淮河流域国家水土保持重点工程土壤侵蚀防控效果
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摘要
为探讨国家水土保持重点建设工程对项目区土壤侵蚀的防控作用,以淮河流域沂蒙山大峪小流域项目区和大别山桃岭小流域项目区为对象,采用遥感调查和地面调查相结合的方法,研究重点工程实施后,项目区土壤侵蚀状况的变化,分析不同措施对土壤侵蚀的防控效果,以期为认识和评价国家水土保持重点建设工程的实施效果提供参考。结果表明:1)2个项目区在重点工程实施后,土壤侵蚀面积和土壤侵蚀模数大幅度降低。沂蒙山大峪项目区和大别山区桃岭项目区土壤侵蚀面积消减率为88.9%和76.3%,侵蚀模数降低率76.7%和72.1%,侵蚀模数降低到243和314 t/(km2·a)。土壤侵蚀防控效果以沂蒙山大峪项目区高于大别山桃岭项目区,主要原因与2项目区实施的防治措施配置不同,以及与不同防治措施对土壤侵蚀防控效果的差别有关。2)重点工程不同防治措施对土壤侵蚀的防控效果,以梯田工程措施和水平阶工程措施明显大于封禁补植措施。2项目区中,坡耕地梯田工程区的土壤侵蚀模数降低率82.5%和83.8%,坡式林地水平阶工程区(大别山区桃岭项目区)的土壤侵蚀模数降低率70.3%,疏林地封禁补植区的土壤侵蚀模数降低率39.5%和55.2%。
[Background] The national key project has been implemented in the fifth period( 2013—2017),taking up a lot of financial,material resources and manpower,however,the investigation and research about the control effects of the national key project on soil erosion were not conducted yet.Therefore,the study of the control effect of the national key project of soil and water conservation on soilerosion in the two project regions may provide the reference for understanding and evaluation of the national key project. [Methods] In this study,we selected two typical project areas,Yimeng mountain area of Shandong Province and Dabie mountain area of Anhui Province,in Huaihe River Basin. Using remote sensing and ground survey to study the change of soil erosion in the project status after the national key project,and analyzing the effect of soil erosion in project regions with different measures. [Results]1) The reduction rates of soil erosion area in Dayu project region of Yimeng mountain and Taoling project region of Dabie mountain were 88. 9% and 76. 3% respectively,the reduction rates of soil erosion modulus were 76. 7% and 72. 1%,and soil erosion modulus were 243 t /( km2·a) and 314 t/( km2·a).The effect of prevention and control of soil erosion in Dayu project region was higher than in Taoling project region,which mainly resulted from two reasons: the allocations of the measures in 2 regions were different,and the control effects of the different measures varied. Yimeng mountain and Dabie mountain belonged to two different climatic regions,correspondingly,their leading foundations of soil and water conservation were in different functional areas. Therefore,the occurrence characteristics of soil and water loss,and the prevention and control measures of soil erosion were different. 2) The reduction rate of soil erosion modulus in the terraced project of slope farmland on the 2 regions was 82. 5% and 83. 8%respectively. The reduction rate of soil erosion modulus in the level-terrace project of afforested slope land was 70. 32%. The reduction rate of soil erosion modulus in the enclosure and replanting,and in open forest land was 39. 5%,and 55. 2% respectively. [Conclusions] There were great reductions of soil erosion and soil erosion modulus after the national key project implemented in the two project regions.The prevention and control effects of soil erosion with different measures were different in the regions of the national key project. The effects of prevention and control of soil erosion in terrace project and levelterrace project were much better than enclosure and replanting,and terrace project better than levelterrace project.
[Background] The national key project has been implemented in the fifth period( 2013—2017),taking up a lot of financial,material resources and manpower,however,the investigation and research about the control effects of the national key project on soil erosion were not conducted yet.Therefore,the study of the control effect of the national key project of soil and water conservation on soilerosion in the two project regions may provide the reference for understanding and evaluation of the national key project. [Methods] In this study,we selected two typical project areas,Yimeng mountain area of Shandong Province and Dabie mountain area of Anhui Province,in Huaihe River Basin. Using remote sensing and ground survey to study the change of soil erosion in the project status after the national key project,and analyzing the effect of soil erosion in project regions with different measures. [Results]1) The reduction rates of soil erosion area in Dayu project region of Yimeng mountain and Taoling project region of Dabie mountain were 88. 9% and 76. 3% respectively,the reduction rates of soil erosion modulus were 76. 7% and 72. 1%,and soil erosion modulus were 243 t /( km2·a) and 314 t/( km2·a).The effect of prevention and control of soil erosion in Dayu project region was higher than in Taoling project region,which mainly resulted from two reasons: the allocations of the measures in 2 regions were different,and the control effects of the different measures varied. Yimeng mountain and Dabie mountain belonged to two different climatic regions,correspondingly,their leading foundations of soil and water conservation were in different functional areas. Therefore,the occurrence characteristics of soil and water loss,and the prevention and control measures of soil erosion were different. 2) The reduction rate of soil erosion modulus in the terraced project of slope farmland on the 2 regions was 82. 5% and 83. 8%respectively. The reduction rate of soil erosion modulus in the level-terrace project of afforested slope land was 70. 32%. The reduction rate of soil erosion modulus in the enclosure and replanting,and in open forest land was 39. 5%,and 55. 2% respectively. [Conclusions] There were great reductions of soil erosion and soil erosion modulus after the national key project implemented in the two project regions.The prevention and control effects of soil erosion with different measures were different in the regions of the national key project. The effects of prevention and control of soil erosion in terrace project and levelterrace project were much better than enclosure and replanting,and terrace project better than levelterrace project.
引文
[1]刘震.强化建设管理精心组织实施扎实开展国家水土保持重点工程建设[J].中国水土保持,2008(5):5.Liu Zhen.Strengthening the management of construction and organize and implement carefully for national key project construction of soil and water conservation[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2008(5):5.(in Chinese)
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[5]元月贵.山西省国家水土保持重点工程项目实施的主要途径及其效益分析[J].水土保持通报,2009,29(1):192.Yuan Yuegui.Main approaches and benefit of the national key project implementation for soil and water conservation of Shanxi province[J].Soil and Water Conservation Bulletin,2009,29(1):192.(in Chinese)
[6]邵子玉.义县国家水土保持重点建设工程成效及做法[J].中国水土保持,2015(6):71.Shao Ziyu.Positive effects and experience in Yi County of national key project[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2015(6):71.(in Chinese)
[7]陈文祥.国家水土保持重点建设工程水土流失综合治理:以长汀县郑坊河小流域为例[J].亚热带水土保持,2011,23(2):33.Chen Wenxiang.Comprehensive rehabilitation of soil erosion of national key project in Changting county Zhengfang River watershed as an example[J].Subtropical Soil and Water Conservation,2011,23(2):33.(in Chinese)
[8]范彦淳,杜慧娟.河南省国家水土保持重点建设工程成效及做法[J].中国水土保持,2013(8):4.Fan Yanchun,Du Huijuan.Results and practices in Henan province of national key project[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013(8):4.(in Chinese)
[9]中华人民共和国水利部,中国科学院,中国工程院.中国水土流失防治与生态安全:北方土石山区卷[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:24-49.The Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China,Chinese Academy of Sciences,China Engineering Academy.China's prevention and control of soil erosion and ecological security:volume of soil in the north mountain region[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010:24-49.(in Chinese)
[10]姚孝友,刘霞,张光灿.淮河流域坡耕地水土流失特点与综合整治模式[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(1):94.Yao Xiaoyou,Liu Xia,Zhang Guangcan.Characteristics of soil and water loss and the comprehensive control patterns of slope farmland in Huaihe River Basin[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(1):94.(in Chinese)
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[12]徐勇,安祥生,杨波,等.黄土高原坡改梯综合效益分析:以燕沟流域为例[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(1):1.Xu Yong,An Xiangsheng,Yang Bo,et al.Synthetic analyses of effects of farmland terracing on the Loess Plateau:a case study of Yangou Watershed[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,8(1):1.(in Chinese)
[13]陈维杰.豫西山丘区构建径流聚集工程体系研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(4):89.Chen Weijie.Research on the construction of the system of surface runoff gathering project in western mountain areas of Henan Province[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,6(4):89.(in Chinese)
[14]张永涛,王洪刚,李增印,等.坡改梯的水土保持效益研究[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(3):9.Zhang Yongtao,Wang Honggang,Li Zengyin,et al.Soil and water conservation benefits of terracing on the slope[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,8(3):9.(in Chinese)
[15]杨绍兵,王克勤,陈志中.坡耕地反坡水平阶对土壤水N、P垂直再分配的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(1):56.Yang Shaobing,Wang Keqin,Chen Zhizhong.Effect of horizontal stage on vertical redistribution of the soil water N and P on the sloping land[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(1):56.(in Chinese)
[16]中华人民共和国水利部.水利部办公厅关于印发《全国水土保持区划(试行)》的通知:办水保[2012]512号[EB/OL].(2012-11-15)[2015-02-26].http:∥zwgk.mwr.gov.cn/zfxxgkml/201212/t20121214_335132.html?keywords=办水保.The Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China.The notice of General Office of Ministry of Water Resources about the districts of national soil and water conservation(try out):Soil conservation[2012]no.512[EB/OL].(2012-11-15)[2015-02-26].http:∥zwgk.mwr.gov.cn/zfxxgkml/201212/t20121214_335132.html?keywords=Soil conservation.(in Chinese)
[17]中华人民共和国水利部.水利部办公厅关于印发《全国水土保持规划国家级水土流失重点预防区和重点治理区复核划分成果》的通知:办水保[2013]188号[EB/OL].(2013-08-12)[2015-02-26].http:∥www.swcc.org.cn/desc.asp?id=35813.The Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China.The notice of General Office of Ministry of Water Resources about the national soil and water conservation planning at the national level key soil and water loss prevention area and the major control check results:Soil conservation[2013]no.188[EB/OL].(2013-08-12)[2015-02-26].http:∥www.swcc.org.cn/desc.asp?id=35813.(in Chinese)
[18]中华人民共和国水利部.北方土石山区水土流失综合治理技术标准:SL 665—2014[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2014:3-4.The Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China.Technical standards of comprehensive control of soil and water loss of soil in the north mountain region:SL 665-2014[S].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2014:3-4.(in Chinese)
[19]中华人民共和国国家标准.土地利用现状分类:GB/T21010—2007[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007:2-5.The state standard of the People's Republic of China.Current land use classification:GB/T 21010-2007[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2007:2-5.(in Chinese)
[20]Wessels K J,Prince S D,Malherbe J,et al.Can human-induced land degradation be distinguished from the effects of rainfall variability?A case study in South Africa[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2007,68(2):271.
[21]Dymond J R,Stephens P R,Newsome P F,et al.Percentage vegetation cover of a degrading rangeland from SPOT[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1992,13(11):1999.
[22]Aubert M,Alard D,Bureau F.Diversity of plant assemblages in managed temperate forests:a case study in Normandy(France)[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2003,175:321.
[23]刘顺生,胡续礼,袁利,等.人为干扰活动对沂蒙山区麻栎林群落结构和水文性能的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(2):29.Liu Shunsheng,Hu Xuli,Yuan Li,et al.Impact of human disturbance on community structure and hydrological functions of Quercus acutissima forest in Yimeng Mountain area[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,12(2):29.(in Chinese)
[24]莫江明,彭少麟,Brown S,等.鼎湖山马尾松林群落生物量生产对人为干扰的响应[J].生态学报,2004,24(2):193.Mo Jiangming,Peng Shaolin,Brown S,et al.Response of biomass production to human impacts in a pine forest in subtropical China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(2):193.(in Chinese)
[2]周宜萍,张声林.关于进一步实施好赣州市国家水土保持建设工程的思考[J].中国水土保持,2013(11):11.Zhou Yiping,Zhang Shenglin.On further implementation of Ganzhou city national construction of soil and water conservation engineering thinking[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013(11):11.(in Chinese)
[3]王辅强.国家水土保持重点建设工程辽宁省项目区的防治成效与建设经验[J].中国水土保持,2014(12):9.Wang Fuqiang.Prevention and treatment effect of the project area in Liaoning province and construction experience of national key project construction of soil and water conservation[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2014(12):9.(in Chinese)
[4]史志刚.安徽省大别山项目区国家水土保持重点建设工程实施成效与经验[J].中国水土保持,2013(1):16.Shi Zhigang.Positive effects and experience in Dabie mountain in Anhui province of national key project[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013(1):16.(in Chinese)
[5]元月贵.山西省国家水土保持重点工程项目实施的主要途径及其效益分析[J].水土保持通报,2009,29(1):192.Yuan Yuegui.Main approaches and benefit of the national key project implementation for soil and water conservation of Shanxi province[J].Soil and Water Conservation Bulletin,2009,29(1):192.(in Chinese)
[6]邵子玉.义县国家水土保持重点建设工程成效及做法[J].中国水土保持,2015(6):71.Shao Ziyu.Positive effects and experience in Yi County of national key project[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2015(6):71.(in Chinese)
[7]陈文祥.国家水土保持重点建设工程水土流失综合治理:以长汀县郑坊河小流域为例[J].亚热带水土保持,2011,23(2):33.Chen Wenxiang.Comprehensive rehabilitation of soil erosion of national key project in Changting county Zhengfang River watershed as an example[J].Subtropical Soil and Water Conservation,2011,23(2):33.(in Chinese)
[8]范彦淳,杜慧娟.河南省国家水土保持重点建设工程成效及做法[J].中国水土保持,2013(8):4.Fan Yanchun,Du Huijuan.Results and practices in Henan province of national key project[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013(8):4.(in Chinese)
[9]中华人民共和国水利部,中国科学院,中国工程院.中国水土流失防治与生态安全:北方土石山区卷[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:24-49.The Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China,Chinese Academy of Sciences,China Engineering Academy.China's prevention and control of soil erosion and ecological security:volume of soil in the north mountain region[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010:24-49.(in Chinese)
[10]姚孝友,刘霞,张光灿.淮河流域坡耕地水土流失特点与综合整治模式[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(1):94.Yao Xiaoyou,Liu Xia,Zhang Guangcan.Characteristics of soil and water loss and the comprehensive control patterns of slope farmland in Huaihe River Basin[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(1):94.(in Chinese)
[11]姚孝友,肖幼,顾洪,等.淮河流域水土保持生态修复机理与技术[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2011:16-30.Yao Xiaoyou,Xiao You,Gu Hong,et al.Soil and water conservation ecological restoration mechanism and technology in Huaihe River Basin[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2011:16-30.(in Chinese)
[12]徐勇,安祥生,杨波,等.黄土高原坡改梯综合效益分析:以燕沟流域为例[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(1):1.Xu Yong,An Xiangsheng,Yang Bo,et al.Synthetic analyses of effects of farmland terracing on the Loess Plateau:a case study of Yangou Watershed[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,8(1):1.(in Chinese)
[13]陈维杰.豫西山丘区构建径流聚集工程体系研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(4):89.Chen Weijie.Research on the construction of the system of surface runoff gathering project in western mountain areas of Henan Province[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,6(4):89.(in Chinese)
[14]张永涛,王洪刚,李增印,等.坡改梯的水土保持效益研究[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(3):9.Zhang Yongtao,Wang Honggang,Li Zengyin,et al.Soil and water conservation benefits of terracing on the slope[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,8(3):9.(in Chinese)
[15]杨绍兵,王克勤,陈志中.坡耕地反坡水平阶对土壤水N、P垂直再分配的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(1):56.Yang Shaobing,Wang Keqin,Chen Zhizhong.Effect of horizontal stage on vertical redistribution of the soil water N and P on the sloping land[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(1):56.(in Chinese)
[16]中华人民共和国水利部.水利部办公厅关于印发《全国水土保持区划(试行)》的通知:办水保[2012]512号[EB/OL].(2012-11-15)[2015-02-26].http:∥zwgk.mwr.gov.cn/zfxxgkml/201212/t20121214_335132.html?keywords=办水保.The Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China.The notice of General Office of Ministry of Water Resources about the districts of national soil and water conservation(try out):Soil conservation[2012]no.512[EB/OL].(2012-11-15)[2015-02-26].http:∥zwgk.mwr.gov.cn/zfxxgkml/201212/t20121214_335132.html?keywords=Soil conservation.(in Chinese)
[17]中华人民共和国水利部.水利部办公厅关于印发《全国水土保持规划国家级水土流失重点预防区和重点治理区复核划分成果》的通知:办水保[2013]188号[EB/OL].(2013-08-12)[2015-02-26].http:∥www.swcc.org.cn/desc.asp?id=35813.The Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China.The notice of General Office of Ministry of Water Resources about the national soil and water conservation planning at the national level key soil and water loss prevention area and the major control check results:Soil conservation[2013]no.188[EB/OL].(2013-08-12)[2015-02-26].http:∥www.swcc.org.cn/desc.asp?id=35813.(in Chinese)
[18]中华人民共和国水利部.北方土石山区水土流失综合治理技术标准:SL 665—2014[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2014:3-4.The Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China.Technical standards of comprehensive control of soil and water loss of soil in the north mountain region:SL 665-2014[S].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2014:3-4.(in Chinese)
[19]中华人民共和国国家标准.土地利用现状分类:GB/T21010—2007[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007:2-5.The state standard of the People's Republic of China.Current land use classification:GB/T 21010-2007[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2007:2-5.(in Chinese)
[20]Wessels K J,Prince S D,Malherbe J,et al.Can human-induced land degradation be distinguished from the effects of rainfall variability?A case study in South Africa[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2007,68(2):271.
[21]Dymond J R,Stephens P R,Newsome P F,et al.Percentage vegetation cover of a degrading rangeland from SPOT[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1992,13(11):1999.
[22]Aubert M,Alard D,Bureau F.Diversity of plant assemblages in managed temperate forests:a case study in Normandy(France)[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2003,175:321.
[23]刘顺生,胡续礼,袁利,等.人为干扰活动对沂蒙山区麻栎林群落结构和水文性能的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(2):29.Liu Shunsheng,Hu Xuli,Yuan Li,et al.Impact of human disturbance on community structure and hydrological functions of Quercus acutissima forest in Yimeng Mountain area[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,12(2):29.(in Chinese)
[24]莫江明,彭少麟,Brown S,等.鼎湖山马尾松林群落生物量生产对人为干扰的响应[J].生态学报,2004,24(2):193.Mo Jiangming,Peng Shaolin,Brown S,et al.Response of biomass production to human impacts in a pine forest in subtropical China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(2):193.(in Chinese)