外商直接投资对大众创业的影响
|
摘要
中国的大众创业有利于构建经济发展的新动能。作为促进中国经济发展的重要力量,外商直接投资是否对中国大众创业有直接影响值得关注。本文基于中国家庭金融调查和中国城市统计年鉴的匹配数据,检验了外商直接投资对中国大众创业的影响效应。研究发现,外商直接投资对中国大众创业同时存在两个相反的影响效应:正向溢出效应和负向挤出效应。当外商直接投资企业有形资产比例较高时,对创业者的正向溢出效应较高。当外商直接投资企业的产品市场更集中于本地市场时,对创业者的负向挤出效应越高。就创业类型而言,外商直接投资与机会型创业市场重合度较高,抑制作用明显,而对生存型创业没有显著影响。就创业行业而言,随着创业行业溢出指数水平的提高,外商直接投资对创业的促进作用不断增强。本文发现,外商直接投资与大众创业存在的上述直接关系,对于发展外商直接投资和推动大众创业中地方政府的政策选择有启发意义。
China's mass entrepreneurship is conducive to building new momentum for economic development.Whether FDI, one of the most important forces to promote China's economy, has a direct impact on China's Mass entrepreneurship warrants further investigation. Based on data from the China Household Finance Survey(CHFS) and the China City Statistical Yearbook, this paper examines the impact of FDI on China's mass entrepreneurship. FDI has two counterbalancing effects on China's mass entrepreneurship: positive spillover effect and negative crowdingout effect. When the proportion of tangible assets of FDI enterprises is relatively high, the positive spillover is high. When the product markets of FDI enterprises are concentrated in local market, the negative crowding-out effect on local entrepreneurs is also high. As for the impact on entrepreneurial types, since the markets of FDI and transformational entrepreneurs overlap significantly, FDI has an inhibitory effect on transformational entrepreneurship,but has no significant impact on subsistence entrepreneurship. As for the impact on particular industries, as the industry spillover index level goes up, the promoting effect of FDI on entrepreneurship also increases. This paper finds that there is a direct relationship between FDI and mass entrepreneurship, which sheds light on how local governments can promote development of FDI and mass entrepreneurship with their policies.
China's mass entrepreneurship is conducive to building new momentum for economic development.Whether FDI, one of the most important forces to promote China's economy, has a direct impact on China's Mass entrepreneurship warrants further investigation. Based on data from the China Household Finance Survey(CHFS) and the China City Statistical Yearbook, this paper examines the impact of FDI on China's mass entrepreneurship. FDI has two counterbalancing effects on China's mass entrepreneurship: positive spillover effect and negative crowdingout effect. When the proportion of tangible assets of FDI enterprises is relatively high, the positive spillover is high. When the product markets of FDI enterprises are concentrated in local market, the negative crowding-out effect on local entrepreneurs is also high. As for the impact on entrepreneurial types, since the markets of FDI and transformational entrepreneurs overlap significantly, FDI has an inhibitory effect on transformational entrepreneurship,but has no significant impact on subsistence entrepreneurship. As for the impact on particular industries, as the industry spillover index level goes up, the promoting effect of FDI on entrepreneurship also increases. This paper finds that there is a direct relationship between FDI and mass entrepreneurship, which sheds light on how local governments can promote development of FDI and mass entrepreneurship with their policies.
引文
[1]包群,陈媛媛,宋立刚.外商投资与东道国环境污染:存在倒U型曲线关系吗[J].世界经济, 2010,(1):3-17.
[2]陈刚. FDI竞争、环境规制与污染避难所——对中国式分权的反思[J].世界经济研究, 2009,(6):3-7.
[3]陈刚.管制与创业——来自中国的微观证据[J].管理世界, 2015,(5):89-99.
[4]陈强.计量经济学及Stata应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2014.
[5]陈怡安,陈刚.社会保险与创业——基于中国微观调查的实证研究[J].人口与经济, 2015,(6):73-83.
[6]段锦云,王朋,朱月龙.创业动机研究:概念结构,影响因素和理论模型[J].心理科学进展, 2012,(5):698-704.
[7]傅京燕,李丽莎.环境规制、要素禀赋与产业国际竞争力的实证研究——基于中国制造业的面板数据[J].管理世界, 2010a,(10):87-98.
[8]傅京燕,李丽莎. FDI、环境规制与污染避难所效应——基于中国省级数据的经验分析[J].公共管理学报, 2010b,(3):65-74.
[9]甘犁,尹志超,贾男,徐舒,马双.中国家庭金融调查报告2012[M].成都:西南财经大学出版社, 2012.
[10]郭红燕,韩立岩.外商直接投资、环境管制与环境污染[J].国际贸易问题, 2008,(8):111-118.
[11]江小娟,李蕊. FDI对中国工业增长和技术进步的贡献[J].中国工业经济, 2002,(7):5-16.
[12]李雪莲,马双,邓翔.公务员家庭,创业与寻租动机[J].经济研究, 2015,(5):89-103.
[13]刘青,张超,吕若思.跨国公司在华溢出效应研究:人力资本的视角[J].数量经济技术经济研究, 2013,(9):20-36.
[14]刘晓玲,熊曦.外商直接投资、进出口贸易与区域经济增长——以湖南省为例[J].管理世界, 2016,(2):184-185.
[15]刘亚飞,胡静.多子一定多福吗:子女数量与母亲健康[J].南方人口, 2016,(6):69-78.
[16]潘文卿,李子奈,刘强.中国产业间的技术溢出效应:基于35个工业部门的经验研究[J].经济研究, 2011,(7):18-29.
[17]覃毅,张世贤. FDI对中国工业企业效率影响的路径——基于中国工业分行业的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2011,(11):68-78.
[18]阮荣平,郑风田,刘力.信仰的力量:宗教有利于创业吗[J].经济研究, 2014,(3):171-184.
[19]唐国平,李龙会,吴德军.环境管制、行业属性与企业环保投资[J].会计研究, 2013,(6):83-89.
[20]田毕飞,梅小芳,杜雍,王波浪.外商直接投资对东道国国际创业的影响:制度环境视角[J].中国工业经济,2018,(5):43-61.
[21]王戴黎.外资企业工作经验与企业家创业活动:中国家户调查证据[J].管理世界, 2014,(10):136-148.
[22]吴群锋,蒋为.最低工资会抑制创业吗——基于中国微观数据的实证研究[J].产业经济研究, 2016,(6):1-10.
[23]吴晓瑜,王敏,李力行.中国的高房价是否阻碍了创业[J].经济研究, 2014,(9):121-134.
[24]夏友富.外商投资中国污染密集产业现状、后果及其对策研究[J].管理世界, 1999,(3):109-123.
[25]冼国明,严兵. FDI对中国创新能力的溢出效应[J].世界经济, 2005,(10):18-25.
[26]杨子晖,田磊.“污染天堂”假说与影响因素的中国省际研究[J].世界经济, 2017,(5):148-172.
[27]尹志超,宋全云,吴雨,彭嫦燕.金融知识,创业决策和创业动机[J].管理世界, 2015,(1):87-98.
[28]张萃.什么使城市更有利于创业[J].经济研究, 2018,(4):151-166.
[29]周广肃,谢绚丽,李力行.信任对家庭创业决策的影响及机制探讨[J].管理世界, 2015,(12):121-129.
[30]Aitken, B. J., and A. E. Harrison. Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela[J]. American Economic Review, 1999,89(3):605-618.
[31]Albulescu, C. T., and M. T觍m觍sil觍. The Impact of FDI on Entrepreneurship in the European Countries[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014,(124):219-228.
[32]Anwar, S., and S. Sun. FDI and Market Entry/Exit:Evidence from China[J]. Journal of Asian Economics,2012,23(5):487-498.
[33]Ayyagari, M., and R. Kosová. Does FDI Facilitate Domestic Entry? Evidence from the Czech Republic[J].Review of International Economics, 2010,18(1):14-29.
[34]Bhawe, N., and S. A. Zahra. Inducing Heterogeneity in Local Entrepreneurial Ecosystems:The Role of MNEs[J].Small Business Economics, 2017:1-18.
[35]Blomstr觟m, M., and A. Kokko. Multinational Corporations and Spillovers[J]. Journal of Economic Surveys,1998,12(3):247-277.
[36]Brash, D. T. American Investment in Australian Industry[M]. London:Australian National University Press,1966.
[37]Copeland, B. R., and M. S. Taylor. North-South Trade and the Environment[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1994,109(3):755-787.
[38]Danakol, S. H., S. Estrin, P. Reynolds, and U. Weitzel. Foreign Direct Investment via M&A and Domestic Entrepreneurship:Blessing or Curse[J]. Small Business Economics, 2017,48(3):599-612.
[39]De Backer, K., and L. Sleuwaegen. Does Foreign Direct Investment Crowd out Domestic Entrepreneurship[J].Review of Industrial Organization, 2003,22(1):67-84.
[40]Grossman, G. M. International Trade, Foreign Investment, and the Formation of the Entrepreneurial Class[J].American Economic Review, 1984,74(4):605-614.
[41]Guiso, L., and F. Schivardi. What Determines Entrepreneurial Clusters[J]. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2011,9(1):61-86.
[42]Hoetker, G. The Use of Logit and Probit Models in Strategic Management Research:Critical Issues[J].Strategic Management Journal, 2007,28(4):331-343.
[43]Hoisl, K. Tracing Mobile Inventors——The Causality between Inventor Mobility and Inventor Productivity[J].Research Policy, 2007,36(5):619-636.
[44]Jovanovic, B. Firm Formation with Heterogeneous Management and Labor Skills[J]. Small Business Economics,1994,6(3):185-191.
[45]Kinoshita, Y. Technology Spillovers through Foreign Direct Investment[R]. CERGE-EI Working Paper, 1998.
[46]Markusen, J. R., and A. J. Venables. Foreign Direct Investment as a Catalyst for Industrial Development[J].European Economic Review, 1999,43(2):335-356.
[47]Meyer, K. E. Perspectives on Multinational Enterprises in Emerging Economies[J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2004,35(4):259-276.
[48]Meyer, K. E., and E. Sinani. When and Where Does Foreign Direct Investment Generate Positive Spillovers?A Meta-analysis[J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2009,40(7):1075-1094.
[49]Nunziata, L., and L. Rocco. The Implications of Cultural Background on Labor Market Choices:The Case of Religion and Entrepreneurship[R]. IZA Discussion Paper, 2011.
[50]Schoar, A. The Divide Between Subsistence and Transformational Entrepreneurship[J]. Innovation Policy and the Economy, 2010,10(1):57-81.
[51]Shane, S. Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities[J]. Organization Science, 2000,11(4):448-469.
[52]Shane, S., E. A. Locke, and C. J. Collins. Entrepreneurial Motivation[J]. Human Resource Management Review, 2003,13(2):257-279.
[53]Sj觟holm, F. Technology Gap, Competition and Spillovers from Direct Foreign Investment:Evidence from Establishment Data[J]. The Journal of Development Studies, 1999,36(1):53-73.
[54]Spencer, J. W. The Impact of Multinational Enterprise Strategy on Indigenous Enterprises:Horizontal Spillovers and Crowding Out in Developing Countries[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2008,33(2):341-361.
[55]Taormina, R. J., and S. Kin-Mei Lao. Measuring Chinese Entrepreneurial Motivation:Personality and Environmental Influences[J]. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior&Research, 2007,13(4):200-221.
[56]Wooldridge, J. M. Econometric Analysis of Cross-Section and Panel Data[M]. Cambridge:The Mit Press,2002.
[57]Zelner, B. A. Using Simulation to Interpret Results from Logit, Probit, and Other Nonlinear Models[J].Strategic Management Journal, 2009,30(12):1335-1348.
[58]Zhang, Y. A., Y. Li, and H. Li. FDI Spillovers over Time in an Emerging Market:The Roles of Entry Tenure and Barriers to Imitation[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2014,57(57):698-722.
(1)在稳健性检验中,本文讨论了以其他度量方式衡量外商直接投资强度的实证结果。
(2)由于网上公布的CHFS2013年数据只提供了省份信息,由省份层面数据进行匹配所得的外商直接投资变量差异较少且不精确,因此,本文主要使用2011年CHFS横截面数据(提供了所在城市信息)作为核心数据。作者注意到,利用这一回归模型和基本数据所进行的实证分析,回归所依赖的差异来自于横截面中跨城市之间个体创业行为的差异。为了弥补可能存在的不足,在稳健性检验中使用不同数据库和两年的平衡面板,得到了与基准回归结果类似的结论。
(1)城市工业固体废物综合利用率数据来自于《中国城市统计年鉴》;PM2.5的数据来自CNRDS的“中国环境数据库”,该数据主要采用ArcGIS软件将哥伦比亚大学SEDAC发布的基于卫星监测全球PM2.5和地理位置信息进行匹配,得到1998—2016年省份和城市年均PM2.5浓度。
(1)同时,本文还采用了2005年全国1%人口抽样调查的数据来验证不同数据库之间的稳健性,详细结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)使用面板Logit回归的一个问题在于由于匹配而导致的观测样本量的下降。
(1)由于中国工业企业数据库大多是规模以上的企业,使用这一数据可能忽略了规模以下FDI企业。但目前所知的范围内,无法获取到更为全面的FDI企业数据。如果规模以下的FDI企业与规模以上的FDI企业不存在系统性的差异,那么使用中国工业企业数据库对实证结果不会产生太大的偏误影响。本文为了确保结论的稳健性,也使用2004年经济普查工业企业的数据和海关数据库等同时包含规模以下企业的数据库来构建这一指标,均得到了类似的结论。
(2)具体地,本文计算城市层面在数据滞后两年设立的FDI企业(开业时间大于等于2009年,且外资比例大于25%)的市场关注(总出口在工业总产出的比例)和有形资产比例(1-总无形资产在总资产的比例)。
(1)根据Hoetker(2007)和Zelner(2009)的研究,Logit模型中交互项系数可能存在虚假显著的问题。本文采用Zelner(2009)提供的“intgph”命令采用画图的方式对结果进行检验,影响机制的结果依然是显著的;按照Wooldridge(2002)和陈强(2014)的观点,使用稳健标准误的线性模型在计算交互项系数存在优势,因此本文又采用该模型来检验交互项的系数,依然是显著的。综合两种方法,本文的影响机制检验是稳健的,具体结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)CHFS调查中一共有19个行业和国家统计局的标准是一致的,但是没有包括农林牧渔业。本文通过调查者在“其他”中所填写的项目经营内容来识别,例如填写养殖业、养蜂卖蜂蜜、畜牧业等划分为农林牧渔业。根据填写内容,亦有对其他行业的补充。
[2]陈刚. FDI竞争、环境规制与污染避难所——对中国式分权的反思[J].世界经济研究, 2009,(6):3-7.
[3]陈刚.管制与创业——来自中国的微观证据[J].管理世界, 2015,(5):89-99.
[4]陈强.计量经济学及Stata应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2014.
[5]陈怡安,陈刚.社会保险与创业——基于中国微观调查的实证研究[J].人口与经济, 2015,(6):73-83.
[6]段锦云,王朋,朱月龙.创业动机研究:概念结构,影响因素和理论模型[J].心理科学进展, 2012,(5):698-704.
[7]傅京燕,李丽莎.环境规制、要素禀赋与产业国际竞争力的实证研究——基于中国制造业的面板数据[J].管理世界, 2010a,(10):87-98.
[8]傅京燕,李丽莎. FDI、环境规制与污染避难所效应——基于中国省级数据的经验分析[J].公共管理学报, 2010b,(3):65-74.
[9]甘犁,尹志超,贾男,徐舒,马双.中国家庭金融调查报告2012[M].成都:西南财经大学出版社, 2012.
[10]郭红燕,韩立岩.外商直接投资、环境管制与环境污染[J].国际贸易问题, 2008,(8):111-118.
[11]江小娟,李蕊. FDI对中国工业增长和技术进步的贡献[J].中国工业经济, 2002,(7):5-16.
[12]李雪莲,马双,邓翔.公务员家庭,创业与寻租动机[J].经济研究, 2015,(5):89-103.
[13]刘青,张超,吕若思.跨国公司在华溢出效应研究:人力资本的视角[J].数量经济技术经济研究, 2013,(9):20-36.
[14]刘晓玲,熊曦.外商直接投资、进出口贸易与区域经济增长——以湖南省为例[J].管理世界, 2016,(2):184-185.
[15]刘亚飞,胡静.多子一定多福吗:子女数量与母亲健康[J].南方人口, 2016,(6):69-78.
[16]潘文卿,李子奈,刘强.中国产业间的技术溢出效应:基于35个工业部门的经验研究[J].经济研究, 2011,(7):18-29.
[17]覃毅,张世贤. FDI对中国工业企业效率影响的路径——基于中国工业分行业的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2011,(11):68-78.
[18]阮荣平,郑风田,刘力.信仰的力量:宗教有利于创业吗[J].经济研究, 2014,(3):171-184.
[19]唐国平,李龙会,吴德军.环境管制、行业属性与企业环保投资[J].会计研究, 2013,(6):83-89.
[20]田毕飞,梅小芳,杜雍,王波浪.外商直接投资对东道国国际创业的影响:制度环境视角[J].中国工业经济,2018,(5):43-61.
[21]王戴黎.外资企业工作经验与企业家创业活动:中国家户调查证据[J].管理世界, 2014,(10):136-148.
[22]吴群锋,蒋为.最低工资会抑制创业吗——基于中国微观数据的实证研究[J].产业经济研究, 2016,(6):1-10.
[23]吴晓瑜,王敏,李力行.中国的高房价是否阻碍了创业[J].经济研究, 2014,(9):121-134.
[24]夏友富.外商投资中国污染密集产业现状、后果及其对策研究[J].管理世界, 1999,(3):109-123.
[25]冼国明,严兵. FDI对中国创新能力的溢出效应[J].世界经济, 2005,(10):18-25.
[26]杨子晖,田磊.“污染天堂”假说与影响因素的中国省际研究[J].世界经济, 2017,(5):148-172.
[27]尹志超,宋全云,吴雨,彭嫦燕.金融知识,创业决策和创业动机[J].管理世界, 2015,(1):87-98.
[28]张萃.什么使城市更有利于创业[J].经济研究, 2018,(4):151-166.
[29]周广肃,谢绚丽,李力行.信任对家庭创业决策的影响及机制探讨[J].管理世界, 2015,(12):121-129.
[30]Aitken, B. J., and A. E. Harrison. Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela[J]. American Economic Review, 1999,89(3):605-618.
[31]Albulescu, C. T., and M. T觍m觍sil觍. The Impact of FDI on Entrepreneurship in the European Countries[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014,(124):219-228.
[32]Anwar, S., and S. Sun. FDI and Market Entry/Exit:Evidence from China[J]. Journal of Asian Economics,2012,23(5):487-498.
[33]Ayyagari, M., and R. Kosová. Does FDI Facilitate Domestic Entry? Evidence from the Czech Republic[J].Review of International Economics, 2010,18(1):14-29.
[34]Bhawe, N., and S. A. Zahra. Inducing Heterogeneity in Local Entrepreneurial Ecosystems:The Role of MNEs[J].Small Business Economics, 2017:1-18.
[35]Blomstr觟m, M., and A. Kokko. Multinational Corporations and Spillovers[J]. Journal of Economic Surveys,1998,12(3):247-277.
[36]Brash, D. T. American Investment in Australian Industry[M]. London:Australian National University Press,1966.
[37]Copeland, B. R., and M. S. Taylor. North-South Trade and the Environment[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1994,109(3):755-787.
[38]Danakol, S. H., S. Estrin, P. Reynolds, and U. Weitzel. Foreign Direct Investment via M&A and Domestic Entrepreneurship:Blessing or Curse[J]. Small Business Economics, 2017,48(3):599-612.
[39]De Backer, K., and L. Sleuwaegen. Does Foreign Direct Investment Crowd out Domestic Entrepreneurship[J].Review of Industrial Organization, 2003,22(1):67-84.
[40]Grossman, G. M. International Trade, Foreign Investment, and the Formation of the Entrepreneurial Class[J].American Economic Review, 1984,74(4):605-614.
[41]Guiso, L., and F. Schivardi. What Determines Entrepreneurial Clusters[J]. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2011,9(1):61-86.
[42]Hoetker, G. The Use of Logit and Probit Models in Strategic Management Research:Critical Issues[J].Strategic Management Journal, 2007,28(4):331-343.
[43]Hoisl, K. Tracing Mobile Inventors——The Causality between Inventor Mobility and Inventor Productivity[J].Research Policy, 2007,36(5):619-636.
[44]Jovanovic, B. Firm Formation with Heterogeneous Management and Labor Skills[J]. Small Business Economics,1994,6(3):185-191.
[45]Kinoshita, Y. Technology Spillovers through Foreign Direct Investment[R]. CERGE-EI Working Paper, 1998.
[46]Markusen, J. R., and A. J. Venables. Foreign Direct Investment as a Catalyst for Industrial Development[J].European Economic Review, 1999,43(2):335-356.
[47]Meyer, K. E. Perspectives on Multinational Enterprises in Emerging Economies[J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2004,35(4):259-276.
[48]Meyer, K. E., and E. Sinani. When and Where Does Foreign Direct Investment Generate Positive Spillovers?A Meta-analysis[J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2009,40(7):1075-1094.
[49]Nunziata, L., and L. Rocco. The Implications of Cultural Background on Labor Market Choices:The Case of Religion and Entrepreneurship[R]. IZA Discussion Paper, 2011.
[50]Schoar, A. The Divide Between Subsistence and Transformational Entrepreneurship[J]. Innovation Policy and the Economy, 2010,10(1):57-81.
[51]Shane, S. Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities[J]. Organization Science, 2000,11(4):448-469.
[52]Shane, S., E. A. Locke, and C. J. Collins. Entrepreneurial Motivation[J]. Human Resource Management Review, 2003,13(2):257-279.
[53]Sj觟holm, F. Technology Gap, Competition and Spillovers from Direct Foreign Investment:Evidence from Establishment Data[J]. The Journal of Development Studies, 1999,36(1):53-73.
[54]Spencer, J. W. The Impact of Multinational Enterprise Strategy on Indigenous Enterprises:Horizontal Spillovers and Crowding Out in Developing Countries[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2008,33(2):341-361.
[55]Taormina, R. J., and S. Kin-Mei Lao. Measuring Chinese Entrepreneurial Motivation:Personality and Environmental Influences[J]. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior&Research, 2007,13(4):200-221.
[56]Wooldridge, J. M. Econometric Analysis of Cross-Section and Panel Data[M]. Cambridge:The Mit Press,2002.
[57]Zelner, B. A. Using Simulation to Interpret Results from Logit, Probit, and Other Nonlinear Models[J].Strategic Management Journal, 2009,30(12):1335-1348.
[58]Zhang, Y. A., Y. Li, and H. Li. FDI Spillovers over Time in an Emerging Market:The Roles of Entry Tenure and Barriers to Imitation[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2014,57(57):698-722.
(1)在稳健性检验中,本文讨论了以其他度量方式衡量外商直接投资强度的实证结果。
(2)由于网上公布的CHFS2013年数据只提供了省份信息,由省份层面数据进行匹配所得的外商直接投资变量差异较少且不精确,因此,本文主要使用2011年CHFS横截面数据(提供了所在城市信息)作为核心数据。作者注意到,利用这一回归模型和基本数据所进行的实证分析,回归所依赖的差异来自于横截面中跨城市之间个体创业行为的差异。为了弥补可能存在的不足,在稳健性检验中使用不同数据库和两年的平衡面板,得到了与基准回归结果类似的结论。
(1)城市工业固体废物综合利用率数据来自于《中国城市统计年鉴》;PM2.5的数据来自CNRDS的“中国环境数据库”,该数据主要采用ArcGIS软件将哥伦比亚大学SEDAC发布的基于卫星监测全球PM2.5和地理位置信息进行匹配,得到1998—2016年省份和城市年均PM2.5浓度。
(1)同时,本文还采用了2005年全国1%人口抽样调查的数据来验证不同数据库之间的稳健性,详细结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)使用面板Logit回归的一个问题在于由于匹配而导致的观测样本量的下降。
(1)由于中国工业企业数据库大多是规模以上的企业,使用这一数据可能忽略了规模以下FDI企业。但目前所知的范围内,无法获取到更为全面的FDI企业数据。如果规模以下的FDI企业与规模以上的FDI企业不存在系统性的差异,那么使用中国工业企业数据库对实证结果不会产生太大的偏误影响。本文为了确保结论的稳健性,也使用2004年经济普查工业企业的数据和海关数据库等同时包含规模以下企业的数据库来构建这一指标,均得到了类似的结论。
(2)具体地,本文计算城市层面在数据滞后两年设立的FDI企业(开业时间大于等于2009年,且外资比例大于25%)的市场关注(总出口在工业总产出的比例)和有形资产比例(1-总无形资产在总资产的比例)。
(1)根据Hoetker(2007)和Zelner(2009)的研究,Logit模型中交互项系数可能存在虚假显著的问题。本文采用Zelner(2009)提供的“intgph”命令采用画图的方式对结果进行检验,影响机制的结果依然是显著的;按照Wooldridge(2002)和陈强(2014)的观点,使用稳健标准误的线性模型在计算交互项系数存在优势,因此本文又采用该模型来检验交互项的系数,依然是显著的。综合两种方法,本文的影响机制检验是稳健的,具体结果见《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)公开附件。
(1)CHFS调查中一共有19个行业和国家统计局的标准是一致的,但是没有包括农林牧渔业。本文通过调查者在“其他”中所填写的项目经营内容来识别,例如填写养殖业、养蜂卖蜂蜜、畜牧业等划分为农林牧渔业。根据填写内容,亦有对其他行业的补充。