西宁冬季PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)手工与自动监测现状研究
|
摘要
为研究PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)手工与自动监测仪器在高海拔地区的适用性,于2014年12月至2015年1月(冬季)在青海省西宁市开展了为期34 d的监测比对实验。PM监测数据表明:手工监测数据之间都有差异,除了受监测滤膜种类的影响,还存在监测仪器间的系统误差。石英滤膜的PM监测数据都高于聚丙烯滤膜,尤其是PM_(2.5)更为明显,偏高近1/4;石英滤膜与聚丙烯滤膜的PM监测数据具有较好的相关性,PM_(10)监测数据的相关系数为0.97。自动监测数据之间进行了同期比对研究,发现TEOM1405DF(微振荡天平法)和APM-2(β射线法)的PM监测值较低,BAM-1020(β射线法)的PM监测值最高;而Grimm(光散射法)的PM监测值居中。BAM1020配备动态加热系统(DHS),其PM监测数据比没有配备DHS的APM-2偏高40%。基于PM监测比对研究,建议在空气污染严重时加密对各监测仪器的运行维护,并加强长期观测以全面评估PM监测。
In order to study the applicability of PM_(2.5)/PM_(10 )manual and automatic monitoring instruments at high altitude, the 34 days observation campaign was conducted in Xining city, Qinghai province from Dec. 2014 to Jan. 2015. The PM monitoring data showed that there were some differences among the data from different manual monitoring instruments, which might be influenced by the different instrument types and the monitoring filters as well. The monitoring PM data from quartz filters were higher than those from polypropylene membrane filters; especially, the data difference for PM_(2.5)was much more obvious, nearly 1/4. While, the monitoring PM data from quartz filter and polypropylene membrane filter had good correlation, with the correlation coefficient of 0.97 for PM_(10) data. Paralleled monitoring data from online instruments were also compared. The PM monitoring data from TEOM1405 DF instrument and APM-2 instrument were lower and from BAM-1020 instrument(Beta Ray method) were the highest; while those from Grimm instrument(Laser Light Scattering method) were in the middle. The PM monitoring data from BAM-1020 instrument with dynamic heating system were nearly 40% higher than those from APM-2 instrument without dynamic heating system. Based on this study, it was suggested that the operation maintenance for monitoring instruments and long-term observation should be strengthened when encounters continued heavy pollution weather.
In order to study the applicability of PM_(2.5)/PM_(10 )manual and automatic monitoring instruments at high altitude, the 34 days observation campaign was conducted in Xining city, Qinghai province from Dec. 2014 to Jan. 2015. The PM monitoring data showed that there were some differences among the data from different manual monitoring instruments, which might be influenced by the different instrument types and the monitoring filters as well. The monitoring PM data from quartz filters were higher than those from polypropylene membrane filters; especially, the data difference for PM_(2.5)was much more obvious, nearly 1/4. While, the monitoring PM data from quartz filter and polypropylene membrane filter had good correlation, with the correlation coefficient of 0.97 for PM_(10) data. Paralleled monitoring data from online instruments were also compared. The PM monitoring data from TEOM1405 DF instrument and APM-2 instrument were lower and from BAM-1020 instrument(Beta Ray method) were the highest; while those from Grimm instrument(Laser Light Scattering method) were in the middle. The PM monitoring data from BAM-1020 instrument with dynamic heating system were nearly 40% higher than those from APM-2 instrument without dynamic heating system. Based on this study, it was suggested that the operation maintenance for monitoring instruments and long-term observation should be strengthened when encounters continued heavy pollution weather.
引文
[1] 刘爱明,杨柳,吴亚玲,等.城市区域大气颗粒物的健康效应研究[J].中国环境监测,2012,28(05):19-23.LIU Aiming,YANG Liu,WU Yaling,et al. Research on the Health Effects of Atmospheric Particulates in City Region[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2012,28(5):19-23.
[2] 张涛,陶俊,王伯光,等. 2008年1月广州颗粒物数浓度污染特征[J]. 中国环境监测,2009,25(2):31-34.ZHANG Tao,TAO Jun,WANG Boguang,et al. Study on the Pollution Characteristics of Particle Number Density in Guangzhou during January 2008[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2009,25 (2):31-34.
[3] 曹军骥,占长林. 黑碳在全球气候和环境系统中的作用及其在相关研究中的意义[J]. 地球科学与环境学报,2011,33(2):177-184.CAO Junji,ZHAN Changlin. Research Significance and Role of Black Carbon in the Global Climate and Environmental Systems[J]. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2011,33(2):177-184.
[4] 李泓,李广,刘茜,等.北京市PM2.5质量浓度特征及组分化学质量闭合研究[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(4):35-43.LI Hong,LI Guang,LIU Qian,et al. Study on Beijing PM2.5Mass Concentration Characteristics and Aerosol Chemical Mass Closure[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(4):35-43.
[5] 刘咸德,李玉武,董树屏,等.北京市大气颗粒物化学元素组成的聚类分析[J].质谱学报,2010,31(3):156-164,191.LIU Xiande,LI Yuwu,DONG Shuping,et al. Cluster Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosolin Beijing based on Chemical Compositional Data[J]. Journal of Chinese Mass Spectrometry Society,2010,31(3):156-164,191.
[6] 杨丽莉,王美飞,张予燕,等.南京市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃变化特征[J].中国环境监测,2016,32(1):53-57.YANG Lili,WANG Meifei,ZHANG Yuyan,et al. Distribution Variation Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs) in Airborne Particles of Nanjing[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2016,32(1):53-57.
[7] WANG W,MAENHAUT W,YANG W,et al. One-year Aerosol Characterization Study for PM2.5and PM10 in Beijing[J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research,2014,5(3):554-562.
[8] 窦筱艳,赵雪艳,徐珣,等.应用化学质量平衡模型解析西宁大气PM2.5的来源[J].中国环境监测,2016,32(4):7-14.DOU Xiaoyan,ZHAO Xueyan,XU Xun,et al. Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Xining by the Chemical Mass Balance[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2016,32(4):7-14.
[9] 环境保护部科技标准司. 环境空气质量标准: GB 3095—2012 [S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.
[10] 付强. 环境空气PM2.5自动监测质量核查探讨[C]∥中国环境科学学会.中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集(第四卷). 北京:中国环境科学出版社,2013.
[11] 蔡艳,张懿华,沙斐,等. 手工法与自动监测法测定PM2.5质量浓度比对研究[J]. 环境科学与管理,2012,37(7):110-113.CAI Yan,ZHANG Yihua,SHA Fei,et al. Determination of PM2.5Concentration by Manual Sampling and Auto Monitoring[J]. Environmental Science and Management,2012,37(7):110-113.
[12] 滕曼,姚雅伟,付强. 京津冀区域环境空气PM2.5自动监测现场比对研究[J]. 环境工程学报,2015,9(1):331-334.TENG Man,YAO Yawei,FU Qiang. Contrast Assessment of PM2.5Automatic Monitoring in Jingjinji Area[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2015,9(1):331-334.
[13] European Union. Field test experiments to validate the CEN standard measurement method for PM2.5:EU 22341 EN. [S/OL]. [2006-07-01].http://dspace.iss.it/dspace/handle/2198/-28328.
[14] US EPA. Ambient air monitoring reference and equivalent methods. EPA 40 CFR PART 53 [S/OL]. [2002-07-01].https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2002-title40-vol5/pdf/CFR-2002-title40-vol5-part53.pdf.
[15] 环境保护部科技标准司. 环境颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)采样器技术要求及检测方法: HJ 93—2013 [S]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社,2013.
[16] 环境保护部科技标准司. 环境空气颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)连续自动监测系统技术要求及检测方法: HJ 653—2013 [S]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社,2013.
[17] 解淑艳,王晓彦,吴迓名,等.环境空气中PM2.5自动监测方法比较及应用[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(2):150-155.XIE Shuyan,WANG Xiaoyan,WU Yaming,et al. Study of the Comparison and Application of PM2.5Automatic Monitoring Methods[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(2):150-155.
[18] 邱玉瑾,邱玉珺.我国西北典型大城市大气可吸入颗粒物浓度分布特征[J].中国环境监测,2010,26(3):65-68.QIU Yujin,QIU Yujun. Air Pollution Characteristics of PM10 in Typical Cities in Northwest of China[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2010,26(3):65-68.
[19] 环境保护部科技标准司. 环境空气PM10和PM2.5的测定重量法: HJ 618—2011[S]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011.
[20] 白志鹏,耿春梅,杜世勇,等.空气颗粒物测量技术[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社,2014:101.
[21] 潘本锋,郑皓皓,李莉娜,等. 空气自动监测中PM2.5与PM10“倒挂”现象特征及原因[J]. 中国环境监测,2014,30(5):90-95.PAN Benfeng,ZHENG Haohao,LI Lina,et al. The Characteristic and Reason about the Reversal between PM2.5and PM10 in Ambient Air Quality Automatic Monitoring [J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2014,30(5): 90-95.
[22] 中国环境监测总站.PM2.5自动监测仪器技术指标与要求(试行)[EB/OL].(2013-06-17)[2016-08-29].http://www.cnemc.cn/showSearchContent.do?contentId=35963&siteId=2002.
[23] 李启杰,陈怡,陈楠,等. BAM-1020型PM2.5采样滤带上相对湿度的质量控制研究[C]//中国环境科学学会.中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2015:9.
[24] 胥全敏,钟志京,李群岭,等. β 射线法监测 PM2.5的主要影响因素和控制方法分析[J]. 四川环境,2016,35(1): 79-82.XU Quan-min,ZHONG Zhi-jing,LI Qun-ling,et al. The Analysis of Main Influence Factors and Control Methods of PM2.5Monitor Data By β-ray [J]. SICHUAN ENVIRONMENT,2016,35(1): 79-82.
[25] 王永敏,高健,徐仲均,等. 光散射法与 β 射线衰减-光散射联用法颗粒物在线测量方法对比[J]. 环境科学研究院,2017,30(3): 433-443.WANG Yongmin,GAO Jian,XU Zhongjun,et al. Inter-Comparison between Light Scattering and Beta-Attenuation-Light ScatteringParticulate Matter online Monitoring [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(3): 433-443.
[26] 李金平,李虹杰,李恺骅,等. 提高 TEOM 数据准确性和有效率的方法[J]. 中国环境监测,2017,33(2): 132-137.LI Jinping,LI Hongjie,LI Kaihua,et al. Method for Improving the Data Accuracy and Efficiency of TEOM [J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2017,33(2): 132-137.
[27] 潘本峰,李莉娜.影响PM2.5自动监测准确度的主要因素[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(4):119-124.PAN Benfeng,LI Lina. The Major Factor that Influences the Accuracy in PM2.5Automatic Monitoring [J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(4):119-124.
[2] 张涛,陶俊,王伯光,等. 2008年1月广州颗粒物数浓度污染特征[J]. 中国环境监测,2009,25(2):31-34.ZHANG Tao,TAO Jun,WANG Boguang,et al. Study on the Pollution Characteristics of Particle Number Density in Guangzhou during January 2008[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2009,25 (2):31-34.
[3] 曹军骥,占长林. 黑碳在全球气候和环境系统中的作用及其在相关研究中的意义[J]. 地球科学与环境学报,2011,33(2):177-184.CAO Junji,ZHAN Changlin. Research Significance and Role of Black Carbon in the Global Climate and Environmental Systems[J]. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2011,33(2):177-184.
[4] 李泓,李广,刘茜,等.北京市PM2.5质量浓度特征及组分化学质量闭合研究[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(4):35-43.LI Hong,LI Guang,LIU Qian,et al. Study on Beijing PM2.5Mass Concentration Characteristics and Aerosol Chemical Mass Closure[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(4):35-43.
[5] 刘咸德,李玉武,董树屏,等.北京市大气颗粒物化学元素组成的聚类分析[J].质谱学报,2010,31(3):156-164,191.LIU Xiande,LI Yuwu,DONG Shuping,et al. Cluster Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosolin Beijing based on Chemical Compositional Data[J]. Journal of Chinese Mass Spectrometry Society,2010,31(3):156-164,191.
[6] 杨丽莉,王美飞,张予燕,等.南京市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃变化特征[J].中国环境监测,2016,32(1):53-57.YANG Lili,WANG Meifei,ZHANG Yuyan,et al. Distribution Variation Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs) in Airborne Particles of Nanjing[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2016,32(1):53-57.
[7] WANG W,MAENHAUT W,YANG W,et al. One-year Aerosol Characterization Study for PM2.5and PM10 in Beijing[J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research,2014,5(3):554-562.
[8] 窦筱艳,赵雪艳,徐珣,等.应用化学质量平衡模型解析西宁大气PM2.5的来源[J].中国环境监测,2016,32(4):7-14.DOU Xiaoyan,ZHAO Xueyan,XU Xun,et al. Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Xining by the Chemical Mass Balance[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2016,32(4):7-14.
[9] 环境保护部科技标准司. 环境空气质量标准: GB 3095—2012 [S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.
[10] 付强. 环境空气PM2.5自动监测质量核查探讨[C]∥中国环境科学学会.中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集(第四卷). 北京:中国环境科学出版社,2013.
[11] 蔡艳,张懿华,沙斐,等. 手工法与自动监测法测定PM2.5质量浓度比对研究[J]. 环境科学与管理,2012,37(7):110-113.CAI Yan,ZHANG Yihua,SHA Fei,et al. Determination of PM2.5Concentration by Manual Sampling and Auto Monitoring[J]. Environmental Science and Management,2012,37(7):110-113.
[12] 滕曼,姚雅伟,付强. 京津冀区域环境空气PM2.5自动监测现场比对研究[J]. 环境工程学报,2015,9(1):331-334.TENG Man,YAO Yawei,FU Qiang. Contrast Assessment of PM2.5Automatic Monitoring in Jingjinji Area[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2015,9(1):331-334.
[13] European Union. Field test experiments to validate the CEN standard measurement method for PM2.5:EU 22341 EN. [S/OL]. [2006-07-01].http://dspace.iss.it/dspace/handle/2198/-28328.
[14] US EPA. Ambient air monitoring reference and equivalent methods. EPA 40 CFR PART 53 [S/OL]. [2002-07-01].https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2002-title40-vol5/pdf/CFR-2002-title40-vol5-part53.pdf.
[15] 环境保护部科技标准司. 环境颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)采样器技术要求及检测方法: HJ 93—2013 [S]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社,2013.
[16] 环境保护部科技标准司. 环境空气颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)连续自动监测系统技术要求及检测方法: HJ 653—2013 [S]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社,2013.
[17] 解淑艳,王晓彦,吴迓名,等.环境空气中PM2.5自动监测方法比较及应用[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(2):150-155.XIE Shuyan,WANG Xiaoyan,WU Yaming,et al. Study of the Comparison and Application of PM2.5Automatic Monitoring Methods[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(2):150-155.
[18] 邱玉瑾,邱玉珺.我国西北典型大城市大气可吸入颗粒物浓度分布特征[J].中国环境监测,2010,26(3):65-68.QIU Yujin,QIU Yujun. Air Pollution Characteristics of PM10 in Typical Cities in Northwest of China[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2010,26(3):65-68.
[19] 环境保护部科技标准司. 环境空气PM10和PM2.5的测定重量法: HJ 618—2011[S]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011.
[20] 白志鹏,耿春梅,杜世勇,等.空气颗粒物测量技术[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社,2014:101.
[21] 潘本锋,郑皓皓,李莉娜,等. 空气自动监测中PM2.5与PM10“倒挂”现象特征及原因[J]. 中国环境监测,2014,30(5):90-95.PAN Benfeng,ZHENG Haohao,LI Lina,et al. The Characteristic and Reason about the Reversal between PM2.5and PM10 in Ambient Air Quality Automatic Monitoring [J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2014,30(5): 90-95.
[22] 中国环境监测总站.PM2.5自动监测仪器技术指标与要求(试行)[EB/OL].(2013-06-17)[2016-08-29].http://www.cnemc.cn/showSearchContent.do?contentId=35963&siteId=2002.
[23] 李启杰,陈怡,陈楠,等. BAM-1020型PM2.5采样滤带上相对湿度的质量控制研究[C]//中国环境科学学会.中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2015:9.
[24] 胥全敏,钟志京,李群岭,等. β 射线法监测 PM2.5的主要影响因素和控制方法分析[J]. 四川环境,2016,35(1): 79-82.XU Quan-min,ZHONG Zhi-jing,LI Qun-ling,et al. The Analysis of Main Influence Factors and Control Methods of PM2.5Monitor Data By β-ray [J]. SICHUAN ENVIRONMENT,2016,35(1): 79-82.
[25] 王永敏,高健,徐仲均,等. 光散射法与 β 射线衰减-光散射联用法颗粒物在线测量方法对比[J]. 环境科学研究院,2017,30(3): 433-443.WANG Yongmin,GAO Jian,XU Zhongjun,et al. Inter-Comparison between Light Scattering and Beta-Attenuation-Light ScatteringParticulate Matter online Monitoring [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(3): 433-443.
[26] 李金平,李虹杰,李恺骅,等. 提高 TEOM 数据准确性和有效率的方法[J]. 中国环境监测,2017,33(2): 132-137.LI Jinping,LI Hongjie,LI Kaihua,et al. Method for Improving the Data Accuracy and Efficiency of TEOM [J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2017,33(2): 132-137.
[27] 潘本峰,李莉娜.影响PM2.5自动监测准确度的主要因素[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(4):119-124.PAN Benfeng,LI Lina. The Major Factor that Influences the Accuracy in PM2.5Automatic Monitoring [J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(4):119-124.