再分析土壤温湿度资料在青藏高原地区适用性的分析
|
摘要
利用2010-2016年中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院青藏高原土壤温度与湿度监测网观测数据在不同气候区和植被条件的4个地区(阿里、狮泉河、那曲和玛曲)对8套土壤温湿度再分析产品(ERA-Interim、CFSR、CFSv2、JRA-55、GLDAS-NOAH、GLDAS-CLM、GLDAS-MOS和GLDAS-VIC)进行对比分析,使用相关系数、均方根误差、平均偏差、无偏均方根误差和标准差比等统计参数综合比较各土壤温湿度产品对观测值的模拟性能,寻找适用于青藏高原地区的长时间大尺度土壤温湿度产品。结果表明:对于土壤温度,GLDAS-CLM产品在大部分站点能够合理再现两层(0~10 cm和10~40 cm)土壤温度随时间的动态过程和变化细节,虽然结果略高估观测土壤温度值,但在数值上与观测值较为接近,并且与观测值呈显著正相关关系。对于土壤湿度,土壤冻结期再分析产品不能表现土壤湿度的动态变化特征;非冻结期GLDAS-NOAH和GLDAS-CLM产品能够较好的刻画各地区两层土壤湿度随时间变化的动态过程特征,不论在误差统计量还是相关性方面都表现为最优值。GLDAS-MOS、GLDASVIC、ERA-interim和CFSv2产品虽然在一定程度上能够展现部分地区土壤湿度的变化趋势,但对观测值的刻画效果并不理想,而JRA-55产品无法描绘各地区土壤温湿度变化。
In this paper,according to the observation data of the monitoring network in four areas( Nagri,Shi quanhe,Nagqu,Maqu) in different climate zones and vegetation conditions of 8 sets of soil moisture( ERA-Interim,CFSR,CFSv2,JRA-55,GLDAS-NOAH,GLDAS-CLM,GLDAS-MOS,GLDAS-VIC),we compared and analyzed the data of soil temperature and moisture from Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource,during 2010-2016,Using correlation coefficient( R),root mean square error( RMSE),mean bias( Bias),unbiased mean-square root error( ubRMSE) and standard deviation ratio( SDV),to compare the simulation performance of the soil moisture products to the observed values. Then searching for the long and large scale soil temperature and moisture products that suitable for the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. For soil moisture,the GLDASCLMproduct can reproduce the dynamic process and change details of the two layers of soil moisture over time.Although the result is higher than the observed soil temperature,it is the closest to the observed value,and has a close relationship with the observed value. Soil freezing period cannot showthe dynamic characteristics of soil moisture,but the dynamic process characteristics of the two layers of soil moisture changes over time can characterized by non-freezing period products( GLDAS-NOAH and GLDAS-CLM),which showed the best in both error statistics and correlations. GLDAS-MOS,GLDAS-VIC,ERA-interim and CFSv2 products are not ideal to depict the value of an observation,although to a certain extent they can showparts of the change trend of soil moisture,and JRA-55 products cannot describe regional soil temperature and moisture.
In this paper,according to the observation data of the monitoring network in four areas( Nagri,Shi quanhe,Nagqu,Maqu) in different climate zones and vegetation conditions of 8 sets of soil moisture( ERA-Interim,CFSR,CFSv2,JRA-55,GLDAS-NOAH,GLDAS-CLM,GLDAS-MOS,GLDAS-VIC),we compared and analyzed the data of soil temperature and moisture from Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource,during 2010-2016,Using correlation coefficient( R),root mean square error( RMSE),mean bias( Bias),unbiased mean-square root error( ubRMSE) and standard deviation ratio( SDV),to compare the simulation performance of the soil moisture products to the observed values. Then searching for the long and large scale soil temperature and moisture products that suitable for the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. For soil moisture,the GLDASCLMproduct can reproduce the dynamic process and change details of the two layers of soil moisture over time.Although the result is higher than the observed soil temperature,it is the closest to the observed value,and has a close relationship with the observed value. Soil freezing period cannot showthe dynamic characteristics of soil moisture,but the dynamic process characteristics of the two layers of soil moisture changes over time can characterized by non-freezing period products( GLDAS-NOAH and GLDAS-CLM),which showed the best in both error statistics and correlations. GLDAS-MOS,GLDAS-VIC,ERA-interim and CFSv2 products are not ideal to depict the value of an observation,although to a certain extent they can showparts of the change trend of soil moisture,and JRA-55 products cannot describe regional soil temperature and moisture.
引文
Albergel C,Dorigo W,Reichle R H,et al,2013.Skill and global trend analysis of soil moisture from reanalysis and microwave remote sensing[J].J Hydrometeor,14(4):1259-1277.
Chen Y Y,Yang K,Qin J,et al,2013.Evaluation of AMSR-E retrievals and GLDAS simulations against observations of a soil moisture network on the central Tibetan Plateau[J].J Geophys Res,118(10):4466-4475.
Chen L,Shi J,Wigneron J P,et al,2010.A parameterized surface emission model at L-band for soil moisture retrieval[J].IEEEGeosci Remote Sens Lett,7(1):127-130.
Dee D P,Uppala S M,Simmons A J,et al,2011.The ERA-Interim reanalysis:Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,137(656):553-597.
Dobson MC,Ulaby F T,Hallikainen MT,et al,1985.Microwave dielectric behavior of wet soil-Part II:Dielectric mixing models[J].IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,23(1):35-46.
Ebita A,Kobayashi S,Ota Y,et al,2011.The Japanese 55-year Reanalysis“JRA-55”:an interim report[J].Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere,7:149-152
Entekhabi D,Reichl R H,Koster R D,et al,2010.Performance metrics for soil moisture retrievals and application requirements[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,11:832-840.
Zeng J Y,Zhen L A,Chen Q,et al,2015.Evaluation of remotely sensed and reanalysis soil moisture products overthe Tibetan Plateau using in-situ observations[J].Remote Sens Environ,34(3):91-110.
Rodell M,Houser P R,Jambor U,et al,2004.The global land data assimilation system[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,85(3):381-394.
Saha S,Moorthi S,Pan H L,et al,2010.The NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,91(8):1015-1057.
Su Z,De R P,Wen J,et al,2013.Evaluation of ECMWF's soil moisture analyses using observations on the Tibetan Plateau[J]J Geophys Res,118(11):5304-5318.
Taylor K E,2001.Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram[J].J Geophys Res,106:7183-7192.
Wen J,Su Z,Ma Y,2003.Determination of land surface temperature and soil moisture from tropical rainfall measuring mission/microwave imager remote sensing data[J].J Geophys Res,108(D2):4308.DOI:10.1029/2002JD002176.
Xu W X,Gu S,Zhao X Q,et al,2011.High positive correlation between soil temperature and NDVI from 1982 to 2006 in alpine meadowof the three-river source region on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo Information,13(4):528-535.
Yang K,Qin J,Zhao L,et al,2013.A multi-scale soil moisture and freeze-thawmonitoring network on the third pole[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,94(12):1907-1916.
Zhao L,Ping C L,Yang D Q,et al,2004.Changes of climate and seasonally frozen ground over the past 30 years in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China[J].Global and Planetary Change,43(1-2):19-31.
Zou H,Zhu J,Zhou L,et al,2014.Validation and application of reanalysis temperature data over the Tibetan Plateau[J].J Meteor Res,28(1):139-149.
常燕,吕世华,罗斯琼,等,2016.CMIP5耦合模式对青藏高原冻土变化的模拟和预估[J].高原气象,35(5):1157-1168.Chang Y,LüS H,Luo S Q,et al,2016.Evaluation and projections of permafrost on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau by CMIP5 coupled climate models[J].Plateau Meteor,35(5):1157-1168.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00090.
陈渤黎,吕世华,罗斯琼,2012.CLM3.5模式对青藏高原玛曲站陆面过程的数值模拟研究[J].高原气象,31(6):1511-1522.Chen B L,LüS H,Luo S Q,2012.Simulation analysis on land surface process at Maqu station in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau using community land model[J].Plateau Meteor,31(6):1511-1522.
陈海山,孙照渤,2005.青藏高原单点地气交换过程的模拟试验[J],高原气象,24(1):9-15.Chen H S,Sun Z B,2005.Simulation of land-atmosphere exchange processes at amdoand gaize stations over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,24(1):9-15.
陈金雷,文军,刘蓉,等,2017.黄河源区土壤和大气温湿变化特征[J].应用气象学报,28(1):98-108.Chen J L,Wen J,Liu R,et al,2017.Variation characteristics of soil temperature&moistureand air parameters in the source region of the YellowRiver[J].JAppl Meteor Sci,28(1):98-108.DOI:10.11898/1001-7313.20170109.
葛骏,余晔,李振朝,等,2016.青藏高原多年冻土区土壤冻融过程对地表能量通量的影响研究[J].高原气象,35(3):608-620.Ge J,Yu Y,Li Z C,et al,2016.Impacts of freeze/thawprocess on land surface energy fluxes in the permafrost region of QinghaiXizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,35(3):608-620.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2016.00032.
李明星,马柱国,杜继稳,2010.区域土壤湿度模拟检验和趋势分析-以陕西省为例[J],中国科学(地球科学),40(3):363-379.Li MX,Ma Z G,Du J W,2010.Regional soil moisture simulation for Shaanxi Province using SWAT model v Nagridation and trend analysis[J].Sci China(Earth Sci),40(3):363-379.
李巧萍,丁一汇,董文杰,2007.土壤湿度异常对区域短期气候影响的数值模拟试验[J].应用气象学报,18(1):1-11.Li Q P,Ding Y H,Dong W J,2007.A numerical study on effects of the soil moisture upon the regional short-term climate[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,18(1):1-11.
李瑞青,吕世华,韩博,等,2012.青藏高原东部三种再分析资料与地面气温观测资料的对比分析[J].高原气象,31(6):1488-1502.Li R Q,LüS H,Han B,et al,2012.Preliminary comparison and analyses of air temperature at 2 m height between three reanalysis products-sets and observationin the east of Qinghai-Xiang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,31(6):1488-1502.
梁晓,郑小谷,戴永久,等,2014.En KF中误差协方差优化方法及在资料同化中应用[J].应用气象学报,25(4):397-405.Liang X,Zheng X G,Dai Y J,et al,2014.A method of improving error covariances in En KF and its application to data assimilation[J].J App Meteor Sci,25(4):397-405.
刘川,余晔,解晋,等,2015.多套土壤温湿度资料在青藏高原的适用性[J].高原气象,34(3):653-665.Liu C,Yu Y,Xie J,et al,2015.Applicability of soil temperature and moisture in several datasets over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,34(3):653-665.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00034.
马柱国,符淙斌,谢力,等,2001.土壤湿度和气候变化关系研究中的某些问题[J].地球科学进展,16(4):563-568.Ma Z G,Fu C B,Xie L,et al,2001.Some problemsinthe studyon the relationship between soil moistureand climatic chance[J].Adv Earth Sci,16(4):563-568.
王青霞,吕世华,鲍艳,等,2014.青藏高原不同时间尺度植被变化特征及其与气候因子的关系分析[J].高原气象,33(2):301-312.Wang Q X,LüS H,Bao Y,et al,2014.Characteristics of vegetation change and its relationship with climate factors in different time-scales on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,33(2):301-312.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00002.
吴国雄,张永生,1999.青藏高原的热力和机械强迫作用以及亚洲季风的爆发:Ⅱ爆发时间[J].大气科学,23(1):51-61.Wu GX,Zhang Y S,1999.Thermal and mechanical forcing of the Tibetan Plateau and the Asian monsoon onset.PartⅡ:Time of the onset[J].Chinese J Atmos Sci,23(1):51-61.
杨梅学,姚檀栋,1998.青藏高原雪盖对亚洲季风影响研究进展[J].冰川冻土,20(2):186-192.Yang MX,Yao T D,1998.A reviewof the study on the impavt of snowcover in the Tibetan Plateau on Asian monsoon[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,20(2):186-192.
张永生,吴国雄,1998.关于亚洲季风爆发及北半球季节突变的物理机理的诊断分析:Ⅰ季风爆发的阶段性特征[J].气象学报,56(5):513-527.Zhang Y S,Wu G X,1998.Diagnostic investigations of Mechanism of onset of Asian summer monsoon and abrupt seasonal transitions over Northern Hemisphere PartⅠ[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,56(5):513-528.
中国科学院中国植被图编辑委员会,2001.中国植被图集1∶1 000 000[Z].北京:科学出版社.Editorial Committee for Vegetation Map of China,2001.Vegetation atlas of China1∶1 000 000[Z].Beijing:Science Press.
Chen Y Y,Yang K,Qin J,et al,2013.Evaluation of AMSR-E retrievals and GLDAS simulations against observations of a soil moisture network on the central Tibetan Plateau[J].J Geophys Res,118(10):4466-4475.
Chen L,Shi J,Wigneron J P,et al,2010.A parameterized surface emission model at L-band for soil moisture retrieval[J].IEEEGeosci Remote Sens Lett,7(1):127-130.
Dee D P,Uppala S M,Simmons A J,et al,2011.The ERA-Interim reanalysis:Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,137(656):553-597.
Dobson MC,Ulaby F T,Hallikainen MT,et al,1985.Microwave dielectric behavior of wet soil-Part II:Dielectric mixing models[J].IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,23(1):35-46.
Ebita A,Kobayashi S,Ota Y,et al,2011.The Japanese 55-year Reanalysis“JRA-55”:an interim report[J].Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere,7:149-152
Entekhabi D,Reichl R H,Koster R D,et al,2010.Performance metrics for soil moisture retrievals and application requirements[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,11:832-840.
Zeng J Y,Zhen L A,Chen Q,et al,2015.Evaluation of remotely sensed and reanalysis soil moisture products overthe Tibetan Plateau using in-situ observations[J].Remote Sens Environ,34(3):91-110.
Rodell M,Houser P R,Jambor U,et al,2004.The global land data assimilation system[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,85(3):381-394.
Saha S,Moorthi S,Pan H L,et al,2010.The NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,91(8):1015-1057.
Su Z,De R P,Wen J,et al,2013.Evaluation of ECMWF's soil moisture analyses using observations on the Tibetan Plateau[J]J Geophys Res,118(11):5304-5318.
Taylor K E,2001.Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram[J].J Geophys Res,106:7183-7192.
Wen J,Su Z,Ma Y,2003.Determination of land surface temperature and soil moisture from tropical rainfall measuring mission/microwave imager remote sensing data[J].J Geophys Res,108(D2):4308.DOI:10.1029/2002JD002176.
Xu W X,Gu S,Zhao X Q,et al,2011.High positive correlation between soil temperature and NDVI from 1982 to 2006 in alpine meadowof the three-river source region on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo Information,13(4):528-535.
Yang K,Qin J,Zhao L,et al,2013.A multi-scale soil moisture and freeze-thawmonitoring network on the third pole[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,94(12):1907-1916.
Zhao L,Ping C L,Yang D Q,et al,2004.Changes of climate and seasonally frozen ground over the past 30 years in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China[J].Global and Planetary Change,43(1-2):19-31.
Zou H,Zhu J,Zhou L,et al,2014.Validation and application of reanalysis temperature data over the Tibetan Plateau[J].J Meteor Res,28(1):139-149.
常燕,吕世华,罗斯琼,等,2016.CMIP5耦合模式对青藏高原冻土变化的模拟和预估[J].高原气象,35(5):1157-1168.Chang Y,LüS H,Luo S Q,et al,2016.Evaluation and projections of permafrost on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau by CMIP5 coupled climate models[J].Plateau Meteor,35(5):1157-1168.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00090.
陈渤黎,吕世华,罗斯琼,2012.CLM3.5模式对青藏高原玛曲站陆面过程的数值模拟研究[J].高原气象,31(6):1511-1522.Chen B L,LüS H,Luo S Q,2012.Simulation analysis on land surface process at Maqu station in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau using community land model[J].Plateau Meteor,31(6):1511-1522.
陈海山,孙照渤,2005.青藏高原单点地气交换过程的模拟试验[J],高原气象,24(1):9-15.Chen H S,Sun Z B,2005.Simulation of land-atmosphere exchange processes at amdoand gaize stations over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,24(1):9-15.
陈金雷,文军,刘蓉,等,2017.黄河源区土壤和大气温湿变化特征[J].应用气象学报,28(1):98-108.Chen J L,Wen J,Liu R,et al,2017.Variation characteristics of soil temperature&moistureand air parameters in the source region of the YellowRiver[J].JAppl Meteor Sci,28(1):98-108.DOI:10.11898/1001-7313.20170109.
葛骏,余晔,李振朝,等,2016.青藏高原多年冻土区土壤冻融过程对地表能量通量的影响研究[J].高原气象,35(3):608-620.Ge J,Yu Y,Li Z C,et al,2016.Impacts of freeze/thawprocess on land surface energy fluxes in the permafrost region of QinghaiXizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,35(3):608-620.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2016.00032.
李明星,马柱国,杜继稳,2010.区域土壤湿度模拟检验和趋势分析-以陕西省为例[J],中国科学(地球科学),40(3):363-379.Li MX,Ma Z G,Du J W,2010.Regional soil moisture simulation for Shaanxi Province using SWAT model v Nagridation and trend analysis[J].Sci China(Earth Sci),40(3):363-379.
李巧萍,丁一汇,董文杰,2007.土壤湿度异常对区域短期气候影响的数值模拟试验[J].应用气象学报,18(1):1-11.Li Q P,Ding Y H,Dong W J,2007.A numerical study on effects of the soil moisture upon the regional short-term climate[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,18(1):1-11.
李瑞青,吕世华,韩博,等,2012.青藏高原东部三种再分析资料与地面气温观测资料的对比分析[J].高原气象,31(6):1488-1502.Li R Q,LüS H,Han B,et al,2012.Preliminary comparison and analyses of air temperature at 2 m height between three reanalysis products-sets and observationin the east of Qinghai-Xiang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,31(6):1488-1502.
梁晓,郑小谷,戴永久,等,2014.En KF中误差协方差优化方法及在资料同化中应用[J].应用气象学报,25(4):397-405.Liang X,Zheng X G,Dai Y J,et al,2014.A method of improving error covariances in En KF and its application to data assimilation[J].J App Meteor Sci,25(4):397-405.
刘川,余晔,解晋,等,2015.多套土壤温湿度资料在青藏高原的适用性[J].高原气象,34(3):653-665.Liu C,Yu Y,Xie J,et al,2015.Applicability of soil temperature and moisture in several datasets over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,34(3):653-665.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00034.
马柱国,符淙斌,谢力,等,2001.土壤湿度和气候变化关系研究中的某些问题[J].地球科学进展,16(4):563-568.Ma Z G,Fu C B,Xie L,et al,2001.Some problemsinthe studyon the relationship between soil moistureand climatic chance[J].Adv Earth Sci,16(4):563-568.
王青霞,吕世华,鲍艳,等,2014.青藏高原不同时间尺度植被变化特征及其与气候因子的关系分析[J].高原气象,33(2):301-312.Wang Q X,LüS H,Bao Y,et al,2014.Characteristics of vegetation change and its relationship with climate factors in different time-scales on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,33(2):301-312.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00002.
吴国雄,张永生,1999.青藏高原的热力和机械强迫作用以及亚洲季风的爆发:Ⅱ爆发时间[J].大气科学,23(1):51-61.Wu GX,Zhang Y S,1999.Thermal and mechanical forcing of the Tibetan Plateau and the Asian monsoon onset.PartⅡ:Time of the onset[J].Chinese J Atmos Sci,23(1):51-61.
杨梅学,姚檀栋,1998.青藏高原雪盖对亚洲季风影响研究进展[J].冰川冻土,20(2):186-192.Yang MX,Yao T D,1998.A reviewof the study on the impavt of snowcover in the Tibetan Plateau on Asian monsoon[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,20(2):186-192.
张永生,吴国雄,1998.关于亚洲季风爆发及北半球季节突变的物理机理的诊断分析:Ⅰ季风爆发的阶段性特征[J].气象学报,56(5):513-527.Zhang Y S,Wu G X,1998.Diagnostic investigations of Mechanism of onset of Asian summer monsoon and abrupt seasonal transitions over Northern Hemisphere PartⅠ[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,56(5):513-528.
中国科学院中国植被图编辑委员会,2001.中国植被图集1∶1 000 000[Z].北京:科学出版社.Editorial Committee for Vegetation Map of China,2001.Vegetation atlas of China1∶1 000 000[Z].Beijing:Science Press.