,第191页。吴彬,字文中,莆田人。工山水人物,山水布置,绝不摹古,最为奇出。人物形状奇怪,迥别前人,自立门户。白描尤佳,远即不敢追踪道子,近亦足力敌松雪。万历中,召见,授工部主事。