混料设计优化红平菇菌丝生长的“以草代木”配方
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摘要
【背景】"以草代木"不仅能解决食用菌栽培的原料来源问题,还能有效缓解菌林矛盾。【目的】利用不同的农业剩余物优化出可替代木屑做主料进行红平菇菌丝培养的"以草代木"配方。【方法】采用混料配比的设计方法,利用小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、大豆秸秆、花生秸秆、油菜秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米芯共7种农业剩余物做主料培养红平菇,对其菌丝在基料生长过程中纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶和漆酶的酶活进行测定,分析并优化出适合红平菇生长的"以草代木"配方。【结果】大豆秸秆最适合红平菇菌丝的生长,小麦秸秆次之;油菜秸秆基质中红平菇多酚氧化酶活性最高。配方优化得出一个适合红平菇菌丝生长的"以草代木"配方:小麦秸秆55.3%、大豆秸秆19.7%、麦麸15.0%、玉米面5.0%、豆粕3.0%、石灰1.0%、石膏1.0%。【结论】优化出一个适合红平菇菌丝生长的基质配比,为红平菇进行"以草代木"设施化栽培提供理论依据。
[Background] "Replacing wood by grass" is a concept to use other substrates than wood for edible fungi cultivation, to effectively alleviate the contradiction between edible fungi and forests.[Objective] To optimize a "replacing wood by grass" substrate formula by using different agricultural residues to replace sawdust. [Methods] In accordance to simplex lattice design method, 7 different agro-residues, namely wheat straw, corn straw, soybean straw, peanut straw, rape straw, rice straw and corncob were used for Pleurotus djamor cultivation. Enzyme activity of cellulase, polyphenol oxidase and laccase in the growth process of the mycelium was measured. The formulation suitable for the growth of Pleurotus djamor was analyzed and optimized. [Results] Soybean straw could significantly increase the mycelium growth of Pleurotus djamor, followed by wheat straw. Polyphenol oxidase activity of rape straw was highest. The optimized high mycelium growth formula includes(%, W/W), wheat straw 55.3, soybean straw 19.7, wheat bran 15.0, corn flour 5.0, bean pulp 3.0, lime 1.0 and gypsum 1.0. [Conclusion] A suitable substrate composed of various agricultural wastes instead of sawdust for mycelial growth of Pleurotus djamor was optimized for "replacing wood by grass" strategy.
[Background] "Replacing wood by grass" is a concept to use other substrates than wood for edible fungi cultivation, to effectively alleviate the contradiction between edible fungi and forests.[Objective] To optimize a "replacing wood by grass" substrate formula by using different agricultural residues to replace sawdust. [Methods] In accordance to simplex lattice design method, 7 different agro-residues, namely wheat straw, corn straw, soybean straw, peanut straw, rape straw, rice straw and corncob were used for Pleurotus djamor cultivation. Enzyme activity of cellulase, polyphenol oxidase and laccase in the growth process of the mycelium was measured. The formulation suitable for the growth of Pleurotus djamor was analyzed and optimized. [Results] Soybean straw could significantly increase the mycelium growth of Pleurotus djamor, followed by wheat straw. Polyphenol oxidase activity of rape straw was highest. The optimized high mycelium growth formula includes(%, W/W), wheat straw 55.3, soybean straw 19.7, wheat bran 15.0, corn flour 5.0, bean pulp 3.0, lime 1.0 and gypsum 1.0. [Conclusion] A suitable substrate composed of various agricultural wastes instead of sawdust for mycelial growth of Pleurotus djamor was optimized for "replacing wood by grass" strategy.
引文
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[9]Men JX,Xing XK,Guo SX.Comparative studies on the cultural characteristics of Armillaria strains associated with sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus[J].Mycosystema,2017,36(12):1599-1607(in Chinese)门金鑫,邢晓科,郭顺星.伞形多孔菌菌核(猪苓)共生蜜环菌培养特性的比较研究[J].菌物学报,2017,36(12):1599-1607
[10]Zhang Z.The degeneration of Volvariella volvacea spawn preservation by mycelium subculture[D].Kunming:Master’s Thesis of Kunming University of Science and Technology,2016(in Chinese)张政.草菇菌丝体继代保藏菌种的退化研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2016
[11]Song AR,Guo LZ,Liu ZT,et al.Test and analysis of four kinds of extracellular enzyme activation in fermented liquid of seven white Flammulina velutipes strains[J].Edible Fungi of China,1999,18(4):31-34(in Chinese)宋爱荣,郭立忠,刘作亭,等.七个白色金针菇菌株发酵液中四种胞外酶活性的测定与分析[J].中国食用菌,1999,18(4):31-34
[12]Zhuo R,Ma FY,Zhou S,et al.Expression of laccase gene family in different development stages of Pleurotus ostreatus[J].Mycosystema,2015,34(4):712-716(in Chinese)卓睿,马富英,周帅,等.糙皮侧耳生长发育过程中漆酶基因家族的表达研究[J].菌物学报,2015,34(4):712-716
[13]Zhao J,Kwan HS.Characterization,molecular cloning,and differential expression analysis of laccase genes from the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1999,65(11):4908-4913
[14]Han ZH,Zhang PQ,Kong XH,et al.Extracellular enzyme activities,mycelial growth rates and fruit body yields of ten Auricularia auricula strains[J].Acta Edulis Fungi,2007,14(4):41-46(in Chinese)韩增华,张丕奇,孔祥辉,等.黑木耳胞外酶活变化与栽培性状比较的研究[J].食用菌学报,2007,14(4):41-46
[15]Hu JW,Fan QS,Xiao XN.Study on the functional components in grass-cultivated Ganoderma lucidum and tree-cultivated Ganoderma lucidums[J].Natural Product Research and Development,2006,18(3):458-460(in Chinese)胡居吾,范青生,肖小年.菌草灵芝与段木灵芝的功效成分的比较研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,2006,18(3):458-460
[16]Feng ZS,Hu QX,Guan DP,et al.Optimization of Pleurotus nebrodensis cultivation substrate using mixture design[J].Acta Edulis Fungi,2011,18(2):26-29(in Chinese)冯作山,胡清秀,管道平,等.混料设计优化白灵侧耳栽培配方[J].食用菌学报,2011,18(2):26-29
[17]Liu LQ,Zhang ZJ,Zi HJ,et al.Preliminary study on the cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii with soybean straw[J].Edible Fungi of China,2011,30(2):33,36(in Chinese)刘连强,张志军,訾惠君,等.大豆秸秆栽培白灵菇配方的初步研究[J].中国食用菌,2011,30(2):33,36
[18]Zhang P,Xiong BH,Zhao GH,et al.Optimization of Flammulina velutipes cultivation substrate using mixture design[J].Acta Edulis Fungi,2016,23(2):31-36(in Chinese)张鹏,熊炳辉,赵光辉,等.混料设计优化金针菇栽培配方[J].食用菌学报,2016,23(2):31-36
[19]Wu ZB,Zhang J,Wang JM,et al.Effect of different cultivation substrates on extracellular enzyme activities of Hypsizygus marmoreus[J].Northern Horticulture,2015(8):145-149(in Chinese)吴周斌,张健,王佳敏,等.不同培养料对真姬菇胞外酶活性的影响[J].北方园艺,2015(8):145-149
[20]An Q,Wu XJ,Wu B,et al.Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on lignocellulose decomposition enzyme activities in Flammulina velutipes[J].Mycosystema,2015,34(4):761-771(in Chinese)安琪,吴雪君,吴冰,等.不同碳源和氮源对金针菇降解木质纤维素酶活性的影响[J].菌物学报,2015,34(4):761-771
[21]Feng GJ,Li SM,Li M,et al.Effect of composts with different C/N on the development of Hericium erinaceus(Bull.)Pers.mycelial and fruitbody[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2007,22(S2):131-135(in Chinese)冯改静,李守勉,李明,等.不同碳氮比栽培料对猴头菌菌丝及子实体生长的影响[J].华北农学报,2007,22(S2):131-135
[22]Niu WJ.Physicochemical composition and energy potential of main crop straw and stalk[D].Beijing:Doctoral Dissertation of China Agricultural University,2015(in Chinese)牛文娟.主要农作物秸秆组成成分和能源利用潜力[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2015
[23]Kong QM.Study on near infrared spectrum rapid detection method of crop straw component[D].Harbin:Doctoral Dissertation of Northeast Agricultural University,2015(in Chinese)孔庆明.大豆秸秆成分近红外光谱分析快速检测方法研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学博士学位论文,2015
[24]Ma F.Mechanisim and test research on peanut straw stalk feed molding[D].Shenyang:Doctoral Dissertation of Shenyang Agricultural University,2017(in Chinese)马方.预处理方式对花生秸秆成型性能影响的试验研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学博士学位论文,2017
[25]He PX,Zhang Y,Song YF.Determination of C/N ratio of several kinds of crop straw[J].Edible Fungi,2001(4):15-16(in Chinese)何培新,张炎,宋永芳.食用菌原料--几种作物秸秆的碳氮比测定[J].食用菌,2001(4):15-16
[26]Jia SQ.Effects of carbon and nitrogen nutrient on growth development and the extracellular enzyme activity in Hericium erinaceus[D].Baoding:Master’s Thesis of Agricultural University of Hebei,2006(in Chinese)贾素巧.碳氮营养对猴头菌生长发育及胞外酶活性的影响[D].保定:河北农业大学硕士学位论文,2006
[27]Hu CQ,Gang J,Chen JH,et al.Research on the cellulase and laccase of Pholiota nameko Zinc-riching cultivated in straw medium[J].Food and Fermentation Industries,2015,41(4):121-124(in Chinese)胡传琪,冮洁,陈静慧,等.以秸秆为基料富锌栽培滑菇的纤维素酶和漆酶的变化规律[J].食品与发酵工业,2015,41(4):121-124
[2]Lin XS.Study on several key technology of Juncao industry development[D].Fujian:Doctoral Dissertation of Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University,2013(in Chinese)林兴生.菌草产业发展的几个关键技术研究[D].福建:福建农林大学博士学位论文,2013
[3]Dai YC,Zhou LW,Yang ZL,et al.A revised checklist of edible fungi in China[J].Mycosystema,2010,29(1):1-21(in Chinese)戴玉成,周丽伟,杨祝良,等.中国食用菌名录[J].菌物学报,2010,29(1):1-21
[4]Huang NL.Cultivation of 18 Rare and Delicious Edible Mushrooms[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,1997:1-164(in Chinese)黄年来.18种珍稀美味食用菌栽培[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1997:1-164
[5]Zhang QC,Huang YY,Lai WN,et al.Analysis on the nutritional components of RO-1 of Pleurotus ostreatus[J].Edible Fungi,1995(4):12(in Chinese)张其昌,黄谚谚,赖万年,等.红平菇RO-1营养成分分析[J].食用菌,1995(4):12
[6]Liu ZH.Cultivating technique of liquid isolate and nutrition composition analysis and polysaccharide abstracting technics of Pleurotus djamor[D].Harbin:Master’s Thesis of Northeast Forestry University,2006(in Chinese)刘智会.红平菇液体菌种栽培技术和营养成分分析与多糖提取工艺[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学硕士学位论文,2006
[7]Borges GM,de Barba FFM,Schiebelbein AP,et al.Extracellular polysaccharide production by a strain of Pleurotus djamor isolated in the south of Brazil and antitumor activity on Sarcoma180[J].Brazilian Journal of Microbiology,2014,44(4):1059-1605
[8]Zhang JJ,Meng GY,Zhang C,et al.The antioxidative effects of acidic-,alkalic-,and enzymatic-extractable mycelium zinc polysaccharides by Pleurotus djamor on liver and kidney of streptozocin-induced diabetic mice[J].BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2015,15:440
[9]Men JX,Xing XK,Guo SX.Comparative studies on the cultural characteristics of Armillaria strains associated with sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus[J].Mycosystema,2017,36(12):1599-1607(in Chinese)门金鑫,邢晓科,郭顺星.伞形多孔菌菌核(猪苓)共生蜜环菌培养特性的比较研究[J].菌物学报,2017,36(12):1599-1607
[10]Zhang Z.The degeneration of Volvariella volvacea spawn preservation by mycelium subculture[D].Kunming:Master’s Thesis of Kunming University of Science and Technology,2016(in Chinese)张政.草菇菌丝体继代保藏菌种的退化研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2016
[11]Song AR,Guo LZ,Liu ZT,et al.Test and analysis of four kinds of extracellular enzyme activation in fermented liquid of seven white Flammulina velutipes strains[J].Edible Fungi of China,1999,18(4):31-34(in Chinese)宋爱荣,郭立忠,刘作亭,等.七个白色金针菇菌株发酵液中四种胞外酶活性的测定与分析[J].中国食用菌,1999,18(4):31-34
[12]Zhuo R,Ma FY,Zhou S,et al.Expression of laccase gene family in different development stages of Pleurotus ostreatus[J].Mycosystema,2015,34(4):712-716(in Chinese)卓睿,马富英,周帅,等.糙皮侧耳生长发育过程中漆酶基因家族的表达研究[J].菌物学报,2015,34(4):712-716
[13]Zhao J,Kwan HS.Characterization,molecular cloning,and differential expression analysis of laccase genes from the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1999,65(11):4908-4913
[14]Han ZH,Zhang PQ,Kong XH,et al.Extracellular enzyme activities,mycelial growth rates and fruit body yields of ten Auricularia auricula strains[J].Acta Edulis Fungi,2007,14(4):41-46(in Chinese)韩增华,张丕奇,孔祥辉,等.黑木耳胞外酶活变化与栽培性状比较的研究[J].食用菌学报,2007,14(4):41-46
[15]Hu JW,Fan QS,Xiao XN.Study on the functional components in grass-cultivated Ganoderma lucidum and tree-cultivated Ganoderma lucidums[J].Natural Product Research and Development,2006,18(3):458-460(in Chinese)胡居吾,范青生,肖小年.菌草灵芝与段木灵芝的功效成分的比较研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,2006,18(3):458-460
[16]Feng ZS,Hu QX,Guan DP,et al.Optimization of Pleurotus nebrodensis cultivation substrate using mixture design[J].Acta Edulis Fungi,2011,18(2):26-29(in Chinese)冯作山,胡清秀,管道平,等.混料设计优化白灵侧耳栽培配方[J].食用菌学报,2011,18(2):26-29
[17]Liu LQ,Zhang ZJ,Zi HJ,et al.Preliminary study on the cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii with soybean straw[J].Edible Fungi of China,2011,30(2):33,36(in Chinese)刘连强,张志军,訾惠君,等.大豆秸秆栽培白灵菇配方的初步研究[J].中国食用菌,2011,30(2):33,36
[18]Zhang P,Xiong BH,Zhao GH,et al.Optimization of Flammulina velutipes cultivation substrate using mixture design[J].Acta Edulis Fungi,2016,23(2):31-36(in Chinese)张鹏,熊炳辉,赵光辉,等.混料设计优化金针菇栽培配方[J].食用菌学报,2016,23(2):31-36
[19]Wu ZB,Zhang J,Wang JM,et al.Effect of different cultivation substrates on extracellular enzyme activities of Hypsizygus marmoreus[J].Northern Horticulture,2015(8):145-149(in Chinese)吴周斌,张健,王佳敏,等.不同培养料对真姬菇胞外酶活性的影响[J].北方园艺,2015(8):145-149
[20]An Q,Wu XJ,Wu B,et al.Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on lignocellulose decomposition enzyme activities in Flammulina velutipes[J].Mycosystema,2015,34(4):761-771(in Chinese)安琪,吴雪君,吴冰,等.不同碳源和氮源对金针菇降解木质纤维素酶活性的影响[J].菌物学报,2015,34(4):761-771
[21]Feng GJ,Li SM,Li M,et al.Effect of composts with different C/N on the development of Hericium erinaceus(Bull.)Pers.mycelial and fruitbody[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2007,22(S2):131-135(in Chinese)冯改静,李守勉,李明,等.不同碳氮比栽培料对猴头菌菌丝及子实体生长的影响[J].华北农学报,2007,22(S2):131-135
[22]Niu WJ.Physicochemical composition and energy potential of main crop straw and stalk[D].Beijing:Doctoral Dissertation of China Agricultural University,2015(in Chinese)牛文娟.主要农作物秸秆组成成分和能源利用潜力[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2015
[23]Kong QM.Study on near infrared spectrum rapid detection method of crop straw component[D].Harbin:Doctoral Dissertation of Northeast Agricultural University,2015(in Chinese)孔庆明.大豆秸秆成分近红外光谱分析快速检测方法研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学博士学位论文,2015
[24]Ma F.Mechanisim and test research on peanut straw stalk feed molding[D].Shenyang:Doctoral Dissertation of Shenyang Agricultural University,2017(in Chinese)马方.预处理方式对花生秸秆成型性能影响的试验研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学博士学位论文,2017
[25]He PX,Zhang Y,Song YF.Determination of C/N ratio of several kinds of crop straw[J].Edible Fungi,2001(4):15-16(in Chinese)何培新,张炎,宋永芳.食用菌原料--几种作物秸秆的碳氮比测定[J].食用菌,2001(4):15-16
[26]Jia SQ.Effects of carbon and nitrogen nutrient on growth development and the extracellular enzyme activity in Hericium erinaceus[D].Baoding:Master’s Thesis of Agricultural University of Hebei,2006(in Chinese)贾素巧.碳氮营养对猴头菌生长发育及胞外酶活性的影响[D].保定:河北农业大学硕士学位论文,2006
[27]Hu CQ,Gang J,Chen JH,et al.Research on the cellulase and laccase of Pholiota nameko Zinc-riching cultivated in straw medium[J].Food and Fermentation Industries,2015,41(4):121-124(in Chinese)胡传琪,冮洁,陈静慧,等.以秸秆为基料富锌栽培滑菇的纤维素酶和漆酶的变化规律[J].食品与发酵工业,2015,41(4):121-124