渭北苹果园绿肥不同深度翻压腐解及养分释放规律
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摘要
【目的】探明绿肥腐解及养分释放规律,为渭北果园绿肥推广筛选一种适宜的翻压方式。【方法】以‘长富2号’红富士为试材,利用网袋法研究白三叶(白)与黑麦草(黑)3∶1配比(即B3H1)在0 cm(表层)、10 cm、25 cm 3个不同深度处理下埋于果树行间215 d的腐解情况,测定其养分残留率。【结果】整个时期的腐解速度表现为10 cm>25 cm>0 cm(表层),3种翻压深度均在前35 d腐解较快,干物质残留率仅为36%~50%,翻压35~215 d为缓慢腐解期,这一时期各翻压深度腐解率为12%~13%,有机碳残留率的变化趋势与干物质量大致相近;同一养分在不同翻压深度释放趋势不同,3种翻压深度养分残留率表现为:0 cm>25 cm>10 cm,C/N表现为0 cm(13.8)>10 cm(13.4)>25 cm(11.9);氮、磷、钾、镁释放速率表现为前期快后期慢,不同养分释放有差异,其中钾的释放最彻底,215 d后残留率仅为6%~14%,镁的释放趋势与钾相近;钙、铁、锰、铜、锌在不同腐解阶段均出现不同程度的富集现象,主要富集期出现在降雨量稀少的翌年1—4月,前期富集以10 cm、25 cm处翻压为主,215 d后表层绿肥以铜的残留率最高(64.81%),10 cm、25 cm处则以钙的残留率最高(89.95%、84.48%)。【结论】综合绿肥腐解及养分释放规律、根系生长特点等方面,以10 cm和25 cm轮翻模式为最佳方法。
【Objective】Green manure is a universal organic fertilizer, and white clover and ryegrass are the most commonly used green manure in apple orchards. The mixed sowing of white clover and ryegrass not only facilitates the growth of each other, but also complements the nutrient demand during the growth of fruit trees. The purpose of the study is to explore the nutrient release pattern in green manure composed of 75% white clover and 25% ryegrass at different depths of soil in order to find a suitable green manure bury depth and to improve the orchard ecological environment and quality of fruit.【Methods】The apple variety for testing was‘Red Fuji'grown in a seventeen-year-old orchard. The field experiment was conducted from October of 2011 to May of 2012. 120 fine mesh nylon bags filled with mixed green manure with 75% white clover and 25% ryegrass were horizontally placed between therows of apple trees, with 40 bags placed at each depth of 0 cm(surface layer), 10 cm, and 25 cm. When covering the soil, try not to damage the original soil structure. Bag samples were collected at 0, 7, 14,21, 35, 50, 80, 155, 185 and 215 days after bag bury. After removing the surface debris, the green manure sample were removed from the bag and placed in a 60 ℃ oven for 48 hours. The fine soil particles that entered the bags were carefully removed. After collecting the dry matter weight, the sample was crushed for the determination of plant nutrients including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and trace elements. Dry matter residues and nutrient residues were then calculated.【Results】The decomposition speed of the green manure at different depths during the whole period was in the order of 10 cm> 25 cm> 0 cm. At all the three depths, decomposition of the green manure was faster in the early period than in the late period. During the first 35 days decomposition dry matter residue reduced to only 36% to 50%, while during 35 to 215 days decomposition was slow, and the decomposition rate was only 12.5%, 13.4% and 13.3% at 0, 10 and 25 cm, respectively. The change pattern of residual rate of organic carbon was similar to that of dry matter. The release of the same nutrient at different depths was different. The nutrient residual rate at the three depths was in the order of 0 cm > 25 cm> 10 cm. At the end of the experiment, the residue rates of nitrogen at the depths of 0 cm, 10 cm and25 cm were 33.9%, 24.2% and 26.3% respectively; those of phosphorus 47.7%, 19.8% and 44.3%, respectively; those of potassium 13.6%, 6.1%, 9.1%; those of calcium 30.8%, 26.3% and 27.3%, respectively. C/N ratio was in the order of 0 cm(13.8) > 10 cm(13.4) > 25 cm(11.9). C/N remained in the range of 10-16 throughout the experiment in all the depths. The release rates of nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium and magnesium from the green manure were faster in the early period than in the late period.There were differences in the release of different nutrients. The fast release was potassium, which was almost completely released after 80 days at all the three depths. Magnesium release pattern was similar to potassium release. Calcium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc showed different degrees of enrichment in different decomposing stages. The main enrichment period appeared in the second year, in which there was scarce rainfall from January to April. pre-enrichment occurred at depths of 10 cm and 25 cm. After 215 days, the green manure at surface had the highest residual rate of copper(64.81%).The residual rates of calcium at the depths of 10 cm and 25 cm were the highest, being 89.95% and 84.48%, respectively.【Conclusion】Green manure of 3 portions of white clover and one portions of ryegrass decomposes fast with fast nutrient release at the depths of 10 cm. However, the roots of fruit trees are mainly distributed in the soil layer of 20-40 cm. If the green manure is maintained at a depth of 10 cm, the released nutrients cannot be maximally utilized. This causes the roots to grow upward, which is negative to resistance to cold and drought. Considering the characteristics of root growth, we would like to recommend soil depth of 10 cm and 25 cm for green manure bury.
【Objective】Green manure is a universal organic fertilizer, and white clover and ryegrass are the most commonly used green manure in apple orchards. The mixed sowing of white clover and ryegrass not only facilitates the growth of each other, but also complements the nutrient demand during the growth of fruit trees. The purpose of the study is to explore the nutrient release pattern in green manure composed of 75% white clover and 25% ryegrass at different depths of soil in order to find a suitable green manure bury depth and to improve the orchard ecological environment and quality of fruit.【Methods】The apple variety for testing was‘Red Fuji'grown in a seventeen-year-old orchard. The field experiment was conducted from October of 2011 to May of 2012. 120 fine mesh nylon bags filled with mixed green manure with 75% white clover and 25% ryegrass were horizontally placed between therows of apple trees, with 40 bags placed at each depth of 0 cm(surface layer), 10 cm, and 25 cm. When covering the soil, try not to damage the original soil structure. Bag samples were collected at 0, 7, 14,21, 35, 50, 80, 155, 185 and 215 days after bag bury. After removing the surface debris, the green manure sample were removed from the bag and placed in a 60 ℃ oven for 48 hours. The fine soil particles that entered the bags were carefully removed. After collecting the dry matter weight, the sample was crushed for the determination of plant nutrients including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and trace elements. Dry matter residues and nutrient residues were then calculated.【Results】The decomposition speed of the green manure at different depths during the whole period was in the order of 10 cm> 25 cm> 0 cm. At all the three depths, decomposition of the green manure was faster in the early period than in the late period. During the first 35 days decomposition dry matter residue reduced to only 36% to 50%, while during 35 to 215 days decomposition was slow, and the decomposition rate was only 12.5%, 13.4% and 13.3% at 0, 10 and 25 cm, respectively. The change pattern of residual rate of organic carbon was similar to that of dry matter. The release of the same nutrient at different depths was different. The nutrient residual rate at the three depths was in the order of 0 cm > 25 cm> 10 cm. At the end of the experiment, the residue rates of nitrogen at the depths of 0 cm, 10 cm and25 cm were 33.9%, 24.2% and 26.3% respectively; those of phosphorus 47.7%, 19.8% and 44.3%, respectively; those of potassium 13.6%, 6.1%, 9.1%; those of calcium 30.8%, 26.3% and 27.3%, respectively. C/N ratio was in the order of 0 cm(13.8) > 10 cm(13.4) > 25 cm(11.9). C/N remained in the range of 10-16 throughout the experiment in all the depths. The release rates of nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium and magnesium from the green manure were faster in the early period than in the late period.There were differences in the release of different nutrients. The fast release was potassium, which was almost completely released after 80 days at all the three depths. Magnesium release pattern was similar to potassium release. Calcium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc showed different degrees of enrichment in different decomposing stages. The main enrichment period appeared in the second year, in which there was scarce rainfall from January to April. pre-enrichment occurred at depths of 10 cm and 25 cm. After 215 days, the green manure at surface had the highest residual rate of copper(64.81%).The residual rates of calcium at the depths of 10 cm and 25 cm were the highest, being 89.95% and 84.48%, respectively.【Conclusion】Green manure of 3 portions of white clover and one portions of ryegrass decomposes fast with fast nutrient release at the depths of 10 cm. However, the roots of fruit trees are mainly distributed in the soil layer of 20-40 cm. If the green manure is maintained at a depth of 10 cm, the released nutrients cannot be maximally utilized. This causes the roots to grow upward, which is negative to resistance to cold and drought. Considering the characteristics of root growth, we would like to recommend soil depth of 10 cm and 25 cm for green manure bury.
引文
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