新型隐球菌与格特隐球菌致病性及临床表现的比较综述
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摘要
新型隐球菌主要感染免疫抑制人群,常引起中枢神经系统感染,而格特隐球菌主要感染免疫力正常人群并以肺部感染为主。两者在致病性、临床表现及诊断治疗等方面均有所不同。本文对新型隐球菌与格特隐球菌在以上方面的差异作一综述。
Cryptococcus neoformans primarily infects immunocompromised individuals, and mainly causes central nervous system infection. While Cryptococcus gattii predominantly infects immunocompetent ones, and mainly leads to pulmonary infections. They differ in pathogenicity, clinical features, diagnosis and therapy. This review focuses on the comparison of aspects mentioned above between Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii.
Cryptococcus neoformans primarily infects immunocompromised individuals, and mainly causes central nervous system infection. While Cryptococcus gattii predominantly infects immunocompetent ones, and mainly leads to pulmonary infections. They differ in pathogenicity, clinical features, diagnosis and therapy. This review focuses on the comparison of aspects mentioned above between Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii.
引文
1 Schmalzle SA,Buchwald UK,Gilliam BL,et al.Cryptococcus neoformans infection in malignancy[J].Mycoses,2016,59(9):542-552.
2 Kwon-Chung KJ,Boekhout T,Fell JW,et al.Proposal to Conserve the Name Cryptococcus gattii against C.hondurianus and C.bacillisporus(Basidiomycota,Hymenomycetes,Tremellomycetidae)[J].Taxon,2002,51:804-806.
3 Farrer RA,Voelz K,Henk DA,et al.Microevolutionary traits and comparative population genomics of the emerging pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus gattii[J].Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci,2016,371(1709):pii:20160021.
4 Bowen A,Wear MP,Cordero RJ,et al.A Monoclonal Antibody to Cryptococcus neoformans Glucuronoxylomannan Manifests Hydrolytic Activity for Both Peptides and Polysaccharides[J].J Biol Chem,2017,292(2):417-434.
5 McClelland EE,Bernhardt P,Casadevall A.Estimating the relative contributions of virulence factors for pathogenic microbes[J].Infect Immun,2006,74(3):1500-1504.
6 Chen S,Yan H,Zhang L,et al.Cryptococcus Neoformans Infection and Immune Cell Regulation in Human Monocytes[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2015,37(2):537-547.
7 Urai M,Kaneko Y,Ueno K,et al.Evasion of Innate Immune Responses by the Highly Virulent Cryptococcus gattii by Altering Capsule Glucuronoxylomannan Structure[J].Front Cell Infect Microbiol,2015,5:101.
8 Wang Z,Wilson A,Xu J.Mitochondrial DNA inheritance in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus gattii[J].Fungal Genet Biol,2015,75:1-10.
9 Sabiiti W,Robertson E,Beale MA,et al.Efficient phagocytosis and laccase activity affect the outcome of HIV-associated cryptococcosis[J].J Clin Invest,2014,124(5):2000-2008.
10 Watkins RA,Andrews A,Wynn C,et al.Cryptococcus neoformans Escape From Dictyostelium Amoeba by Both WASH-Mediated Constitutive Exocytosis and Vomocytosis[J].Front Cell Infect Microbiol,2018,8:108.
11 Charlier C,Nielsen K,Daou S,et al.Evidence of a role for monocytes in dissemination and brain invasion by Cryptococcus neoformans[J].Infect Immun,2009,77(1):120-127.
12 Feretzaki M,Billmyre RB,Clancey SA,et al.Gene Network Polymorphism Illuminates Loss and Retention of Novel RNAi Silencing Components in the Cryptococcus Pathogenic Species Complex[J].PLoS Genet,2016,12(3):e1005868.
13 Wang X,Wang P,Sun S,et al.Transgene induced co-suppression during vegetative growth in Cryptococcus neoformans[J].PLoSGenet,2012,8(8):e1002885.
14 Ngamskulrungroj P,Chang Y,Sionov E,et al.The primary target organ of Cryptococcus gattii is different from that of Cryptococcus neoformans in a murine model[J].MBio,2012,3(3):pii:e00103-12.
15 Lu H,Zhou Y,Yin Y,et al.Cryptococcal antigen test revisited:significance for cryptococcal meningitis therapy monitoring in a tertiary chinese hospital[J].J Clin Microbiol,2005,43(6):2989-2990.
16 Shi M,Li SS,Zheng C,et al.Real-time imaging of trapping and urease-dependent transmigration of Cryptococcus neoformans in mouse brain[J].J Clin Invest,2010,120(5):1683-1693.
17 Acheson ES,Galanis E,Bartlett K,et al.Searching for clues for eighteen years:Deciphering the ecological determinants of Cryptococcus gattii on Vancouver Island,British Columbia[J].Med Mycol,2018,56(2):129-144.
18 Chen SC,Slavin MA,Heath CH,et al.Clinical manifestations of Cryptococcus gattii infection:determinants of neurological sequelae and death[J].Clin Infect Dis,2012,55(6):789-798.
19 Chan M,Lye D,Win MK,et al.Clinical and microbiological characteristics of cryptococcosis in Singapore:predominance of Cryptococcus neoformans compared with Cryptococcus gattii[J].Int J Infect Dis,2014,26:110-115.
20吴敏芳,黄求理,张杰,等.新型隐球菌肺炎患者的X线与多层螺旋CT临床诊断分析[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2017,27(16):3643-3646.
21 Mitchell DH,Sorrell TC.Pancoast's syndrome due to pulmonary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii[J].Clin Infect Dis,1992,14(5):1142-1144.
22 Caceres DH,Zuluaga A,Tabares AM,et al.Evaluation of a Cryptococcal antigen Lateral Flow Assay in serum and cerebrospinal fluid for rapid diagnosis of cryptococcosis in Colombia[J].Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo,2017,59:e76.
23 Tone K,Umeda Y,Makimura K.Cross-reactivity in Cryptococcus antigen latex agglutination test in two commercial kits[J].Med Mycol,2016,54(4):439-443.
24 Klein KR,Hall L,Deml SM,et al.Identification of Cryptococcus gattii by use of L-canavanine glycine bromothymol blue medium and DNAsequencing[J].J Clin Microbiol,2009,47(11):3669-3672.
25 Rivera V,Gaviria M,Munoz-Cadavid C,et al.Validation and clinical application of a molecular method for the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii complex DNA in human clinical specimens[J].Braz J Infect Dis,2015,19(6):563-570.
26 Dou H,Wang H,Xie S,et al.Molecular characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from the environment in Beijing,China[J].Med Mycol,2017,55(7):737-747.
27 Galanis E,Macdougall L,Kidd S,et al.Epidemiology of Cryptococcus gattii,British Columbia,Canada,1999-2007[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2010,16(2):251-257.
28 Kamari A,Sepahvand A,Mohammadi R.Isolation and molecular characterization of Cryptococcus species isolated from pigeon nests and Eucalyptus trees[J].Curr Med Mycol,2017,3(2):20-25.
29 Cogliati M.Global Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii:An Atlas of the Molecular Types[J/OL].https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2013/675213.
30 Feng X,Yao Z,Ren D,et al.Genotype and mating type analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates from China that mainly originated from non-HIV-infected patients[J].FEMSYeast Res,2008,8(6):930-938.
31 World Health Organization.Guidelines for the diagnosis,prevention,and management of cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected adults,adolescents and children,March 2018:supplement to the 2016consolidated guidelines of the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection[M].World Health Organization,2018.
32 Chen SC,Korman TM,Slavin MA,et al.Antifungal therapy and management of complications of cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus gattii[J].Clin Infect Dis,2013,57(4):543-551.
33 McMullan BJ,Sorrell TC,Chen SC.Cryptococcus gattii infections:contemporary aspects of epidemiology,clinical manifestations and management of infection[J].Future Microbiol,2013,8(12):1613-1631.
34 Adeyemi BO,Ross A.Profile and acute mortality outcome of patients admitted with cryptococcal meningitis to an urban district hospital in Kwa Zulu-Natal,South Africa[J].Official Journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/primary Care,2015,57(2):1-5.
35 Seaton RA,Naraqi S,Wembri JP,et al.Predictors of outcome in Cryptococcus neoformans var.gattii meningitis[J].Qjm,1996,89(6):423-428.
2 Kwon-Chung KJ,Boekhout T,Fell JW,et al.Proposal to Conserve the Name Cryptococcus gattii against C.hondurianus and C.bacillisporus(Basidiomycota,Hymenomycetes,Tremellomycetidae)[J].Taxon,2002,51:804-806.
3 Farrer RA,Voelz K,Henk DA,et al.Microevolutionary traits and comparative population genomics of the emerging pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus gattii[J].Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci,2016,371(1709):pii:20160021.
4 Bowen A,Wear MP,Cordero RJ,et al.A Monoclonal Antibody to Cryptococcus neoformans Glucuronoxylomannan Manifests Hydrolytic Activity for Both Peptides and Polysaccharides[J].J Biol Chem,2017,292(2):417-434.
5 McClelland EE,Bernhardt P,Casadevall A.Estimating the relative contributions of virulence factors for pathogenic microbes[J].Infect Immun,2006,74(3):1500-1504.
6 Chen S,Yan H,Zhang L,et al.Cryptococcus Neoformans Infection and Immune Cell Regulation in Human Monocytes[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2015,37(2):537-547.
7 Urai M,Kaneko Y,Ueno K,et al.Evasion of Innate Immune Responses by the Highly Virulent Cryptococcus gattii by Altering Capsule Glucuronoxylomannan Structure[J].Front Cell Infect Microbiol,2015,5:101.
8 Wang Z,Wilson A,Xu J.Mitochondrial DNA inheritance in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus gattii[J].Fungal Genet Biol,2015,75:1-10.
9 Sabiiti W,Robertson E,Beale MA,et al.Efficient phagocytosis and laccase activity affect the outcome of HIV-associated cryptococcosis[J].J Clin Invest,2014,124(5):2000-2008.
10 Watkins RA,Andrews A,Wynn C,et al.Cryptococcus neoformans Escape From Dictyostelium Amoeba by Both WASH-Mediated Constitutive Exocytosis and Vomocytosis[J].Front Cell Infect Microbiol,2018,8:108.
11 Charlier C,Nielsen K,Daou S,et al.Evidence of a role for monocytes in dissemination and brain invasion by Cryptococcus neoformans[J].Infect Immun,2009,77(1):120-127.
12 Feretzaki M,Billmyre RB,Clancey SA,et al.Gene Network Polymorphism Illuminates Loss and Retention of Novel RNAi Silencing Components in the Cryptococcus Pathogenic Species Complex[J].PLoS Genet,2016,12(3):e1005868.
13 Wang X,Wang P,Sun S,et al.Transgene induced co-suppression during vegetative growth in Cryptococcus neoformans[J].PLoSGenet,2012,8(8):e1002885.
14 Ngamskulrungroj P,Chang Y,Sionov E,et al.The primary target organ of Cryptococcus gattii is different from that of Cryptococcus neoformans in a murine model[J].MBio,2012,3(3):pii:e00103-12.
15 Lu H,Zhou Y,Yin Y,et al.Cryptococcal antigen test revisited:significance for cryptococcal meningitis therapy monitoring in a tertiary chinese hospital[J].J Clin Microbiol,2005,43(6):2989-2990.
16 Shi M,Li SS,Zheng C,et al.Real-time imaging of trapping and urease-dependent transmigration of Cryptococcus neoformans in mouse brain[J].J Clin Invest,2010,120(5):1683-1693.
17 Acheson ES,Galanis E,Bartlett K,et al.Searching for clues for eighteen years:Deciphering the ecological determinants of Cryptococcus gattii on Vancouver Island,British Columbia[J].Med Mycol,2018,56(2):129-144.
18 Chen SC,Slavin MA,Heath CH,et al.Clinical manifestations of Cryptococcus gattii infection:determinants of neurological sequelae and death[J].Clin Infect Dis,2012,55(6):789-798.
19 Chan M,Lye D,Win MK,et al.Clinical and microbiological characteristics of cryptococcosis in Singapore:predominance of Cryptococcus neoformans compared with Cryptococcus gattii[J].Int J Infect Dis,2014,26:110-115.
20吴敏芳,黄求理,张杰,等.新型隐球菌肺炎患者的X线与多层螺旋CT临床诊断分析[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2017,27(16):3643-3646.
21 Mitchell DH,Sorrell TC.Pancoast's syndrome due to pulmonary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii[J].Clin Infect Dis,1992,14(5):1142-1144.
22 Caceres DH,Zuluaga A,Tabares AM,et al.Evaluation of a Cryptococcal antigen Lateral Flow Assay in serum and cerebrospinal fluid for rapid diagnosis of cryptococcosis in Colombia[J].Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo,2017,59:e76.
23 Tone K,Umeda Y,Makimura K.Cross-reactivity in Cryptococcus antigen latex agglutination test in two commercial kits[J].Med Mycol,2016,54(4):439-443.
24 Klein KR,Hall L,Deml SM,et al.Identification of Cryptococcus gattii by use of L-canavanine glycine bromothymol blue medium and DNAsequencing[J].J Clin Microbiol,2009,47(11):3669-3672.
25 Rivera V,Gaviria M,Munoz-Cadavid C,et al.Validation and clinical application of a molecular method for the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii complex DNA in human clinical specimens[J].Braz J Infect Dis,2015,19(6):563-570.
26 Dou H,Wang H,Xie S,et al.Molecular characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from the environment in Beijing,China[J].Med Mycol,2017,55(7):737-747.
27 Galanis E,Macdougall L,Kidd S,et al.Epidemiology of Cryptococcus gattii,British Columbia,Canada,1999-2007[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2010,16(2):251-257.
28 Kamari A,Sepahvand A,Mohammadi R.Isolation and molecular characterization of Cryptococcus species isolated from pigeon nests and Eucalyptus trees[J].Curr Med Mycol,2017,3(2):20-25.
29 Cogliati M.Global Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii:An Atlas of the Molecular Types[J/OL].https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2013/675213.
30 Feng X,Yao Z,Ren D,et al.Genotype and mating type analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates from China that mainly originated from non-HIV-infected patients[J].FEMSYeast Res,2008,8(6):930-938.
31 World Health Organization.Guidelines for the diagnosis,prevention,and management of cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected adults,adolescents and children,March 2018:supplement to the 2016consolidated guidelines of the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection[M].World Health Organization,2018.
32 Chen SC,Korman TM,Slavin MA,et al.Antifungal therapy and management of complications of cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus gattii[J].Clin Infect Dis,2013,57(4):543-551.
33 McMullan BJ,Sorrell TC,Chen SC.Cryptococcus gattii infections:contemporary aspects of epidemiology,clinical manifestations and management of infection[J].Future Microbiol,2013,8(12):1613-1631.
34 Adeyemi BO,Ross A.Profile and acute mortality outcome of patients admitted with cryptococcal meningitis to an urban district hospital in Kwa Zulu-Natal,South Africa[J].Official Journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/primary Care,2015,57(2):1-5.
35 Seaton RA,Naraqi S,Wembri JP,et al.Predictors of outcome in Cryptococcus neoformans var.gattii meningitis[J].Qjm,1996,89(6):423-428.