糖尿病下肢外周动脉疾病诊治的研究进展
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摘要
外周动脉疾病(PAD)是糖尿病主要的慢性并发症之一,是重要的致残及致死病因。本文就糖尿病下肢PAD的流行病学、危险因素、疾病特点、诊断、治疗等方面进行综述,为临床诊治提供参考。
Peripheral arterial disease is one of the major chronic complications of diabetes. It is an important cause of disability and death in diabetes. This article reviews the epidemiology, risk factors,characteristics,diagnosis and treatment of diabetic lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. We hope to provide some suggestions for the clinical practice.
Peripheral arterial disease is one of the major chronic complications of diabetes. It is an important cause of disability and death in diabetes. This article reviews the epidemiology, risk factors,characteristics,diagnosis and treatment of diabetic lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. We hope to provide some suggestions for the clinical practice.
引文
[1]中华医学会糖尿病学分会.2型糖尿病患者合并下肢动脉病变的筛查及管理规范.中华糖尿病杂志,2013,5:82-88.
[2]MacGregor AS,Price JF,Hau CM,et al.Role of systolic blood pressure and plasma triglycerides in diabetic peripheral arterial disease.The Edinburgh Artery Study.Diabetes Care,1999,22:453-458.
[3]Al-Delaimy WK,Merchant AT,Rimm EB,et al.Effect of type2 diabetes and its duration on the risk of peripheral arterial disease among men.Am J Med,2004,116:236-240.
[4]Mukherjee D.Peripheral and cerebrovascular atherosclerotic disease in diabetes mellitus.Best Practice&Res Clin Endocrino,2009,23:335-345.
[5]Beckman JA,Creager MA,Libby P.Diabetes and atherosclerosis:epidemiology,pathophysiology,and management.JAMA,2002,287:2570-2581.
[6]Marso SP,Hiatt WR Peripheral arterial disease in patients with diabetes.J Am Coll Cardiol,2006,47:921-929.
[7]Hirsch AT,Criqui MH,Treat-Jacobson D,et al.Peripheral arterial disease detection,awareness,and treatment in primary care.JAMA,2001,286:1317-1324.
[8]Criqui M,Langer R,Fronek A,et al.Mortality over a period of10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease.N Engl J Med,1992,326:381-386.
[9]Fowkes FG,Murray GD,Butcher I,et al.Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality:a meta-analysis.JAMA,2008,300:197-208.
[10]Fares A,Amy TW,Tarig AE,et al.A systematic review for the screening for peripheral arterial disease in asymptomatic patients.J Vasc Surg,2015,61:42S-53S.
[11]Pang XH,Han J,Ye WL,et al.Lower extremity peripheral arterial disease is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke risks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in China.Int J Endocrinol,2017,2017:9620513.
[12]Pande RL,Perlstein TS,Beckman JA,et al.Secondary prevention and mortality in peripheral artery disease:National Health and Nutrition Examination Study,1999 to 2004.Circulation,2011,124:17-23.
[13]Newman AB,Shemanski L,Manolio TA,et al.Ankle-arm index as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study.The Cardiovascular Health Study Group.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,1999,19:538-545.
[14]Wattanakit K,Folsom AR,Selvin E,et al.Risk factors for peripheral arterial disease incidence in persons with diabetes:the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities(ARIC)Study.Atherosclerosis,2005,180:389-397.
[15]Lange S,Diehm C,Darius H,et al.High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and low treatment rates in elderly primary care patients with diabetes.Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2004,112:566-573.
[16]Marso SP,Hiatt WR.Peripheral arterial disease in patientswith diabetes.J Am Coll Cardiol,2006;47:921-929.
[17]Mostaza JM,Suarez C,Manzano L,et al.Sub-clinical vascular disease in type 2 diabetic subjects:relationship with chronic complications of diabetes and the presence of cardiovascular disease risk factors.Eur J Intern Med,2008,19:255-260.
[18]Rhee SY,Guan H,Liu ZM,et al.Multi-country study on the prevalence and clinical features of peripheral arterial disease in Asian type 2 diabetes patients at high risk of atherosclerosis.Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2007,76:82-92.
[19]Katsilambros NL,Tsapogas PC,Arvanitis MP,et al.Risk factors for lower extremity arterial disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetic persons.Diabet Med,1996,13:243-246.
[20]Janka HU,Stand lE,Mehnert H.Peripheral vascular disease in diabetes mellitus and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors:screening with the doppler ultrasonic technique.Diabetes Care,1980,3:207-213.
[21]Maser RE,Wolf son SK,Ellis D,et al.Cardiovascular disease and arterial calciflcation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus:interrelations and risk factor profiles.Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study-V.Arterioscler Thromb,1991,11:958-965.
[22]Bots ML,Hofman A,Grobbee DE.Common carotid intimamedia thickness and lower extremity arterial atherosclerosis.The Rotterdam Study.Arterioscler Thromb,1994,14:1885-1891.
[23]Smith FB,Lee AJ,Hau CM,et al.Plasma flbrinogen,haemostatic factors and prediction of peripheral arterial disease in the Edinburgh Artery Study.Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis,2000,11:43-50.
[24]Price JF,Lee AJ,Rumley A,et al.Lipoprotein(a)and development of intermittent claudication and major cardiovascular events in men and women:the Edinburgh Artery Study.Atherosclerosis,2001,157:241-249.
[25]Ridker PM,Stampfer MJ,Rifai N.Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis:a comparison of C-reactiveprotein,fibrinogen,homocysteine,lipoprotein(a),and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease.JAMA,2001,285:2481-2485.
[26]Lee AJ,Fowkes FG,Lowe GD,et al.Fibrin D-dimer,haemostatic factors and peripheral arterial disease.Thromb Haemost,1995,74:828-832.
[27]Selvin E,Marinopoulos S,Berkenblit G,et al.Meta-analysis:glycosylated hemoglobin and cardio vascular disease in diabetes mellitus.Ann of Intern Med,2004,141:421-431.
[28]Everhart JE,Pettitt DJ,Knowler WC,et al.Medial arterial calciflcation and its association with mortality and complications of diabetes.Diabetologia,1988,31:16-23.
[29]Jude EB,Oyibo SO,Chalmers N,et al.Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients:a comparison of severi-ty and outcome.Diabetes Care,2001,24:1433-1437.
[30]Mozes G,Keresztury G,Kadar A,et al.Atherosclerosis in amputated legs of patients with and without diabetes mellitus.Int Angiol,1998,17:282-286.
[31]Hirsch A,Criqui M,Treat-Jacobson D,et al.Peripheral arterial disease detection,awareness,and treatment in primary care.JAMA,2001,286:1317-1324.
[32]McDermott M,Greenland P,Liu K,et al.Leg symptoms in peripheral arterial disease:associated clinical characteristics and functional impairment.JAMA,2001,286:1599-606.
[33]McDermott M,Guralnik J,Ferrucci L,et al.Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease is associated with more adverselower extremity characteristics than intermittent claudication.Circulation,2008,117:2484-2491.
[34]Hooi J,Stoffers H,Kester A,et al.Risk factors and cardiovascular diseases associated with asymptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease.The Limburg PAOD Study.Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease.Scand J Prim Health Care,1998,16:177-182.
[35]Greenland P,Abrams J,Aurigemma G,et al.Prevention conference V,beyond secondary prevention:identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention:noninvasive tests of atherosclerotic burden:writing group III.Circulation,2000,101:e16-e22.
[36]Hirsch AT,Haskal ZJ,Hertzer NR,et aL ACC/AHA 2005practice guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease(lower extremity,renal,mesenteric,and abdominal aortic):a collaborativereport from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Societyfor Vascular Surgery,Society for Cardiovascular Angiography andInterventions,Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology,Society ofInterventional Radiology,and the ACC/AHA Task Force on PracticeGuidelines(Writing committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease):endorsedby the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary rehabilitation;National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute;Society for Vascular Nursing;Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus;andVascular Disease Foundation.Circulation,2006,113:e463-e654.
[37]Rooke TW,Hirsch AT,Misra S,et al.2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease(updating the 2005 guideline):a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol,2011,58:2020-2045.
[38]Tarek AH,Jason AS,Paul RZ,et al.The effect of post-exercise ankle-brachial index on lower extremity revascularization.JACC:Cardiov Interv,2015,8:1238-1244.
[39]Sato S,Masami K,Otsuki S,et al.Post-exercise ankle-brachial pressure index demonstrates altered endothelial function in theelderly.Jpn Clin Med,2011,2:21-24.
[40]Neumann A,Jahn R,Diehm C.Outcomes of medical management of peripheral arterial disease in general practice:follow-up results of the PACE-PAD Study.J Public Health,2010,18:523-532.
[41]Reece C,Kumar R,Nienow D,et al.Extending the rationale of combination therapy to unresponsive erectile dysfunction.Rev Urol,2007,9:197-206.
[42]王吉耀.内科学.3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2015.
[43]Faxon DP,Fuster V,Libby P,et al.Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference:Writing Group III:pathophysiology.Circulation,2004,109:2617-2625.
[44]Konya V,Marsche G,Schuligoi R,et al.E-type prostanoid receptor 4(EP4)in disease and therapy.Pharmacol Ther,2013,138:485-502.
[45]IyúD,Jüttner M,Glenn JR,et al.PGE1 and PGE2 modifyplatelet function through different prostanoid receptors.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat,2011,94:9-16.
[46]Hashiguchi M,Ohno K,Saito R Studies on the effectiveness and safety of cilostazol,beraprost sodium,prostaglandin E1 for the treatment of intermittent claudication.Yakugaku Zasshi,2004,124:321-332.
[47]Diehm C,Balzer K,Bisler H,et al.Efficacy of a new prostaglandin E_1 regimen in outpatients with severe intermittent claudication:Results of a multicenter placebo-controlled doubleblind trial.J Vasc Surg,1997,25:537-544.
[48]Amendt K.PGE-1 and other prostaglandins in the treatment of intermittent claudication:a meta-analysis.Angiology,2005,56:409-415.
[49]Creutzig A.Meta-analysis of randomised controlled prostaglandin El studies in peripheral arterial occlusive disease stages III and IV.VASA,2004,33:137-144.
[50]Matsuo H,Shiqematsu H.Patient-based outcomes using the Walking Impairment Questionnaire for patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease treated with Lipo-PGEl.Cir J,2010,74:365-370.
[51]Heider P,Wildgruber M,Wolf O,et al.Improvement of microcirculation after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the lower limb with Prostaglandin El.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat,2009,88:23-30.
[52]Miyata T,Yamada N,Miyachi Y.Efficacy by ulcer type andsafety of lipo-PGE1 for Japanese patients with diabetic foot ulcers.J Atheroscler Thromb,2010,17:805-816.
[53]Wei LY,Fu XH,Li W,et al.Effect of intravenous administration of liposomal prostaglandin El on microcirculation in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous intervention.Chin Med J,2015,128:1147-1150.
[54]Chu LY,Liou JY,Wu KK.Prostacyclin protects vascular integrity via PPAR/14-3-3 pathway.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat,2015,118-119:19-27.
[55]Kawabe J,Ushikubi F,Hasebe N.Prostacyclin in vascular diseases,Recent insights and future perspectives.Circ J,2010,74:836-43.
[56]Tang WH,Stitham J,Gleim S,et al.Glucose and collagen regulate human platelet activity through aldose reductase induction of thromboxane.J Clin Invest,2011,121:4462-4476.
[57]Liu HJ,Ma JW,Qiao ZY,et al.Study of molecular mechanism of Prostaglandin El in inhibiting coronary heart disease.Mol Biol Rep,2013,40:6701-6708.
[58]Antman EM,DeMets D,Loscalzo J.Cyclooxygenase inhibition and cardiovascular risk.Circulation,2005,112:759-770.
[59]Zardi EW,Zardi DM,Cacciapaglia F,et al.Endothelial dysfunction and activation as an expression of disease:role of prostacyclin analogs.Int Immunopharmacol,2005,5:437-459.
[60]Lievre M,Morand S,Besse B,et al.Oral beraprost sodium,a prostaglandin I(2)analogue,for intermittent claudication:a double-blind,randomized,multicenter controlled trial.Beraprost et Claudication Intermittente(BERCI)Research Group.Circulation,2000,102:426-431.
[61]Awsakulsutthi S,Punpho K,Mamom J,et al.Beraprost sodium for chronic diabetic foot ulcer:a randomized controlled trial in thammasat university hospital.Ann Vasc Dis,2014,7:40-45.
[62]Yoon HS,Choi WJ,Sung IH,et al.Effects of Beraprost sodium on subjective symptoms in diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease.Clin Orthop Surg,2013,5:145-151.
[63]Shin S,Kim KJ,Chang HJ,et al.The effect of oral prostaglandin analogue on painful diabetic neuropathy:a double-blind,randomized,controlled trial.Diabetes Obes Metab,2013,15:185-188.
[2]MacGregor AS,Price JF,Hau CM,et al.Role of systolic blood pressure and plasma triglycerides in diabetic peripheral arterial disease.The Edinburgh Artery Study.Diabetes Care,1999,22:453-458.
[3]Al-Delaimy WK,Merchant AT,Rimm EB,et al.Effect of type2 diabetes and its duration on the risk of peripheral arterial disease among men.Am J Med,2004,116:236-240.
[4]Mukherjee D.Peripheral and cerebrovascular atherosclerotic disease in diabetes mellitus.Best Practice&Res Clin Endocrino,2009,23:335-345.
[5]Beckman JA,Creager MA,Libby P.Diabetes and atherosclerosis:epidemiology,pathophysiology,and management.JAMA,2002,287:2570-2581.
[6]Marso SP,Hiatt WR Peripheral arterial disease in patients with diabetes.J Am Coll Cardiol,2006,47:921-929.
[7]Hirsch AT,Criqui MH,Treat-Jacobson D,et al.Peripheral arterial disease detection,awareness,and treatment in primary care.JAMA,2001,286:1317-1324.
[8]Criqui M,Langer R,Fronek A,et al.Mortality over a period of10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease.N Engl J Med,1992,326:381-386.
[9]Fowkes FG,Murray GD,Butcher I,et al.Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality:a meta-analysis.JAMA,2008,300:197-208.
[10]Fares A,Amy TW,Tarig AE,et al.A systematic review for the screening for peripheral arterial disease in asymptomatic patients.J Vasc Surg,2015,61:42S-53S.
[11]Pang XH,Han J,Ye WL,et al.Lower extremity peripheral arterial disease is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke risks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in China.Int J Endocrinol,2017,2017:9620513.
[12]Pande RL,Perlstein TS,Beckman JA,et al.Secondary prevention and mortality in peripheral artery disease:National Health and Nutrition Examination Study,1999 to 2004.Circulation,2011,124:17-23.
[13]Newman AB,Shemanski L,Manolio TA,et al.Ankle-arm index as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study.The Cardiovascular Health Study Group.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,1999,19:538-545.
[14]Wattanakit K,Folsom AR,Selvin E,et al.Risk factors for peripheral arterial disease incidence in persons with diabetes:the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities(ARIC)Study.Atherosclerosis,2005,180:389-397.
[15]Lange S,Diehm C,Darius H,et al.High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and low treatment rates in elderly primary care patients with diabetes.Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2004,112:566-573.
[16]Marso SP,Hiatt WR.Peripheral arterial disease in patientswith diabetes.J Am Coll Cardiol,2006;47:921-929.
[17]Mostaza JM,Suarez C,Manzano L,et al.Sub-clinical vascular disease in type 2 diabetic subjects:relationship with chronic complications of diabetes and the presence of cardiovascular disease risk factors.Eur J Intern Med,2008,19:255-260.
[18]Rhee SY,Guan H,Liu ZM,et al.Multi-country study on the prevalence and clinical features of peripheral arterial disease in Asian type 2 diabetes patients at high risk of atherosclerosis.Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2007,76:82-92.
[19]Katsilambros NL,Tsapogas PC,Arvanitis MP,et al.Risk factors for lower extremity arterial disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetic persons.Diabet Med,1996,13:243-246.
[20]Janka HU,Stand lE,Mehnert H.Peripheral vascular disease in diabetes mellitus and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors:screening with the doppler ultrasonic technique.Diabetes Care,1980,3:207-213.
[21]Maser RE,Wolf son SK,Ellis D,et al.Cardiovascular disease and arterial calciflcation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus:interrelations and risk factor profiles.Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study-V.Arterioscler Thromb,1991,11:958-965.
[22]Bots ML,Hofman A,Grobbee DE.Common carotid intimamedia thickness and lower extremity arterial atherosclerosis.The Rotterdam Study.Arterioscler Thromb,1994,14:1885-1891.
[23]Smith FB,Lee AJ,Hau CM,et al.Plasma flbrinogen,haemostatic factors and prediction of peripheral arterial disease in the Edinburgh Artery Study.Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis,2000,11:43-50.
[24]Price JF,Lee AJ,Rumley A,et al.Lipoprotein(a)and development of intermittent claudication and major cardiovascular events in men and women:the Edinburgh Artery Study.Atherosclerosis,2001,157:241-249.
[25]Ridker PM,Stampfer MJ,Rifai N.Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis:a comparison of C-reactiveprotein,fibrinogen,homocysteine,lipoprotein(a),and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease.JAMA,2001,285:2481-2485.
[26]Lee AJ,Fowkes FG,Lowe GD,et al.Fibrin D-dimer,haemostatic factors and peripheral arterial disease.Thromb Haemost,1995,74:828-832.
[27]Selvin E,Marinopoulos S,Berkenblit G,et al.Meta-analysis:glycosylated hemoglobin and cardio vascular disease in diabetes mellitus.Ann of Intern Med,2004,141:421-431.
[28]Everhart JE,Pettitt DJ,Knowler WC,et al.Medial arterial calciflcation and its association with mortality and complications of diabetes.Diabetologia,1988,31:16-23.
[29]Jude EB,Oyibo SO,Chalmers N,et al.Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients:a comparison of severi-ty and outcome.Diabetes Care,2001,24:1433-1437.
[30]Mozes G,Keresztury G,Kadar A,et al.Atherosclerosis in amputated legs of patients with and without diabetes mellitus.Int Angiol,1998,17:282-286.
[31]Hirsch A,Criqui M,Treat-Jacobson D,et al.Peripheral arterial disease detection,awareness,and treatment in primary care.JAMA,2001,286:1317-1324.
[32]McDermott M,Greenland P,Liu K,et al.Leg symptoms in peripheral arterial disease:associated clinical characteristics and functional impairment.JAMA,2001,286:1599-606.
[33]McDermott M,Guralnik J,Ferrucci L,et al.Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease is associated with more adverselower extremity characteristics than intermittent claudication.Circulation,2008,117:2484-2491.
[34]Hooi J,Stoffers H,Kester A,et al.Risk factors and cardiovascular diseases associated with asymptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease.The Limburg PAOD Study.Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease.Scand J Prim Health Care,1998,16:177-182.
[35]Greenland P,Abrams J,Aurigemma G,et al.Prevention conference V,beyond secondary prevention:identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention:noninvasive tests of atherosclerotic burden:writing group III.Circulation,2000,101:e16-e22.
[36]Hirsch AT,Haskal ZJ,Hertzer NR,et aL ACC/AHA 2005practice guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease(lower extremity,renal,mesenteric,and abdominal aortic):a collaborativereport from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Societyfor Vascular Surgery,Society for Cardiovascular Angiography andInterventions,Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology,Society ofInterventional Radiology,and the ACC/AHA Task Force on PracticeGuidelines(Writing committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease):endorsedby the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary rehabilitation;National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute;Society for Vascular Nursing;Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus;andVascular Disease Foundation.Circulation,2006,113:e463-e654.
[37]Rooke TW,Hirsch AT,Misra S,et al.2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease(updating the 2005 guideline):a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.J Am Coll Cardiol,2011,58:2020-2045.
[38]Tarek AH,Jason AS,Paul RZ,et al.The effect of post-exercise ankle-brachial index on lower extremity revascularization.JACC:Cardiov Interv,2015,8:1238-1244.
[39]Sato S,Masami K,Otsuki S,et al.Post-exercise ankle-brachial pressure index demonstrates altered endothelial function in theelderly.Jpn Clin Med,2011,2:21-24.
[40]Neumann A,Jahn R,Diehm C.Outcomes of medical management of peripheral arterial disease in general practice:follow-up results of the PACE-PAD Study.J Public Health,2010,18:523-532.
[41]Reece C,Kumar R,Nienow D,et al.Extending the rationale of combination therapy to unresponsive erectile dysfunction.Rev Urol,2007,9:197-206.
[42]王吉耀.内科学.3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2015.
[43]Faxon DP,Fuster V,Libby P,et al.Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference:Writing Group III:pathophysiology.Circulation,2004,109:2617-2625.
[44]Konya V,Marsche G,Schuligoi R,et al.E-type prostanoid receptor 4(EP4)in disease and therapy.Pharmacol Ther,2013,138:485-502.
[45]IyúD,Jüttner M,Glenn JR,et al.PGE1 and PGE2 modifyplatelet function through different prostanoid receptors.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat,2011,94:9-16.
[46]Hashiguchi M,Ohno K,Saito R Studies on the effectiveness and safety of cilostazol,beraprost sodium,prostaglandin E1 for the treatment of intermittent claudication.Yakugaku Zasshi,2004,124:321-332.
[47]Diehm C,Balzer K,Bisler H,et al.Efficacy of a new prostaglandin E_1 regimen in outpatients with severe intermittent claudication:Results of a multicenter placebo-controlled doubleblind trial.J Vasc Surg,1997,25:537-544.
[48]Amendt K.PGE-1 and other prostaglandins in the treatment of intermittent claudication:a meta-analysis.Angiology,2005,56:409-415.
[49]Creutzig A.Meta-analysis of randomised controlled prostaglandin El studies in peripheral arterial occlusive disease stages III and IV.VASA,2004,33:137-144.
[50]Matsuo H,Shiqematsu H.Patient-based outcomes using the Walking Impairment Questionnaire for patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease treated with Lipo-PGEl.Cir J,2010,74:365-370.
[51]Heider P,Wildgruber M,Wolf O,et al.Improvement of microcirculation after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the lower limb with Prostaglandin El.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat,2009,88:23-30.
[52]Miyata T,Yamada N,Miyachi Y.Efficacy by ulcer type andsafety of lipo-PGE1 for Japanese patients with diabetic foot ulcers.J Atheroscler Thromb,2010,17:805-816.
[53]Wei LY,Fu XH,Li W,et al.Effect of intravenous administration of liposomal prostaglandin El on microcirculation in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous intervention.Chin Med J,2015,128:1147-1150.
[54]Chu LY,Liou JY,Wu KK.Prostacyclin protects vascular integrity via PPAR/14-3-3 pathway.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat,2015,118-119:19-27.
[55]Kawabe J,Ushikubi F,Hasebe N.Prostacyclin in vascular diseases,Recent insights and future perspectives.Circ J,2010,74:836-43.
[56]Tang WH,Stitham J,Gleim S,et al.Glucose and collagen regulate human platelet activity through aldose reductase induction of thromboxane.J Clin Invest,2011,121:4462-4476.
[57]Liu HJ,Ma JW,Qiao ZY,et al.Study of molecular mechanism of Prostaglandin El in inhibiting coronary heart disease.Mol Biol Rep,2013,40:6701-6708.
[58]Antman EM,DeMets D,Loscalzo J.Cyclooxygenase inhibition and cardiovascular risk.Circulation,2005,112:759-770.
[59]Zardi EW,Zardi DM,Cacciapaglia F,et al.Endothelial dysfunction and activation as an expression of disease:role of prostacyclin analogs.Int Immunopharmacol,2005,5:437-459.
[60]Lievre M,Morand S,Besse B,et al.Oral beraprost sodium,a prostaglandin I(2)analogue,for intermittent claudication:a double-blind,randomized,multicenter controlled trial.Beraprost et Claudication Intermittente(BERCI)Research Group.Circulation,2000,102:426-431.
[61]Awsakulsutthi S,Punpho K,Mamom J,et al.Beraprost sodium for chronic diabetic foot ulcer:a randomized controlled trial in thammasat university hospital.Ann Vasc Dis,2014,7:40-45.
[62]Yoon HS,Choi WJ,Sung IH,et al.Effects of Beraprost sodium on subjective symptoms in diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease.Clin Orthop Surg,2013,5:145-151.
[63]Shin S,Kim KJ,Chang HJ,et al.The effect of oral prostaglandin analogue on painful diabetic neuropathy:a double-blind,randomized,controlled trial.Diabetes Obes Metab,2013,15:185-188.