建筑相变蓄热及夜间通风技术研究进展
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摘要
被动式建筑节能策略通过提升建筑物自身性能及充分利用自然能源来营造舒适的室内热环境,是实现建筑可持续发展的有力途径.相变蓄热技术及夜间通风技术是被动式建筑节能的有效措施,两者有机结合的复合降温技术更能显著改善夏季建筑物室内热环境,降低空调制冷能耗.该技术在利用相变蓄热大幅提升建筑物热稳定性的同时,充分利用了夜间通风携带的自然冷量资源,达到了节能和舒适性并举.通过对相变蓄热、夜间通风以及其二者复合降温技术主要研究领域文献的深入调研,从技术原理、实验研究、节能降温效果等方面对该技术的研究现状进行了分析,综述了相变蓄热及夜间通风技术的研究进展.分析表明,合理应用相变蓄热结合夜间通风复合降温技术可以获得舒适的夏季室内热环境,有效节约空调制冷能耗.通过综合分析该复合降温技术各构成要素之间的相互影响关系,指出该技术应用方式多样,需要综合考虑到气候条件、相变蓄热使用方式以及夜间通风策略等诸多因素.最后,对该技术的复合降温机理及热工设计策略的进一步研究做出了展望.
Building energy consumption is an important part of total energy consumption in societies; conservation of building operation energy is vital for sustainable development. The use of air conditioning systems to maintain a comfortable summer indoor thermal environment is a common practice in modern buildings, which consumes a large amount of nonrenewable energy and is detrimental to energy efficiency and human health. A passive building energy efficiency strategy is used to enhance the building's own performance and make complete use of natural energy to create a comfortable indoor thermal environment. Building passive energy conservation strategy is a powerful way to achieve sustainable development, promote economic development, and facilitate environmental protection. Phase change heat storage technology and night ventilation technology are efficient energy saving measures utilized in passive buildings. Phase change heat storage regulates the indoor heat distribution effectively through the phase change period to reduce the peak temperature and increase the lowest temperature in the indoor environment. Furthermore, ventilation during summer nights carries a lot of natural cooling and directly reduces the temperature of the indoor environment. The composite technology that integrates phase change thermal storage and night ventilation can significantly improve the summer indoor environment and reduce cooling energy consumption. The phase change material can absorb extra heat during daytime when indoor environment is hot and release it at night. Simultaneously, night ventilation can remove the heat released by the phase change material and provide cooling capacity to materials, thereby promoting the phase change process. Therefore, this composite technology can reduce the indoor temperature throughout the day. Moreover, the technology uses phase change heat storage to enhance the thermal stability of buildings and to solve the mismatch problem pertaining to the short-term supply of natural cooling resources and whole-day cooling demand of buildings. Alternatively, the technology utilizes night ventilation to fully acquire the natural cooling resources. In this paper, research progress of phase change heat storage and night ventilation cooling technology is reviewed based on the survey of the main field research on phase change heat storage, night ventilation, and composite cooling technology. This paper analyzes the components of the composite cooling technology from the aspects of technical principles, experimental research, energy savings, and cooling effects. The analysis shows that reasonable application of the composite cooling technology can obtain comfortable indoor environments and reduce cooling energy consumption during summer. This paper analyzes the mutual influence relationship between the constituent elements of the composite cooling technology. The technology is affected by various conditions, including climatic conditions, phase change heat storage models, ventilation strategies, etc. Furthermore, there is an urgency to perfect the thermal design standard of these technologies. Finally, the paper presents the prospects for further investigating the composite cooling mechanism and optimizing the thermal design strategy, and indicates the need for further in-depth research in the coupling mechanism of the technology and thermal design methods. This paper could help architects, engineers, and researchers understand these building passive energy saving technologies.
Building energy consumption is an important part of total energy consumption in societies; conservation of building operation energy is vital for sustainable development. The use of air conditioning systems to maintain a comfortable summer indoor thermal environment is a common practice in modern buildings, which consumes a large amount of nonrenewable energy and is detrimental to energy efficiency and human health. A passive building energy efficiency strategy is used to enhance the building's own performance and make complete use of natural energy to create a comfortable indoor thermal environment. Building passive energy conservation strategy is a powerful way to achieve sustainable development, promote economic development, and facilitate environmental protection. Phase change heat storage technology and night ventilation technology are efficient energy saving measures utilized in passive buildings. Phase change heat storage regulates the indoor heat distribution effectively through the phase change period to reduce the peak temperature and increase the lowest temperature in the indoor environment. Furthermore, ventilation during summer nights carries a lot of natural cooling and directly reduces the temperature of the indoor environment. The composite technology that integrates phase change thermal storage and night ventilation can significantly improve the summer indoor environment and reduce cooling energy consumption. The phase change material can absorb extra heat during daytime when indoor environment is hot and release it at night. Simultaneously, night ventilation can remove the heat released by the phase change material and provide cooling capacity to materials, thereby promoting the phase change process. Therefore, this composite technology can reduce the indoor temperature throughout the day. Moreover, the technology uses phase change heat storage to enhance the thermal stability of buildings and to solve the mismatch problem pertaining to the short-term supply of natural cooling resources and whole-day cooling demand of buildings. Alternatively, the technology utilizes night ventilation to fully acquire the natural cooling resources. In this paper, research progress of phase change heat storage and night ventilation cooling technology is reviewed based on the survey of the main field research on phase change heat storage, night ventilation, and composite cooling technology. This paper analyzes the components of the composite cooling technology from the aspects of technical principles, experimental research, energy savings, and cooling effects. The analysis shows that reasonable application of the composite cooling technology can obtain comfortable indoor environments and reduce cooling energy consumption during summer. This paper analyzes the mutual influence relationship between the constituent elements of the composite cooling technology. The technology is affected by various conditions, including climatic conditions, phase change heat storage models, ventilation strategies, etc. Furthermore, there is an urgency to perfect the thermal design standard of these technologies. Finally, the paper presents the prospects for further investigating the composite cooling mechanism and optimizing the thermal design strategy, and indicates the need for further in-depth research in the coupling mechanism of the technology and thermal design methods. This paper could help architects, engineers, and researchers understand these building passive energy saving technologies.
引文
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2 Yang L.Climatic Analysis and Architectural Design Strategies for Bio-Climatic Design(in Chinese).Doctor Dissertation.Xi’an:Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,2003[杨柳.建筑气候分析与设计策略研究.博士学位论文.西安:西安建筑科技大学,2003]
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4 Souayfane F,Fardoun F,Biwole P H.Phase change materials(PCM)for cooling applications in buildings:A review.Energy Buildings,2016,129:396-431
5 Zhu X R,Yang L,Liu J P.Review of building night ventilation cooling research(in Chinese).Heat Ventilat Air Condition,2010,40:111-116[朱新荣,杨柳,刘加平.建筑夜间通风降温研究进展.暖通空调,2010,40:111-116]
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7 Kuznik F,Virgone J.Experimental assessment of a phase change material for wall building use.Appl Energy,2009,86:2038-2046
8 Kuznik F,Virgone J,Roux J J.Energetic efficiency of room wall containing PCM wallboard:A full-scale experimental investigation.Energy Buildings,2008,40:148-156
9 Zhou D,Zhao C Y,Tian Y.Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials(PCMs)in building applications.Appl Energy,2012,92:593-605
10 Akeiber H,Nejat P,Majid M Z A,et al.A review on phase change material(PCM)for sustainable passive cooling in building envelopes.Renew Sust Energy Rev,2016,60:1470-1497
11 Zhang X S,Xia Y,Jin X.Review on phase change material building walls(in Chinese).J Southeast Univ(Nat Sci),2015,45:612-618[张小松,夏燚,金星.相变蓄能建筑墙体研究进展.东南大学学报(自然科学版),2015,45:612-618]
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13 Shi X,Memon S A,Tang W,et al.Experimental assessment of position of macro encapsulated phase change material in concrete walls on indoor temperatures and humidity levels.Energy Buildings,2014,71:80-87
14 Cui H Z,Tang W,Qin Q,et al.Development of structural-functional integrated energy storage concrete with innovative macro-encapsulated PCM by hollow steel ball.Appl Energy,2017,185:107-118
15 Schossig P,Henning H M,Gschwander S,et al.Micro-encapsulated phase-change materials integrated into construction materials.Sol Energy Mat Sol C,2005,89:297-306
16 Lin K P,Zhang Y P,Xu X,et al.Experimental study of under-floor electric heating system with shape-stabilized PCM plates.Energy Buildings,2005,37:215-220
17 Xie J C,Li Y,Wang W L,et al.Comments on thermal physical properties testing methods of phase change materials.Adv Mech Eng,2013:1255-1260
18 Lachheb M,Karkri M,Albouchi F,et al.Thermophysical properties estimation of paraffin/graphite composite phase change material using an inverse method.Energy Convers Manage,2014,82:229-237
19 Ye R D,Lin W Z,Yuan K J,et al.Experimental and numerical investigations on the thermal performance of building plane containing Ca Cl2·6H2O/expanded graphite composite phase change material.Appl Energy,2017,193:325-335
20 Hussain S I,Dinesh R,Roseline A A,et al.Enhanced thermal performance and study the influence of sub cooling on activated carbon dispersed eutectic PCM for cold storage applications.Energy Build,2017,143:17-24
21 Sun X Q,Zhang Q,Medina M A,et al.Experimental observations on the heat transfer enhancement caused by natural convection during melting of solid-liquid phase change materials(PCMs).Appl Energy,2016,162:1453-1461
22 Soares N,Gaspar A R,Santos P,et al.Experimental evaluation of the heat transfer through small PCM-based thermal energy storage units for building applications.Energy Buildings,2016,116:18-34
23 Bontemps A,Ahmad M,Johannès K,et al.Experimental and modelling study of twin cells with latent heat storage walls.Energy Buildings,2011,43:2456-2461
24 Jin X,Medina M A,Zhang X S.On the importance of the location of PCMs in building walls for enhanced thermal performance.Appl Energy,2013,106:72-78
25 Jin X,Zhang S L,Xu X,et al.Effects of PCM state on its phase change performance and the thermal performance of building walls.Build Environ,2014,81:334-339
26 Lee K O,Medina M A,Raith E,et al.Assessing the integration of a thin phase change material(PCM)layer in a residential building wall for heat transfer reduction and management.Appl Energy,2015,137:699-706
27 Ahmad M,Bontemps A,Sallée H,et al.Thermal testing and numerical simulation of a prototype cell using light wallboards coupling vacuum isolation panels and phase change material.Energy Buildings,2006,38:673-681
28 Chen C,Guo H F,Zhou W.Experimental research of the composite phase change material in greenhouse(in Chinese).Acta Energy Solaris Sin,2009,30:287-293[陈超,果海凤,周玮.相变墙体材料在温室大棚中的实验研究.太阳能学报,2009,30:287-293]
29 Long L S,Ye H,Gao Y F,et al.Performance demonstration and evaluation of the synergetic application of vanadium dioxide glazing and phase change material in passive buildings.Appl Energy,2014,136:89-97
30 Akeiber H J,Hosseini S E,Wahid M A,et al.Thermal performance and economic evaluation of a newly developed phase change material for effective building encapsulation.Energy Convers Manage,2017,150:48-61
31 Barzin R,Chen J J J,Young B R,et al.Application of PCM energy storage in combination with night ventilation for space cooling.Appl Energy,2015,158:412-421
32 Givoni B M.Climate and Architecture.2nd ed.London:Applied Science Publishers,1976
33 Artmann N,Manz H,Heiselberg P.Climatic potential for passive cooling of buildings by night-time ventilation in Europe.Appl Energy,2007,84:187-201
34 Qi X L,Yang L,Liu J P.The applicability of night ventilation on office building in north china(in Chinese).Acta Energy Solar Sin,2011,32:669-673[亓晓琳,杨柳,刘加平.北方地区办公建筑夜间通风适用性分析.太阳能学报,2011,32:669-673]
35 Qi X L.Study on the Thermal Design for Night Ventilation Building(in Chinese).Dissertation for Doctor Degree.Xi’an:Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,2009[亓晓琳.北方办公建筑夜间通风降温潜力及适用性研究.博士学位论文.西安:西安建筑科技大学,2009]
36 Artmann N,Jensen R L,Manz H,et al.Experimental investigation of heat transfer during night-time ventilation.Energy Buildings,2010,42:366-374
37 Dréau J L,Heiselberg P,Jensen R L.Experimental investigation of convective heat transfer during night cooling with different ventilation systems and surface emissivities.Energy Build,2013,61:308-317
38 Yang L,Li Y G.Cooling load reduction by using thermal mass and night ventilation.Energy Build,2008,40:2052-2058
39 Zhu X R,Bai L J,Yang L,et al.Experimental study of thermal mass and night ventilation in office building(in Chinese).Acta Energy Solaris Sin,2015,36:1337-1343[朱新荣,白鲁建,杨柳,等.办公建筑蓄热和夜间通风的实验研究.太阳能学报,2015,36:1337-1343]
40 Zhu X R,Yang W,Yang L,et al.Optimization on critical design parameter of night ventilation buildings(in Chinese).J Xi’an Univ Archit Tech(Nat Sci),2016,48:401-405[朱新荣,杨雯,杨柳,等.夜间通风建筑关键设计参数优化分析.西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2016,48:401-405]
41 Liu J P,Zhu X R,Yang L.Simplified calculation method for building nigh ventilation(in Chinese).PRC Patent,CN 102024080 B,2012-03-14[刘加平,朱新荣,杨柳.建筑物夜间通风降温设计的简化计算方法.中国专利,CN 102024080 B,2012-03-14]
42 Xie J C,Wang W L,Liu J P,et al.Thermal performance analysis of PCM components heat storage using mechanical ventilation:Experimental results.Energy Build,2016,123:169-178
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