分析哲学内部的八次大论战
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摘要
分析哲学是一个源于弗雷格、摩尔、罗素、维特根斯坦和逻辑实证主义者的不连续的历史传统,其特点是:尊重科学和常识,关注语言,运用现代逻辑,强调精确和清晰的论证,把追求知识和真理的目标看得高于激发灵感、道德提升和精神慰藉等目标,以及自发形成的专业分工。此外,分析哲学家们不断地相互诘难和相互批判,从而导致分析哲学内部发生了多次大论战。本文概述和评论了其中的八次大论战:心理主义和反心理主义的论战,数学基础中三大派的论战,描述论和直接指称论的论战,实在论和反实在论的论战,本质主义和反本质主义的论战,内在论和外在论的论战,关于真理和逻辑真理的论战,逻辑一元论和逻辑多元论的论战,最后阐释了哲学论战的意义:揭示已有理论观点的问题和缺陷;开拓新的思维空间,发展新的理论观点;防止学术领域里的盲从、独断和专制;凸显哲学的追求智慧和真理的本性。
Analytic philosophy is a discrete historical tradition originated from Gottlob Frege(弗雷格),G. E.Moore(摩尔),Bertrand Russell(罗素),Ludwig Wittgenstein(维特根斯坦),and the logical positivists.Analytic philosophy is characterized with showing respect for science and common sense; paying close attention to language; making use of modern logic; laying emphasis on the precision and clarity of argumentation;elevating the goals of seeking for truth and knowledge over inspiration stimulation,moral uplift and spiritual consolation; and spontaneously forming professional divisions. As analytic philosophers constantly posed challenges and giving criticisms to each other,there arose many great debates among them. This paper reviews eight debates in analytic philosophy,including psychologism vs antipsychologism about logic ground; the debate among logicism, intuitionism, and formalism in mathematic foundation; descriptivism vs directreference theory in philosophy of language; realism vs antirealism about meaning and truth; essentialism vs antiessentialism in metaphysics; internalism vs externalism in epistemology; the debate among various theories about truth and logical truth; and the debate among logical monism,instrumentalism and logical pluralism about the correctness of logic. This paper also expounds the significance of philosophical debates,including revealing the problems and defects of the existing theories; extending new space for thinking,and developing new theories and views; preventing blind obedience,dictatorship,and autocracy in the academic field; and highlighting the pursuit of wisdom and truth as the nature of philosophy.
Analytic philosophy is a discrete historical tradition originated from Gottlob Frege(弗雷格),G. E.Moore(摩尔),Bertrand Russell(罗素),Ludwig Wittgenstein(维特根斯坦),and the logical positivists.Analytic philosophy is characterized with showing respect for science and common sense; paying close attention to language; making use of modern logic; laying emphasis on the precision and clarity of argumentation;elevating the goals of seeking for truth and knowledge over inspiration stimulation,moral uplift and spiritual consolation; and spontaneously forming professional divisions. As analytic philosophers constantly posed challenges and giving criticisms to each other,there arose many great debates among them. This paper reviews eight debates in analytic philosophy,including psychologism vs antipsychologism about logic ground; the debate among logicism, intuitionism, and formalism in mathematic foundation; descriptivism vs directreference theory in philosophy of language; realism vs antirealism about meaning and truth; essentialism vs antiessentialism in metaphysics; internalism vs externalism in epistemology; the debate among various theories about truth and logical truth; and the debate among logical monism,instrumentalism and logical pluralism about the correctness of logic. This paper also expounds the significance of philosophical debates,including revealing the problems and defects of the existing theories; extending new space for thinking,and developing new theories and views; preventing blind obedience,dictatorship,and autocracy in the academic field; and highlighting the pursuit of wisdom and truth as the nature of philosophy.
引文
(1)参见Kusch,Martin,“Psychologism”,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Winter 2015 Edition),Edward N.Zalta(ed.),URL=
(2)Hanna,R.Rationality and Logic,Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,2006,pp.8-9.
(3)参见陈波:《超越弗雷格的“第三域”神话》,《哲学研究》2012年第2期。
(4)Frege,G.The Frege Reader,edited by M.Beaney,Oxford:Blackwell.1997,p.90.
(1)Baker,G.P.and P.M.S.Hacker.Frege:Logical Excavations.Oxford University Press.1984:50-51.
(2)Engel,P.The Norm of Truth:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Logic,Harvester Wheatsheaf,1989,p.320.
(3)参见范丙申(Johan van Benthem):《逻辑与推理:事实重要吗?》,《湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2012年第3期。
(1)鲁宾逊:《形式主义64》,《数理哲学译文集》,中国社会科学院哲学研究所逻辑研究室编,北京:商务印书馆1988年版,第62页。
(2)参见蒯因:《从逻辑的观点看》,江天骥等译,上海:上海人民出版社1987年版,第13-16页。
(3)参见刘靖贤:《新逻辑主义的困境和二阶分层概括》,《湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2014年第2期。
(1)Chen Bo,“Social Constructivism of Language and Meaning,”Croatian Journal of Philosophy,vol.XV,No.43:87-113;“Socio-historical Causal Descriptivism:A Hybrid and Alternative Theory of Names,”Croatian Journal of Philosophy,Vol.XVI,No.46:45-67.
(2)Putnam,H.Mathematics,Matter and Method,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1975,p.72.
(1)Quine,W.V.O.,1960.Word and Object,Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1960,pp.196-200.
(1)维特根斯坦:《哲学研究》,李步楼译、陈维航校,北京:商务印书馆1996年版,第48页。
(2)参见Kit Fine,“Essence and Modality”,Mind,1994,115(459):659-693.
(3)克里普克:《命名与必然性》,梅文译,上海:上海人民出版社2001年版,第133页。
(4)陈波:《专名通名理论批判》,《中国社会科学》1989年第5期,第143页。
(5)Gettier,E.1963.“Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”Analysis 23:121-123.
(1)参见陈波:《语句的真、真的语句和真的理论体系---“truth”的三重含义辨析》,《北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2007年第1期。
(2)Aristotle,The Metaphysics,translated by W.D.Ross,北京:中央编译出版社2012年版,第85页。
(1)蒉益民:《二维语义学及其认知内涵概念》,《哲学动态》2007年第3期,第52页。
(1)麦基编:《思想家》,周穗明等译,北京:三联书店1987年版,第4页。
(2)Hanna,R.Rationality and Logic,Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,2006,pp.8-9.
(3)参见陈波:《超越弗雷格的“第三域”神话》,《哲学研究》2012年第2期。
(4)Frege,G.The Frege Reader,edited by M.Beaney,Oxford:Blackwell.1997,p.90.
(1)Baker,G.P.and P.M.S.Hacker.Frege:Logical Excavations.Oxford University Press.1984:50-51.
(2)Engel,P.The Norm of Truth:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Logic,Harvester Wheatsheaf,1989,p.320.
(3)参见范丙申(Johan van Benthem):《逻辑与推理:事实重要吗?》,《湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2012年第3期。
(1)鲁宾逊:《形式主义64》,《数理哲学译文集》,中国社会科学院哲学研究所逻辑研究室编,北京:商务印书馆1988年版,第62页。
(2)参见蒯因:《从逻辑的观点看》,江天骥等译,上海:上海人民出版社1987年版,第13-16页。
(3)参见刘靖贤:《新逻辑主义的困境和二阶分层概括》,《湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2014年第2期。
(1)Chen Bo,“Social Constructivism of Language and Meaning,”Croatian Journal of Philosophy,vol.XV,No.43:87-113;“Socio-historical Causal Descriptivism:A Hybrid and Alternative Theory of Names,”Croatian Journal of Philosophy,Vol.XVI,No.46:45-67.
(2)Putnam,H.Mathematics,Matter and Method,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1975,p.72.
(1)Quine,W.V.O.,1960.Word and Object,Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1960,pp.196-200.
(1)维特根斯坦:《哲学研究》,李步楼译、陈维航校,北京:商务印书馆1996年版,第48页。
(2)参见Kit Fine,“Essence and Modality”,Mind,1994,115(459):659-693.
(3)克里普克:《命名与必然性》,梅文译,上海:上海人民出版社2001年版,第133页。
(4)陈波:《专名通名理论批判》,《中国社会科学》1989年第5期,第143页。
(5)Gettier,E.1963.“Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”Analysis 23:121-123.
(1)参见陈波:《语句的真、真的语句和真的理论体系---“truth”的三重含义辨析》,《北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2007年第1期。
(2)Aristotle,The Metaphysics,translated by W.D.Ross,北京:中央编译出版社2012年版,第85页。
(1)蒉益民:《二维语义学及其认知内涵概念》,《哲学动态》2007年第3期,第52页。
(1)麦基编:《思想家》,周穗明等译,北京:三联书店1987年版,第4页。