理性的救赎与浪漫主义机体论——卡莱尔理性观研究
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摘要
卡莱尔的理性观,具有一段独特的发展史。三个各具特色的阶段,可以从中区分出来。第一阶段的理性观以逻辑的运作为主要内容,具有强烈的启蒙特征。康德的哲学思想,特别是《纯粹理性批评》中的理性学说是第二阶段理性观的主要来源。第三阶段建立在卡莱尔本人的认识资源基础之上,主要特征在于将浪漫主义机体论纳入认识领域。相关研究传统因为缺乏整体认识,故强调德国思想内容,而忽视浪漫主义因素。将卡莱尔的理性观作为一个发展的过程进行解读,不但可以深化对于理性观本身的理解,还可以展示卡莱尔早年的精神发展历程,以及他与时代思想之间的互文关系。
Carlyle's conception of reason is a process of development. From it,three stages,particular per se,are extricable. The main idea of his conception,in the first stage,consists in the operation of logic,and is imbued with the characteristics of Enlightenment. The second conception is,in the main,derived from the philosophy of Kant,especially from his doctrines of reason in Kritik der reinen Vernunt. The third conception is founded upon the basis of Carlyle's own resources of epistemology,the characteristics of which lie in the introduction of romantic organicism into the domain of knowing. The critical tradition in concern,however,and lack of the recognition of the totality of such a process,leads to the emphasization of the German thoughts and the negligence of the Romantic elements. A reading of Carlyle's conception of reason as a process can not only deepen the understanding of it,but may also exhibit the spiritual growth of Carlyle in his early years,and the contextual relation between him and intellectual environment in which he finds himself.
Carlyle's conception of reason is a process of development. From it,three stages,particular per se,are extricable. The main idea of his conception,in the first stage,consists in the operation of logic,and is imbued with the characteristics of Enlightenment. The second conception is,in the main,derived from the philosophy of Kant,especially from his doctrines of reason in Kritik der reinen Vernunt. The third conception is founded upon the basis of Carlyle's own resources of epistemology,the characteristics of which lie in the introduction of romantic organicism into the domain of knowing. The critical tradition in concern,however,and lack of the recognition of the totality of such a process,leads to the emphasization of the German thoughts and the negligence of the Romantic elements. A reading of Carlyle's conception of reason as a process can not only deepen the understanding of it,but may also exhibit the spiritual growth of Carlyle in his early years,and the contextual relation between him and intellectual environment in which he finds himself.
引文
[1]Abrams,M.1953.The Mirror and the Lamp:Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition[M].New York:Oxford University Press.
[2]Appleyard,J.1965.Coleridge's Philosophy of Literature:The Development of a Concept of Poetry(1791-1819)[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
[3]Baker,H.1962.William Hazlitt[M].Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
[4]Baumgarten,O.1906.Carlyle und Carlyle[M].Tübingen:Mohr.
[5]Beck,L.1969.Early German Philosophy:Kant and His Predecessors[M].Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
[6]Béguin,A.1967.L'me Romantique et le Rêve:Essai sur le Romantisme Allemand et la Poésie Fran9aise[M].Paris:JoséCorti.
[7]Behler,E.1993.German Romantic Literary Theory[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[8]Beiser,F.1987.The Fate of Reason:German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte[M].Cambridge:Harvard U-niversity Press.
[9]Bos,C.1902.Le Kantisme de Carlyle[J].Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie,(15):32-41.
[10]Campbell,I.1974.Thomas Carlyle[M].London:Hamish Hamilton.
[11]Carlyle,T.1886.Early Letters[M].London:Macmillan.
[12]Carlyle,T.1887a.Correspondence Between Goethe and Carlyle[C].London:Macmillan.
[13]Carlyle,T.1887b.Reminiscences[M].London:Macmillan.
[14]Carlyle,T.1896-1899.Works[M].London:Chapman and Hall.
[15]Carlyle,T.1898.Two Note Books[M].New York:The Grolier Club.
[16]Carré,J.1920.Gthe en Angleterre[M].Paris:Plon.
[17]Cazamian,L.1913.Carlyle[M].Paris:Didier.
[18]Coleridge,S.2004.Poetry and Prose[M].New York&London:Norton.
[19]Dilthey,W.1891.Thomas Carlyle[J].Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie,(4):260-285.
[20]Espinasse,F.1893.Literary Recollections and Sketches[M].London:Hodder&Stoughton.
[21]Froude,J.1882.Thomas Carlyle:A History of the First Forty Years in His Life(1795-1835)[M].New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons.
[22]Harrold,C.1928.Carlyle’s interpretation of Kant[J].Philological Quarterly,(4):345-357.
[23]Harrold,C.1963.Carlyle and German Thought:1819-1834[M].Hamden&London:Archon.
[24]Henrich,D.2003.Between Kant and Hegel:Lectures on German Idealism[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
[25]Jordan,J.1973.Thomas De Quincey Literary Critic:His Method and Achievement[M].New York:Gordian Press.
[26]Kant,I.1990.Kritik der reiner Vernunft[M].Hamburg:Felix Meiner.
[27]Kaplan,F.1983.Thomas Carlyle:A Biography[M].Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
[28]Locke,J.2004.An Essay Concerning Human Understanding[M].London:Penguin.
[29]Neff,E.1964.Carlyle and Mill:An Introduction to Victorian Thought[M].New York:Octagon.
[30]Perkins,D.1964.Wordsworth and the Poetry of Sincerity[M].Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
[31]Le Quesne,A.1982.Carlyle[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[32]Reed,W.1971.The pattern of conversion in Sartor Resartus[J].ELH,(3):411-431.
[33]Scruton,R.2002.A Short History of Modern Philosophy[M].London&New York:Routledge.
[34]Schneider,H.2000.Nature[A].In M.Brown(ed.).Romanticism[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[35]Shine,H.1967.Carlyle's Fusion of Poetry,History,and Religion by 1834[M].Port Washington:Kennikat.
[36]Shine,H.1969.Carlyle's early writings and Herder’s Ideen:The concept of history[A].In H.Shine(ed.).Booker Memorial Studies:Eight Essays on Victorian Literature in Memory of John Manning Booker(1881-1948)[C].New York:Russel&Russell.
[37]Stokoe,F.1926.German Influence in the English Romantic Period 1788-1818[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[38]Tarr,R.1974.Thomas Carlyle's libraries at Chelsea and Ecclefechan[J].Studies in Bibliography,(27):249-265.
[39]Wellek,R.1931.Immanuel Kant in England[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press.
[40]Wellek,R.1955.A History of Modern Criticism[M].New Haven&London:Yale University Press.
[41]Wellek,R.1965.Confrontations:Studies in the Intellectual and Literary Relations Between Germany,England,and the United States during the Nineteenth Century[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press.
[42]Willey,B.1950.Nineteenth Century Studies:Coleridge to Matthew Arnold[M].London:Chatto&Windus.
①除书信(Carlyle,1886;1887a)、笔记(Carlyle,1898)和回忆录(Carlyle,1887b)外,本文所有涉及卡莱尔的引文均来自《选集》(Carlyle,1896-1899),引用时给出卷数和页码。
②参考笛卡尔的“我思故我在”(cogito ergo sum)。
[2]Appleyard,J.1965.Coleridge's Philosophy of Literature:The Development of a Concept of Poetry(1791-1819)[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
[3]Baker,H.1962.William Hazlitt[M].Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
[4]Baumgarten,O.1906.Carlyle und Carlyle[M].Tübingen:Mohr.
[5]Beck,L.1969.Early German Philosophy:Kant and His Predecessors[M].Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
[6]Béguin,A.1967.L'me Romantique et le Rêve:Essai sur le Romantisme Allemand et la Poésie Fran9aise[M].Paris:JoséCorti.
[7]Behler,E.1993.German Romantic Literary Theory[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[8]Beiser,F.1987.The Fate of Reason:German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte[M].Cambridge:Harvard U-niversity Press.
[9]Bos,C.1902.Le Kantisme de Carlyle[J].Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie,(15):32-41.
[10]Campbell,I.1974.Thomas Carlyle[M].London:Hamish Hamilton.
[11]Carlyle,T.1886.Early Letters[M].London:Macmillan.
[12]Carlyle,T.1887a.Correspondence Between Goethe and Carlyle[C].London:Macmillan.
[13]Carlyle,T.1887b.Reminiscences[M].London:Macmillan.
[14]Carlyle,T.1896-1899.Works[M].London:Chapman and Hall.
[15]Carlyle,T.1898.Two Note Books[M].New York:The Grolier Club.
[16]Carré,J.1920.Gthe en Angleterre[M].Paris:Plon.
[17]Cazamian,L.1913.Carlyle[M].Paris:Didier.
[18]Coleridge,S.2004.Poetry and Prose[M].New York&London:Norton.
[19]Dilthey,W.1891.Thomas Carlyle[J].Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie,(4):260-285.
[20]Espinasse,F.1893.Literary Recollections and Sketches[M].London:Hodder&Stoughton.
[21]Froude,J.1882.Thomas Carlyle:A History of the First Forty Years in His Life(1795-1835)[M].New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons.
[22]Harrold,C.1928.Carlyle’s interpretation of Kant[J].Philological Quarterly,(4):345-357.
[23]Harrold,C.1963.Carlyle and German Thought:1819-1834[M].Hamden&London:Archon.
[24]Henrich,D.2003.Between Kant and Hegel:Lectures on German Idealism[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
[25]Jordan,J.1973.Thomas De Quincey Literary Critic:His Method and Achievement[M].New York:Gordian Press.
[26]Kant,I.1990.Kritik der reiner Vernunft[M].Hamburg:Felix Meiner.
[27]Kaplan,F.1983.Thomas Carlyle:A Biography[M].Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
[28]Locke,J.2004.An Essay Concerning Human Understanding[M].London:Penguin.
[29]Neff,E.1964.Carlyle and Mill:An Introduction to Victorian Thought[M].New York:Octagon.
[30]Perkins,D.1964.Wordsworth and the Poetry of Sincerity[M].Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
[31]Le Quesne,A.1982.Carlyle[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[32]Reed,W.1971.The pattern of conversion in Sartor Resartus[J].ELH,(3):411-431.
[33]Scruton,R.2002.A Short History of Modern Philosophy[M].London&New York:Routledge.
[34]Schneider,H.2000.Nature[A].In M.Brown(ed.).Romanticism[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[35]Shine,H.1967.Carlyle's Fusion of Poetry,History,and Religion by 1834[M].Port Washington:Kennikat.
[36]Shine,H.1969.Carlyle's early writings and Herder’s Ideen:The concept of history[A].In H.Shine(ed.).Booker Memorial Studies:Eight Essays on Victorian Literature in Memory of John Manning Booker(1881-1948)[C].New York:Russel&Russell.
[37]Stokoe,F.1926.German Influence in the English Romantic Period 1788-1818[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[38]Tarr,R.1974.Thomas Carlyle's libraries at Chelsea and Ecclefechan[J].Studies in Bibliography,(27):249-265.
[39]Wellek,R.1931.Immanuel Kant in England[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press.
[40]Wellek,R.1955.A History of Modern Criticism[M].New Haven&London:Yale University Press.
[41]Wellek,R.1965.Confrontations:Studies in the Intellectual and Literary Relations Between Germany,England,and the United States during the Nineteenth Century[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press.
[42]Willey,B.1950.Nineteenth Century Studies:Coleridge to Matthew Arnold[M].London:Chatto&Windus.
①除书信(Carlyle,1886;1887a)、笔记(Carlyle,1898)和回忆录(Carlyle,1887b)外,本文所有涉及卡莱尔的引文均来自《选集》(Carlyle,1896-1899),引用时给出卷数和页码。
②参考笛卡尔的“我思故我在”(cogito ergo sum)。