我国大兴安岭地区夏季林火的火环境研究
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摘要
利用Arcgis和SPSS软件对大兴安岭地区1967-2008年夏季火险期森林火灾发生当天的气象因子和火点位置的植被和地形因子进行了定性和定量分析,探讨了夏季火的火环境特征,以期为防火部门进行森林管理及政策制定提供依据。结果表明:近42年来,夏季火发生时的日平均气温和最高气温范围分别为15~25℃、24~34℃,而且平均气温和最高气温不同导致夏季火发生次数具有极显著差异性,P﹤0.01;夏季火发生时,降水量主要为0~1 mm,而且具有极显著差异,P﹤0.01;平均风速范围0.5~3 m/s,不同风速发生火灾次数具有显著性差异,P﹤0.05;平均气压集中在945~975 h Pa,P﹤0.05;平均空气相对湿度55%~70%,P﹤0.01。通过对地形和植被的相关因子进行分析可知,夏季火主要发生在中高等海拔的平坡或缓坡区域,植被类型以落叶针叶林为主,其次是草甸。
In this paper,meteorological factors and the topographic and vegetation factors at the fire spots on the day of forest fires that occurred in Daxing'anling region during the summer fire risk periods from 1967-2008 are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using Arcgis and SPSS software,and the fire environment characteristics of summer forest fires are discussed,with the aim to provide basis for forest management and decision making by fire safety departments. The result shows that in the past 42 years,the average daily temperature and maximum temperature were15 ~ 25 ℃ and 24 ~ 34 ℃ respectively and extremely significant difference in the number of fires at different levels of average temperature and maximum temperature were revealed,with P ﹤ 0. 01; the summer fires mainly occurred incase of precipitation of 0 ~ 1 mm,with extremely significant difference,with P ﹤ 0. 01; the average wind speed of 0. 5 ~ 3 m/s,the number of fires showing significant difference at different levels,with P ﹤ 0. 05; the average atmospheric pressure concentrated around 945 ~ 975 h Pa,with P ﹤ 0. 05; the average air relative humidity of 55% ~ 70%,with P ﹤0. 01. According to the analysis of topographical and vegetation factors,summer forest fires mainly occurred in flat or gentle slope areas at moderate or higher elevations,with the vegetation types dominated by deciduous coniferous forest,followed by meadows.
In this paper,meteorological factors and the topographic and vegetation factors at the fire spots on the day of forest fires that occurred in Daxing'anling region during the summer fire risk periods from 1967-2008 are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using Arcgis and SPSS software,and the fire environment characteristics of summer forest fires are discussed,with the aim to provide basis for forest management and decision making by fire safety departments. The result shows that in the past 42 years,the average daily temperature and maximum temperature were15 ~ 25 ℃ and 24 ~ 34 ℃ respectively and extremely significant difference in the number of fires at different levels of average temperature and maximum temperature were revealed,with P ﹤ 0. 01; the summer fires mainly occurred incase of precipitation of 0 ~ 1 mm,with extremely significant difference,with P ﹤ 0. 01; the average wind speed of 0. 5 ~ 3 m/s,the number of fires showing significant difference at different levels,with P ﹤ 0. 05; the average atmospheric pressure concentrated around 945 ~ 975 h Pa,with P ﹤ 0. 05; the average air relative humidity of 55% ~ 70%,with P ﹤0. 01. According to the analysis of topographical and vegetation factors,summer forest fires mainly occurred in flat or gentle slope areas at moderate or higher elevations,with the vegetation types dominated by deciduous coniferous forest,followed by meadows.
引文
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[2]Franco A C,Rossatto D R.Cerrado vegetation and global change:the role of functional types,resource availability and disturbance in regulating plant community responses to rising CO2levels and climate warming[J].Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology,2014,26(1):19-38.
[3]赵凤君.气候变化对内蒙古大兴安岭林区森林火灾的影响研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院博士学位论文,2007.
[4]赵宏江.大兴安岭地区夏季火特点[J].森林防火,2001(1):23-24.
[5]张连生.“7·28”夏季雷击火灾扑救特点及对策[J].森林防火,2002(4):9-10.
[6]郑焕能,胡海清.森林燃烧环境[J].东北林业大学学报,1987(5):1-6.
[7]王秋华,李伟,刘世远,等.滇中昆明地区森林火灾的火环境研究[J],江西农业大学学报,2015,3(1):108-113.
[8]杨光,舒立福,邸雪颖.气候变化背景下黑龙江大兴安岭林区夏季火险变化趋势[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(11):3157-3163.
[9]杜建华.黑龙江大兴安岭森林可燃物基础信息库及偃松林火行为研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院硕士论文,2004.
[10]李海洋,胡海清,孙龙.我国森林死可燃物含水率与气象和土壤因子关系模型研究[J].森林工程,2016,32(3):1-6.
[11]杨东升,章泽新,杨桦闻,等.森林火灾余火复燃条件研究[J].林业机械与木工设备,2016,44(2):21-25.
[12]庄立伟,王石立.东北地区逐日气象要素的空间差值方法应用研究[J].应用气象学报,2003,14(5):605-615.
[13]李忠琦,张淑云,张春梅,等.大兴安岭林区雷击火发生的相关条件研究[J].森林防火,2004(4):19-21.