Kasabach-Merritt现象诊断与治疗中国专家共识
|
摘要
Kasabach-Merritt现象(卡-梅现象)是主要由卡波西样血管内皮细胞瘤或丛状血管瘤所引起的严重血小板减少和消耗性凝血功能障碍为特征的一类疾病。该类疾病好发于婴幼儿,往往起病较急,病情进展迅速,若得不到及时诊治,可引起严重并发症,甚至危及生命。鉴于当前在卡-梅现象的诊断和治疗方面还存在一定分歧,为了提高国内对卡-梅现象的认识和诊治水平,规范临床治疗,我们组织国内相关专家讨论并制定了本专家共识。该共识对卡-梅现象的发病机制、临床表现、诊断方法及治疗流程等给出了规范化建议,可供临床实践参考。
Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon(KMP) is characterized by severe thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulation dysfunction caused by Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma or tufted angioma. KMP is predominant in infants and little children and is often with rapid progress. If KMP is not diagnosed and treated in time, it can cause serious complications and even endanger life. In view of the current controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of KMP, and in order to improve the diagnosis level and standardize treatment of KMP in China, we invited relevant experts to discuss and formulate Chinese expert consensus. The consensus provides standardized suggestions on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods and treatment process of KMP, which can provide reference for clinical practice.
Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon(KMP) is characterized by severe thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulation dysfunction caused by Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma or tufted angioma. KMP is predominant in infants and little children and is often with rapid progress. If KMP is not diagnosed and treated in time, it can cause serious complications and even endanger life. In view of the current controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of KMP, and in order to improve the diagnosis level and standardize treatment of KMP in China, we invited relevant experts to discuss and formulate Chinese expert consensus. The consensus provides standardized suggestions on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods and treatment process of KMP, which can provide reference for clinical practice.
引文
[1] Kasabach HH, Merritt KK. Capillary hemangioma with extensive purpura:report of a case[J]. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 1940, 59(5):1063-1070.
[2] Zukerberg LR, Nickoloff BJ, Weiss SW. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma of infancy and childhood. An aggressive neoplasm associated with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome and lymphangiomatosis[J]. Am J Surg Path,1993,17(4):321-328.
[3] Enjolras O, Wassef M, Mazoyer E, et al. Infants with KasabachMerritt syndrome do not have"true"hemangiomas[J]. J Pediatr,1997, 130(4):631-640.
[4] Sarkar M, Mulliken JB, Kozakewich HP, et al. Thrombocytopenic coagulopathy(Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon)is associated with Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and not with common infantile hemangioma[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg,1997,100(6):1377-1386.
[5]孙玉环,车宗刚,郑家伟.ISSVA2018脉管异常新分类[J].中国口腔颌面外科杂志, 2019,17(1):7-13.
[6] Croteau SE, Liang MG, Kozakewich HP, et al. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma:atypical features and risks of KasabachMerritt phenomenon in 107 referrals[J]. J Pediatr, 2013, 162(1):142-147.
[7] Seo SK, Suh JC, Na GY, et al. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome:identification of platelet trapping in a tufted angioma by immunohistochemistry technique using monoclonal antibody to CD61[J]. Pediatr Dermatol, 1999, 16(5):392-394.
[8] Uhrin P, Zaujec J, Breuss JM, et al. Novel function for blood platelets and podoplanin in developmental separation of blood and lymphatic circulation[J]. Blood,2010,115(19):3997-4005.
[9] Suzukiinoue K, Kato Y, Inoue O, et al. Involvement of the snake toxin receptor CLEC-2, in Podoplanin-mediated platelet activation,by cancer cells[J]. J Biol Chem,2007,282(36):25993-26001.
[10] O'Rafferty C, O'Regan GM, Irvine AD, et al. Recent advances in the pathobiology and management of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Br J Haematol,2015,171(1):38-51.
[11] Drolet BA, Trenor CC, Brand觔o LR, et al. Consensus-derived practice standards plan for complicated Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma[J]. J Pediatr, 2013, 163(1):285-291.
[12] Rodriguez V, Witman PM, Anderson PA. Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon:case series and retrospective review of the mayo clinic experience[J]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2009, 31(7):522-526.
[13] Adams DM, Trenor CC 3rd, Hammill AM, et al. Efficacy and safety of sirolimus in the treatment of complicated vascular anomalies[J]. Pediatrics,2016,137(2):1-10.
[14] Nadal M, Giraudeau B, Tavernier E, et al. Efficacy and safety of mammalian target of rapamycin Inhibitors in vascular anomalies:A systematic review[J]. Acta Derm Venereol, 2015,96(4):448-452.
[15]董倩,金先庆,高解春.小儿肿瘤外科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2009:271-286.
[16]周德凯,刘文英,刘潜.儿童血管瘤及血管畸形[C]//金先庆,施诚仁.儿童实体肿瘤诊疗指南[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2011:154-175.
[17]王珊.血管瘤及血管畸形[C]//蔡威,孙宁,魏光辉.小儿外科学[M].第5版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2014:126-135.
[18]任松林,齐鸿燕.儿童卡-梅现象39例回顾性分析[J].中华小儿外科杂志,2018,39(10):757-761.
[19] Schmid I, Klenk AK, Sparber-Sauer M, et al. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma in children:a benign vascular tumor with multiple treatment options[J]. World J Pediatr, 2018, 14(4):322-329.
[20] Gruman A, Liang MG, Mulliken JB, et al. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma without Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J].J Am Acad Dermatol, 2005, 52(4):616-622.
[21] Wong BLK, Lee VNY, Tikka T, et al. Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma of the head and neck[J]. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2016,104(2):156-168.
[22] Chinello M, Di Carlo D, Olivieri F, et al. Successful management of Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma with long-term sirolimus treatment:a case report and review of the literature[J]. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis, 2018,10(1):e2018043.
[23] Mazoyer E, Enjolras O, Laurian C, et al. Coagulation abnormalities associated with extensive venous malformations of the limbs:differentiation from Kasabach-Merritt syndrome[J].Clin Lab Haematol, 2002, 24(4):243-251.
[24] Mulliken JB, Anupindi S, Ezekowitz RA. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises.Case 13-2004. A newborn girl with a large cutaneous lesion, thrombocytopenia, and anemia[J]. N Engl J Med, 2004,350(17):1764-1775.
[25] Yao W, Li K, Wang Z, et al. Comparison of corticosteroid and vincristine in treating Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and tufted angioma:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Pediatr Surg, 2018.
[26] Kim T, Roh MR, Cho S, et al. Kasabach-merritt syndrome arising from tufted angioma successfully treated with systemic corticosteroid[J]. Ann Dermatol, 2010, 22(4):426-430.
[27] Arunachalam P, Kumar VR, Swathi D. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome with large cutaneous vascular tumors[J]. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg,2012, 17(1):33-36.
[28] Triana P, Dore M, Cerezo VN, et al. Sirolimus in the treatment of vascular anomalies[J]. Eur J Pediatr Surg, 2017, 27(1):86-90.
[29] Huaijie W, Xinkui G, Yitao D, et al. Sirolimus as initial therapy for Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and tufted angioma[J].Pediatr Dermatol, 2018, 35(5):635-638.
[30] Haisley-Royster C, Enjolras O, Frieden IJ, et al. Kasabachmerritt phenomenon:a retrospective study of treatment with vincristine[J]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2002, 24(6):459-462.
[31] Fahrtash F, Mccahon E, Arbuckle S. Successful treatment of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and tufted angioma with vincristine[J]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2010, 32(6):506-510.
[32] Wang Z, Li K, Yao W, et al. Steroid-resistant kaposiform hemangioendothelioma:a retrospective study of 37 patients treated with vincristine and long-term follow-up[J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2015, 62(4):577-580.
[33] Fernandez-Pineda I, Lopez-Gutierrez JC, Chocarro G, et al.Long-term outcome of vincristine-aspirin-ticlopidine(VAT)therapy for vascular tumors associated with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2013, 60(9):1478-1481.
[34] Radovic SV, Kolinovic M, Ljubic D. Propranolol in the preoperative treatment of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome:a case report[J]. J Med Case Rep, 2017, 11(1):308.
[35] Hermans DJ, van Beynum IM, van der Vijver RJ, et al.Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome:a new indication for propranolol treatment[J]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2011, 33(4):e171-173.
[36] M izutani K, Umaoka A, Tsuda K, et al. Successful combination therapy of propranolol and prednisolone for a case with congenital Kasabach-Merritt syndrome[J]. J Dermatol, 2017, 44(12):1389-1391.
[37] Chiu YE, Drolet BA, Blei F, et al. Variable response to propranolol treatment of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma,tufted angioma,and Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2012, 59(5):934-948.
[38] Acharya S, Pillai K, Francis A, et al. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome:management with interferon[J]. Indian J Dermatol,2010, 55(3):281-283.
[39] Deb G, Jenkner A, De Sio L, et al. Spindle cell(Kaposiform)hemangioendothelioma with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome in an infant:successful treatment with alpha-2A interferon[J]. Med Pediatr Oncol, 1997, 28(5):358-361.
[40] Duclaux-Loras R, Lachaux A, Guibaud L, et al. Is alfa-interferon still current in the management of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome[J].Arch Pediatr, 2015,22(5):523-527.
[41] O'Rafferty, O'Regan GM, Irvine AD, et al. Recent advances in the pathobiology and management of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Br J Haematol, 2015,171(1):38-51.
[42] Fernandez-Pineda I, Lopez-Gutierrez JC, Chocarro G, et al.Long-term outcome of vincristine-aspirin-ticlopidine(VAT)therapy for vascular tumors associated with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2013, 60(9):1478-1481.
[43] Vivascolmenares GV, Ramirezvillar GL, Bernabeuwittel J, et al.The importance of early diagnosis and treatment of Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma complicated by Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Dermatol Prac Concept, 2015,5(1):91-93.
[44]秦中平,任莉,刘学键,等.气压法治疗小儿血管瘤[J].中华外科杂志, 2001,39(1):93-94.
[45]刘学键,邰茂众,秦中平,等.气压法治疗小儿Kasabach-Merritt现象17例分析[J].中华医学杂志, 2009, 89(26):1830-1833.
[46] Li K, Tai M, Qin Z, et al. Clinical observations in mesh suture treatment for infants of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. J Paediatr Child Health, 2015, 51(5):529-533.
[47] Drolet BA, Scott LA, Esterly NB, et al. Early surgical intervention in a patient with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J].J Pediatr, 2001, 138(5):756-758.
[48] Leung M, Chao NS, Tang PM, et al. Pancreatic Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma presenting with duodenal obstruction and Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon:a neonate cured by whipple operation[J]. Eur J Pediatr Surg Rep, 2014, 2(1):7-9.
[49] Pascal S, Bettex Q, Andre N, et al. Successful surgical managment of congenital Kasabach-Merritt syndrome[J]. Pediatr Int, 2017, 59(1):89-92.
[50]雷红召,黄静,孟小分,等.药物联合手术治疗Kasabach-Merritt综合征[J].中华整形外科杂志, 2013,29(2):104-108.
[51] Zou R, Peng F, Yu T, et al. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome combined with hypercalcemia:A case report[J]. Exp Ther Med,2017, 14(6):6164-6168.
[52] Su L, Wang D, Fan X. Comprehensive therapy for hemangioma presenting with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome in the maxillofacial region[J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2015, 73(1):92-98.
[53]周少毅,张靖.经导管动脉硬化栓塞术治疗Kasabach-Merritt综合征[J].中国介入影像与治疗学, 2014, 11(7):415-418.
[54]谭小云,张靖,周少毅,等.经导管动脉硬化栓塞术联合长春新碱治疗激素抵抗型婴幼儿Kasabach-Merritt综合征[J].中华放射学杂志, 2014, 48(11):934-937.
[55] Thompson SM, Callstrom MR, McKusick MA, et al. Initial results of image-guided percutaneous ablation as second-line treatment for symptomatic vascular anomalies[J]. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2015, 38(5):1171-1178.
[56]葛春晓,陈涛,邰茂众,等.经皮射频消融治疗小儿KasabachMerritt现象初步报道[J].中国口腔颌面外科杂志,2019,17(2):175-180.
[57] Phillips WG, Marsden JR. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome exacerbated by platelet transfusion[J]. J R Soc Med, 1993, 86(4):231-232.
[58] Korsaga-SoméN, Maruani A, Abdo I, et al. Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon(KMP)exacerbated by platelet transfusions[J]. Ann Dermatol Venereol,2015,142(10):578-580.
[59] Vivas-Colmenayes GV, Ramirez-Villar GI, Bernabeu-Wittel, et al. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma complicated by Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Dermatol Pract Concept, 2015, 5(1):91-93.
[60] Enjolras O, Soupre V, Picard A. Uncommon benign infantile vascular tumors[J]. Adv Dermatol, 2008,24(2):105-124.
[61] Schaefer BA, Wang D, Merrow AC, et al. Long-term outcome for kaposiform hemangioendothelioma:A report of two cases[J].Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2016,64(2):284-286.
[2] Zukerberg LR, Nickoloff BJ, Weiss SW. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma of infancy and childhood. An aggressive neoplasm associated with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome and lymphangiomatosis[J]. Am J Surg Path,1993,17(4):321-328.
[3] Enjolras O, Wassef M, Mazoyer E, et al. Infants with KasabachMerritt syndrome do not have"true"hemangiomas[J]. J Pediatr,1997, 130(4):631-640.
[4] Sarkar M, Mulliken JB, Kozakewich HP, et al. Thrombocytopenic coagulopathy(Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon)is associated with Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and not with common infantile hemangioma[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg,1997,100(6):1377-1386.
[5]孙玉环,车宗刚,郑家伟.ISSVA2018脉管异常新分类[J].中国口腔颌面外科杂志, 2019,17(1):7-13.
[6] Croteau SE, Liang MG, Kozakewich HP, et al. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma:atypical features and risks of KasabachMerritt phenomenon in 107 referrals[J]. J Pediatr, 2013, 162(1):142-147.
[7] Seo SK, Suh JC, Na GY, et al. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome:identification of platelet trapping in a tufted angioma by immunohistochemistry technique using monoclonal antibody to CD61[J]. Pediatr Dermatol, 1999, 16(5):392-394.
[8] Uhrin P, Zaujec J, Breuss JM, et al. Novel function for blood platelets and podoplanin in developmental separation of blood and lymphatic circulation[J]. Blood,2010,115(19):3997-4005.
[9] Suzukiinoue K, Kato Y, Inoue O, et al. Involvement of the snake toxin receptor CLEC-2, in Podoplanin-mediated platelet activation,by cancer cells[J]. J Biol Chem,2007,282(36):25993-26001.
[10] O'Rafferty C, O'Regan GM, Irvine AD, et al. Recent advances in the pathobiology and management of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Br J Haematol,2015,171(1):38-51.
[11] Drolet BA, Trenor CC, Brand觔o LR, et al. Consensus-derived practice standards plan for complicated Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma[J]. J Pediatr, 2013, 163(1):285-291.
[12] Rodriguez V, Witman PM, Anderson PA. Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon:case series and retrospective review of the mayo clinic experience[J]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2009, 31(7):522-526.
[13] Adams DM, Trenor CC 3rd, Hammill AM, et al. Efficacy and safety of sirolimus in the treatment of complicated vascular anomalies[J]. Pediatrics,2016,137(2):1-10.
[14] Nadal M, Giraudeau B, Tavernier E, et al. Efficacy and safety of mammalian target of rapamycin Inhibitors in vascular anomalies:A systematic review[J]. Acta Derm Venereol, 2015,96(4):448-452.
[15]董倩,金先庆,高解春.小儿肿瘤外科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2009:271-286.
[16]周德凯,刘文英,刘潜.儿童血管瘤及血管畸形[C]//金先庆,施诚仁.儿童实体肿瘤诊疗指南[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2011:154-175.
[17]王珊.血管瘤及血管畸形[C]//蔡威,孙宁,魏光辉.小儿外科学[M].第5版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2014:126-135.
[18]任松林,齐鸿燕.儿童卡-梅现象39例回顾性分析[J].中华小儿外科杂志,2018,39(10):757-761.
[19] Schmid I, Klenk AK, Sparber-Sauer M, et al. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma in children:a benign vascular tumor with multiple treatment options[J]. World J Pediatr, 2018, 14(4):322-329.
[20] Gruman A, Liang MG, Mulliken JB, et al. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma without Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J].J Am Acad Dermatol, 2005, 52(4):616-622.
[21] Wong BLK, Lee VNY, Tikka T, et al. Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma of the head and neck[J]. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2016,104(2):156-168.
[22] Chinello M, Di Carlo D, Olivieri F, et al. Successful management of Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma with long-term sirolimus treatment:a case report and review of the literature[J]. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis, 2018,10(1):e2018043.
[23] Mazoyer E, Enjolras O, Laurian C, et al. Coagulation abnormalities associated with extensive venous malformations of the limbs:differentiation from Kasabach-Merritt syndrome[J].Clin Lab Haematol, 2002, 24(4):243-251.
[24] Mulliken JB, Anupindi S, Ezekowitz RA. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises.Case 13-2004. A newborn girl with a large cutaneous lesion, thrombocytopenia, and anemia[J]. N Engl J Med, 2004,350(17):1764-1775.
[25] Yao W, Li K, Wang Z, et al. Comparison of corticosteroid and vincristine in treating Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and tufted angioma:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Pediatr Surg, 2018.
[26] Kim T, Roh MR, Cho S, et al. Kasabach-merritt syndrome arising from tufted angioma successfully treated with systemic corticosteroid[J]. Ann Dermatol, 2010, 22(4):426-430.
[27] Arunachalam P, Kumar VR, Swathi D. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome with large cutaneous vascular tumors[J]. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg,2012, 17(1):33-36.
[28] Triana P, Dore M, Cerezo VN, et al. Sirolimus in the treatment of vascular anomalies[J]. Eur J Pediatr Surg, 2017, 27(1):86-90.
[29] Huaijie W, Xinkui G, Yitao D, et al. Sirolimus as initial therapy for Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and tufted angioma[J].Pediatr Dermatol, 2018, 35(5):635-638.
[30] Haisley-Royster C, Enjolras O, Frieden IJ, et al. Kasabachmerritt phenomenon:a retrospective study of treatment with vincristine[J]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2002, 24(6):459-462.
[31] Fahrtash F, Mccahon E, Arbuckle S. Successful treatment of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and tufted angioma with vincristine[J]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2010, 32(6):506-510.
[32] Wang Z, Li K, Yao W, et al. Steroid-resistant kaposiform hemangioendothelioma:a retrospective study of 37 patients treated with vincristine and long-term follow-up[J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2015, 62(4):577-580.
[33] Fernandez-Pineda I, Lopez-Gutierrez JC, Chocarro G, et al.Long-term outcome of vincristine-aspirin-ticlopidine(VAT)therapy for vascular tumors associated with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2013, 60(9):1478-1481.
[34] Radovic SV, Kolinovic M, Ljubic D. Propranolol in the preoperative treatment of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome:a case report[J]. J Med Case Rep, 2017, 11(1):308.
[35] Hermans DJ, van Beynum IM, van der Vijver RJ, et al.Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome:a new indication for propranolol treatment[J]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2011, 33(4):e171-173.
[36] M izutani K, Umaoka A, Tsuda K, et al. Successful combination therapy of propranolol and prednisolone for a case with congenital Kasabach-Merritt syndrome[J]. J Dermatol, 2017, 44(12):1389-1391.
[37] Chiu YE, Drolet BA, Blei F, et al. Variable response to propranolol treatment of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma,tufted angioma,and Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2012, 59(5):934-948.
[38] Acharya S, Pillai K, Francis A, et al. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome:management with interferon[J]. Indian J Dermatol,2010, 55(3):281-283.
[39] Deb G, Jenkner A, De Sio L, et al. Spindle cell(Kaposiform)hemangioendothelioma with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome in an infant:successful treatment with alpha-2A interferon[J]. Med Pediatr Oncol, 1997, 28(5):358-361.
[40] Duclaux-Loras R, Lachaux A, Guibaud L, et al. Is alfa-interferon still current in the management of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome[J].Arch Pediatr, 2015,22(5):523-527.
[41] O'Rafferty, O'Regan GM, Irvine AD, et al. Recent advances in the pathobiology and management of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Br J Haematol, 2015,171(1):38-51.
[42] Fernandez-Pineda I, Lopez-Gutierrez JC, Chocarro G, et al.Long-term outcome of vincristine-aspirin-ticlopidine(VAT)therapy for vascular tumors associated with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2013, 60(9):1478-1481.
[43] Vivascolmenares GV, Ramirezvillar GL, Bernabeuwittel J, et al.The importance of early diagnosis and treatment of Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma complicated by Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Dermatol Prac Concept, 2015,5(1):91-93.
[44]秦中平,任莉,刘学键,等.气压法治疗小儿血管瘤[J].中华外科杂志, 2001,39(1):93-94.
[45]刘学键,邰茂众,秦中平,等.气压法治疗小儿Kasabach-Merritt现象17例分析[J].中华医学杂志, 2009, 89(26):1830-1833.
[46] Li K, Tai M, Qin Z, et al. Clinical observations in mesh suture treatment for infants of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. J Paediatr Child Health, 2015, 51(5):529-533.
[47] Drolet BA, Scott LA, Esterly NB, et al. Early surgical intervention in a patient with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J].J Pediatr, 2001, 138(5):756-758.
[48] Leung M, Chao NS, Tang PM, et al. Pancreatic Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma presenting with duodenal obstruction and Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon:a neonate cured by whipple operation[J]. Eur J Pediatr Surg Rep, 2014, 2(1):7-9.
[49] Pascal S, Bettex Q, Andre N, et al. Successful surgical managment of congenital Kasabach-Merritt syndrome[J]. Pediatr Int, 2017, 59(1):89-92.
[50]雷红召,黄静,孟小分,等.药物联合手术治疗Kasabach-Merritt综合征[J].中华整形外科杂志, 2013,29(2):104-108.
[51] Zou R, Peng F, Yu T, et al. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome combined with hypercalcemia:A case report[J]. Exp Ther Med,2017, 14(6):6164-6168.
[52] Su L, Wang D, Fan X. Comprehensive therapy for hemangioma presenting with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome in the maxillofacial region[J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2015, 73(1):92-98.
[53]周少毅,张靖.经导管动脉硬化栓塞术治疗Kasabach-Merritt综合征[J].中国介入影像与治疗学, 2014, 11(7):415-418.
[54]谭小云,张靖,周少毅,等.经导管动脉硬化栓塞术联合长春新碱治疗激素抵抗型婴幼儿Kasabach-Merritt综合征[J].中华放射学杂志, 2014, 48(11):934-937.
[55] Thompson SM, Callstrom MR, McKusick MA, et al. Initial results of image-guided percutaneous ablation as second-line treatment for symptomatic vascular anomalies[J]. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2015, 38(5):1171-1178.
[56]葛春晓,陈涛,邰茂众,等.经皮射频消融治疗小儿KasabachMerritt现象初步报道[J].中国口腔颌面外科杂志,2019,17(2):175-180.
[57] Phillips WG, Marsden JR. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome exacerbated by platelet transfusion[J]. J R Soc Med, 1993, 86(4):231-232.
[58] Korsaga-SoméN, Maruani A, Abdo I, et al. Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon(KMP)exacerbated by platelet transfusions[J]. Ann Dermatol Venereol,2015,142(10):578-580.
[59] Vivas-Colmenayes GV, Ramirez-Villar GI, Bernabeu-Wittel, et al. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma complicated by Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. Dermatol Pract Concept, 2015, 5(1):91-93.
[60] Enjolras O, Soupre V, Picard A. Uncommon benign infantile vascular tumors[J]. Adv Dermatol, 2008,24(2):105-124.
[61] Schaefer BA, Wang D, Merrow AC, et al. Long-term outcome for kaposiform hemangioendothelioma:A report of two cases[J].Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2016,64(2):284-286.