计及PEV聚合器的含可再生能源电力系统AGC调节功率的协调调度
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摘要
随着可再生能源的大规模并网,其间歇和随机特性给电力系统的频率稳定和控制带来巨大挑战。基于现有自动发电控制框架,根据常规发电机组和插电式电动车(PEVs)的互补特性,提出了一个基于模型预测控制(MPC)的优化控制框架。MPC负荷分配器根据常规发电机组和PEVs不同时间尺度的动态和AGC执行周期,在满足调节功率和电能约束的条件下,协调控制来自常规发电机组和PEVs的调节功率,使ACE跟踪误差和调节成本最小。仿真结果证明,提出的方法能够实现AGC性能的改善和调节成本的节约。
With the large-scale interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources(RESs),their intermittent and stochastic characteristics bring great challenges to the frequency stability and control of the power system.Based on the existing automatic generation control framework,an optimal control framework based on model predictive control(MPC) is proposed according to the complementary characteristics of conventional generators and plug-in electric vehicles(PEVs).The MPC load distributor can control the regulation power from conventional generator sets and PEVs according to the dynamic and AGC execution cycles of conventional generator sets and the PEVs at different time scales,so that the ACE tracking error and the adjustment cost can be minimized by meeting regulation power and power constraints.Simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve AGC performance improvement and cost saving.
With the large-scale interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources(RESs),their intermittent and stochastic characteristics bring great challenges to the frequency stability and control of the power system.Based on the existing automatic generation control framework,an optimal control framework based on model predictive control(MPC) is proposed according to the complementary characteristics of conventional generators and plug-in electric vehicles(PEVs).The MPC load distributor can control the regulation power from conventional generator sets and PEVs according to the dynamic and AGC execution cycles of conventional generator sets and the PEVs at different time scales,so that the ACE tracking error and the adjustment cost can be minimized by meeting regulation power and power constraints.Simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve AGC performance improvement and cost saving.
引文
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[15]CHEN Y,KEYSER M,TACKETT M H.Incorporating short-term stored energy resource into MIDWEST ISO energy and ancillary service market[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2011,26(2):829-838.
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[26]刘志林.分段仿射系统的控制器设计及预测控制方法研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.LIU Zhilin.Controller design and model predictive control approaches for piecewise affine system[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2007.
[27]樊友高.饱和切换系统的分析与综合[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2010.FAN Yougao.Analysis and synthesis of switched systems with actuator saturation[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2010.
[28]HAN Xiaoqing,CHENG Yushu,WU Zhong,et a1.Research on frequency regulation of power system containing wind farm[C]//IEEE Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems(PMAPS),Singapore,2010.
[29]邹涛,丁宝苍,张端.模型预测控制工程应用导论[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2010.
[30]席裕庚.预测控制[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1993.
[31]RAO C V,MAYNE D Q,RAWLINGS J B,et a1.Constrained model predictive control:stability and optimality[J].Automatica,2000,36(6):789-814.
[32]TAKAGI M,YAMAJI K,YAMAMOTO H.Power system stabilization by charging power management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with LFC signal[C]//IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference,Tokyo,Japan,2009.
[2]KRASSUSKI M,JOCHUM P,RUFIN J,et a1.Energy policy road map 2020[EB/OL].[2009].http://www.germany.info/contentblob/2293472/Daten/426258/Road map_DD.pdf.
[3]于汀,蒲天骄,刘广一,等.电网AGC与AVC协调控制方法[J].电力系统保护与控制,2015,43(15):42-47.YU Ding,PU Tianjiao,LIU Guangyi,et al.Coordinated control method of AGC and AVC in power grid[J].Power System Protection and Control,2015,43(15):42-47.
[4]张磊,罗毅,肖雅元,等.大规模风电并网条件下AGC机组跨区分布式最优协调控制[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(9):42-49.ZHANG Lei,LUO Yi,XIAO Yayuan,et al.Transregional and distributed optimal coordination control of AGC units under large-scale wind power grid[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(9):42-49.
[5]颜伟,赵瑞锋,赵霞,等.自动发电控制中控制策略的研究发展综述[J].电力系统保护与控制,2013,41(8):149-155.YAN Wei,ZHAO Ruifeng,ZHAO Xia,et al.Review on control strategies in automatic generation control[J].Power System Protection and Control,2013,41(8):149-155.
[6]赵川,朱涛,叶华.多控制区协调自动发电控制的研究与实现[J].电力系统保护与控制,2014,42(16):46-51.ZHAO Chuan,ZHU Tao,YE Hua.Research and realization of coordinated automatic generation control based on multi-control zone[J].Power System Protection and Control,2014,42(16):46-51.
[7]李朝阳,常喜强,樊国威,等.高风电穿透下AGC调节备用的研究[J].陕西电力,2017,45(4):26-29.LI Zhaoyang,CHANG Xiqiang,FAN Guowei,et a1.Study on power grid AGC standby regulation under high wind power penetration[J].Shaanxi Electric Power,2017,45(4):26-29.
[8]王敏,耿照江,茅鑫同.考虑可再生能源出力与负荷相关性的发电系统可靠性分析[J].陕西电力,2017,45(2):26-30.WANG Min,GENG Zhaojiang,MAO Xintong.Reliability analysis of power generation system considering correlations between renewable energy output and load[J].Shaanxi Electric Power,2017,45(1):26-30.
[9]杨天蒙.基于状态聚类的含大规模风电电力系统调峰充裕性评估[J].陕西电力,2017,42(16):22-26.YANG Tianmeng.Peak-load regulation adequacy evaluation of power system with high wind power penetration based on states clustering[J].Shaanxi Electric Power,2017,42(16):22-26.
[10]PILLAI J R,BAK-JENSEN B.Impacts of electric vehicle loads on power distribution systems[C]//IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference(VPPC),Lille,2010.
[11]LUO Zhuowei,SONG Yonghua,HU Zechun,et a1.Forecasting charging load of plug-in electric vehicles in China[C]//IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting,San Diego,CA,2011.
[12]MAKAROV Y V,DU P,KINTNER M C W.Sizing energy storage to accommodate high penetration of variable energy resources[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2012,3(1):34-40.
[13]JAYAKRISHNAN R P,MANUEL A M.Integration of vehicle-to-grid in the western Danish power system[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2011,2(1):12-19.
[14]CHENG Y,TABRIZI M,SAHNI M,et a1.Dynamic available AGC based approach for enhancing utility scale energy storage performance[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2014,5(2):1070-1078.
[15]CHEN Y,KEYSER M,TACKETT M H.Incorporating short-term stored energy resource into MIDWEST ISO energy and ancillary service market[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2011,26(2):829-838.
[16]LIYANAGE K M,YOKOYAMA A,OTA Y,et a1.Coordinated control of elements in ubiquitous power networks to support load frequency control[C]//Fourth International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems,Sri Lanka,2009.
[17]HINDI H,GREENE D,LAVENTALL C.Coordinating regulation and demand response in electric power grids using multirate model predictive control[C]//Innovative Smart Grid Technologies,Palo Alto,CA,2011.
[18]ULBIG A,GALUS M D,CHATZIVASILEIADIS S,et a1.General frequency control with aggregated control reserve capacity from time-varying sources:the case of PHEVs[C]//2010 IREP Symposium–Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control,Buzios,Brazil,2010.
[19]KUNDUR P.Power system stability and control[M].New York:Mc Graw-Hill Inc,1994.
[20]杨冠成.电力系统自动装置原理[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2012.
[21]赵旋宇,李鹏,汪皓,等.新型控制性能评价方法及相应的自动发电控制模式[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(6):93-97.ZHAO Xuanyu,LI Peng,WANG Hao,et al.Novel performance assessment method and corresponding AGC control model[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(6):93-97.
[22]GUILLE C,GROSS G.A conceptual framework for the vehicle-to-grid(V2G)implementation[J].Energy Policy,2009,37(11):4379-4390.
[23]XU Yixing,XIE Le,SINGH C.Optimal scheduling and operation of load aggregator with electric energy storage in power markets[C]//North American Power Symposium(NAPS),Texas,USA,2010.
[24]LOPES J A P,SOARES F J,ALMEIDA P M R.Integration of electric vehicles in the electric power system[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2011,99(1):168-183.
[25]BROOKS A,LU E,REICHER D,et al.Demand dispatch[J].IEEE Power&Energy Society,2010,8(3):20-29.
[26]刘志林.分段仿射系统的控制器设计及预测控制方法研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.LIU Zhilin.Controller design and model predictive control approaches for piecewise affine system[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2007.
[27]樊友高.饱和切换系统的分析与综合[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2010.FAN Yougao.Analysis and synthesis of switched systems with actuator saturation[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2010.
[28]HAN Xiaoqing,CHENG Yushu,WU Zhong,et a1.Research on frequency regulation of power system containing wind farm[C]//IEEE Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems(PMAPS),Singapore,2010.
[29]邹涛,丁宝苍,张端.模型预测控制工程应用导论[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2010.
[30]席裕庚.预测控制[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1993.
[31]RAO C V,MAYNE D Q,RAWLINGS J B,et a1.Constrained model predictive control:stability and optimality[J].Automatica,2000,36(6):789-814.
[32]TAKAGI M,YAMAJI K,YAMAMOTO H.Power system stabilization by charging power management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with LFC signal[C]//IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference,Tokyo,Japan,2009.