大柳塔煤矿区植被恢复适度人工干预与调控研究
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摘要
干旱半干旱煤矿区生态环境脆弱,植被恢复周期长、难度高,故适度人工干预对植被恢复意义重大。研究通过解译大柳塔煤矿区1988—2016年7期植被生长状况良好的遥感影像数据,基于人工沙柳种植数量与成排种植程度,划分人工干预Ⅰ～Ⅵ等级并确定各样点位置。通过比较不同人工干预等级下植被覆盖变化趋势及恢复状况,构建煤矿区植被恢复适度人工干预等级与植被恢复的关系模型,并计算误差系数(EC)检验模型合理性。结果表明,该模型平均EC为-0.12%,平均EC绝对值低于5.80%,能较客观反映各人工干预等级植被覆盖度加权平均值(T)随时间的推移变化;Ⅳ级(33.54%)与Ⅲ级(33.45%)能够较快接近T值阈值(35%),即人工栽植沙柳面积约15%～25%且基本成排栽植时,植被恢复能较快达到最佳状态;1988—2016年间,中等干预(Ⅲ、Ⅳ级)的T值散点分布最密集,植被恢复稳定性更高;人工干预植被恢复多靠近人类活动区,且植被恢复效果较好,远离村庄区基本无人工干预。基于该研究结果,建议参考Ⅲ级干预模式开展植被恢复,为低耗高效地完成煤矿区植被恢复提供理论依据。
In arid and semi-arid coal mine areas,the environment is usually fragile and vegetation recovery is difficult with a long recovery cycle. It is important to study the role of moderate human intervention and regulation in the process of vegetation recovery in such areas. In the case study of the Daliuta coal mine area,seven remote sensing images acquired during 1988-2016 were interpreted for the vegetation growth. The locations of samples at different human intervention levels( Ⅰ-Ⅵ) were determined based on the situation of planted Salix psammophila,and the trend of vegetation coverage was compared with contrasting intervention to model vegetation restoration for coal mine areas with human intervention and regulation. The error coefficient was also calculated to assess the validity of the model. Results show that:( 1) The average EC was -0. 12% while the absolute average EC was below 5. 80%,which proves that the model is acceptable and valid.( 2) The intervention levels of Ⅳ( 33. 54%) and Ⅲ( 33. 45%) approached the T value thresholds( 35%) faster. When the area for rows of Salix psammophila accounted for 15% to 25%,the vegetation restoration reached optimal conditions quickly.( 3) The scattered distribution of the T value was more intensive and the stability of vegetation restoration was higher under the medium intervention( Ⅲ and Ⅳ) in the period of 1988-2016.( 4) Human intervention mostly occurred near the areas with human activities,and almost did not exist in remote locations. Based on the results,it is proposed to implement the Ⅲ level intervention for vegetation restoration. The study provides a theoretical basis for low-cost and highefficiency vegetation restoration in coal mine areas.
In arid and semi-arid coal mine areas,the environment is usually fragile and vegetation recovery is difficult with a long recovery cycle. It is important to study the role of moderate human intervention and regulation in the process of vegetation recovery in such areas. In the case study of the Daliuta coal mine area,seven remote sensing images acquired during 1988-2016 were interpreted for the vegetation growth. The locations of samples at different human intervention levels( Ⅰ-Ⅵ) were determined based on the situation of planted Salix psammophila,and the trend of vegetation coverage was compared with contrasting intervention to model vegetation restoration for coal mine areas with human intervention and regulation. The error coefficient was also calculated to assess the validity of the model. Results show that:( 1) The average EC was -0. 12% while the absolute average EC was below 5. 80%,which proves that the model is acceptable and valid.( 2) The intervention levels of Ⅳ( 33. 54%) and Ⅲ( 33. 45%) approached the T value thresholds( 35%) faster. When the area for rows of Salix psammophila accounted for 15% to 25%,the vegetation restoration reached optimal conditions quickly.( 3) The scattered distribution of the T value was more intensive and the stability of vegetation restoration was higher under the medium intervention( Ⅲ and Ⅳ) in the period of 1988-2016.( 4) Human intervention mostly occurred near the areas with human activities,and almost did not exist in remote locations. Based on the results,it is proposed to implement the Ⅲ level intervention for vegetation restoration. The study provides a theoretical basis for low-cost and highefficiency vegetation restoration in coal mine areas.
引文
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[13]王藏姣,贾铎,雷少刚,等.基于时间分割算法的半干旱矿区植被动态特征分析[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(2):477-483.[WANG Cang-jiao,JIA Duo,LEI Shao-gang,et al.Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of Vegetation in Semi-Arid Mining Area Based on Time Trajectory Segmentation Algorithm[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(2):477-483.]
[14]郝建锋,朱云航,王德艺,等.人为干扰对川西北谢家山润楠次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(1):76-82.[HAO Jian-feng,ZHU Yun-hang,WANG De-yi,et al.Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on CommunityStructure and Species Diversity of a Secondary Machilu nanmu Forest in Xiejia Mountain,Northwest Sichuan[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(1):76-82.]
[15]郭宾.典型喀斯特区城市边缘地带人为干预强度与石漠化景观格局变化分析[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学,2014.[GUO Bin.Analysis of Typical Karst Urban Fringe Intensity of Human Intervention and Rocky Desertification Landscape Pattern Change[D].Guiyang:Guizhou Normal University,2014.]
[16]徐友宁,李智佩,陈社斌,等.大柳塔煤矿采煤塌陷对土地沙漠化进程的影响[J].中国地质,2008,35(1):157-162.[XU Youning,LI Zhi-pei,CHEN She-bin,et al.Effect of Coal Mining Collapses of the Daliuta Coal Mine on Land Desertification[J].Geology in China,2008,35(1):157-162.]
[17]卫亚星,王莉雯,刘闯.基于MODIS NDVI时序数据的青海省草地分级[J].资源科学,2008,30(5):688-693.[WEI Ya-xing,WANG Li-wen,LIU Chuang.Grassland Classification Based on MODIS NDVI Time Series Data in Qinghai Province[J].Resource Science,2008,30(5):688-693.]
[18]李苗苗,吴炳方,颜长珍,等.密云水库上游植被覆盖度的遥感估算[J].资源科学,2004,26(4):153-159.[LI Miao-miao,WU Bing-fang,YAN Chang-zhen,et al.Estimation of Vegetation Fraction in the Upper Basin of Miyun Reservoir by Remote Sensing[J].Resource Science,2004,26(4):153-159.]
[19]李向婷,白洁,李光录,等.新疆荒漠稀疏植被覆盖度信息遥感提取方法比较[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(3):502-511.[LI Xiang-ting,BAI Jie,LI Guang-lu,et al.Comparison of Methods Based on MODIS for Estimating Sparse Vegetation Fraction Across Desert in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(3):502-511.]
[20]李恒凯,雷军,杨柳.基于Landsat影像的离子稀土矿区植被覆盖度提取及景观格局分析[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(10):267-276.[LI Heng-kai,LEI Jun,YANG Liu.Extraction of Vegetation Coverage and Analysis of Landscape Pattern in Rare Earth Mining Area Based on Landsat Image[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(10):267-276.]
[21]美丽,都瓦拉,银山,等.基于植被覆盖特征的土地沙漠化敏感性评价:以乌珠穆沁草原为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(5):113-118.[MEI Li,DU Wa-la,YIN Shan,et al.Evaluation Vegetation on Land Desertification Sensitivity of Ujimqin Grassland Based on Cover Indicator[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(5):113-118.]
[22]马丽丽,田淑芳,王娜.基于层次分析与模糊数学综合评判法的矿区生态环境评价[J].国土资源遥感,2013,25(3):165-170.[MA Li-li,TIAN Shu-fang,WANG Na.Ecological Environment Evaluation of the Mining Area Based on Ahp and Fuzzy Mathematics[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,2013,25(3):165-170.]
[23]邓世赞,张友静,张子衡,等.基于IDL的MODIS影像地表蒸散发参数反演系统[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(4):447-451.[DENG Shi-zan,ZHANG You-jing,ZHANG Ziheng,et al.Inversion System of Surface Evapotranspiration Parameters for MODIS Data Based on IDL[J].Journal of Hehai University(Natural Sciences),2010,38(4):447-451.]
[2]徐明,张健,刘国彬,等.不同植被恢复模式沟谷地植被-土壤系统耦合关系评价[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(12):2137-2146.[XU Ming,ZHANG Jian,LIU Guo-bin,et al.Analysis on Vegetation-Soil Coupling Relationship in Gullies With Different Vegetation Restoration Patterns[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(12):2137-2146.]
[3]CHERRY D S,CURRIE R J,SOUCEK D J,et al.An Integrative Assessment of a Watershed Impacted by Abandoned Mined Land Discharges[J].Environmental Pollution,2001,111(3):377-388.
[4]王亚萍,刘文兆.基于Meta分析的神府榆采煤塌陷区植被变化研究[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(2):278-282,28.[WANG Ya-ping,LIU Wen-zhao.Meta-Analysis of the Characteristics of Vegetation Change in Subsidence Area of Shenfuyu Coal Mining[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,24(2):278-282,28.]
[5]MASEK J G,HUANG C Q,WOLFE R,et al.North American Forest Disturbance Mapped From a Decadal Landsat Record[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,112(6):2914-2926.
[6]HOLL K D.Long-Term Vegetation Recovery on Reclaimed Coal Surface Mines in the Eastern USA[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,39(6):960-970.
[7]HU Z Q,WANG P J,LI J.Ecological Restoration of Abandoned Mine Land in China[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,2012,3(4):289-296.
[8]李俊刚,闫庆武,熊集兵,等.贵州省煤矿区植被指数变化及其影响因子分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(3):374-378.[LI Jun-gang,YAN Qing-wu,XIONG Ji-bing,et al.Variation of Vegetation Index in Coal Mining Areas in Guizhou Province and Its Affecting Factors[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(3):374-378.]
[9]刘龙昌,贾娟,徐国瑞,等.煤矸石山植被自然恢复规律及其环境影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2014(增刊1):99-104.[LIU Long-chang,JIA Juan,XU Guo-rui,et al.Effects of Soil Properties on Vegetation Restoration in Coal-Gangue Pile[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2014(Suppl.1):99-104.]
[10]王金满,郭凌俐,白中科,等.黄土区露天煤矿排土场复垦后土壤与植被的演变规律[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(21):223-232.[WANG Jin-man,GUO Ling-li,BAI Zhong-ke,et al.Succession Law of Reclaimed Soil and Vegetation on Opencast Coal Mine Dump of Loess Area[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(21):223-232.]
[11]周莹,贺晓,徐军,等.半干旱区采煤沉陷对地表植被组成及多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4517-4525.[ZHOU Ying,HE Xiao,XU Jun,et al.Effects of Coal Mining Subsidence on Vegetation Composition and Plant Diversity in Semi-Arid Region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(8):4517-4525.]
[12]王丽,雷少刚,卞正富.多尺度矿区植被生态系统恢复力定量测度研究框架[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(5):76-80.[WANG Li,LEI Shao-gang,BIAN Zheng-fu.Research Framework for Quantitative Measurement of Mine Vegetation Ecosystem Resilience in Multi Scale[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(5):76-80.]
[13]王藏姣,贾铎,雷少刚,等.基于时间分割算法的半干旱矿区植被动态特征分析[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(2):477-483.[WANG Cang-jiao,JIA Duo,LEI Shao-gang,et al.Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of Vegetation in Semi-Arid Mining Area Based on Time Trajectory Segmentation Algorithm[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(2):477-483.]
[14]郝建锋,朱云航,王德艺,等.人为干扰对川西北谢家山润楠次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(1):76-82.[HAO Jian-feng,ZHU Yun-hang,WANG De-yi,et al.Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on CommunityStructure and Species Diversity of a Secondary Machilu nanmu Forest in Xiejia Mountain,Northwest Sichuan[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(1):76-82.]
[15]郭宾.典型喀斯特区城市边缘地带人为干预强度与石漠化景观格局变化分析[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学,2014.[GUO Bin.Analysis of Typical Karst Urban Fringe Intensity of Human Intervention and Rocky Desertification Landscape Pattern Change[D].Guiyang:Guizhou Normal University,2014.]
[16]徐友宁,李智佩,陈社斌,等.大柳塔煤矿采煤塌陷对土地沙漠化进程的影响[J].中国地质,2008,35(1):157-162.[XU Youning,LI Zhi-pei,CHEN She-bin,et al.Effect of Coal Mining Collapses of the Daliuta Coal Mine on Land Desertification[J].Geology in China,2008,35(1):157-162.]
[17]卫亚星,王莉雯,刘闯.基于MODIS NDVI时序数据的青海省草地分级[J].资源科学,2008,30(5):688-693.[WEI Ya-xing,WANG Li-wen,LIU Chuang.Grassland Classification Based on MODIS NDVI Time Series Data in Qinghai Province[J].Resource Science,2008,30(5):688-693.]
[18]李苗苗,吴炳方,颜长珍,等.密云水库上游植被覆盖度的遥感估算[J].资源科学,2004,26(4):153-159.[LI Miao-miao,WU Bing-fang,YAN Chang-zhen,et al.Estimation of Vegetation Fraction in the Upper Basin of Miyun Reservoir by Remote Sensing[J].Resource Science,2004,26(4):153-159.]
[19]李向婷,白洁,李光录,等.新疆荒漠稀疏植被覆盖度信息遥感提取方法比较[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(3):502-511.[LI Xiang-ting,BAI Jie,LI Guang-lu,et al.Comparison of Methods Based on MODIS for Estimating Sparse Vegetation Fraction Across Desert in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(3):502-511.]
[20]李恒凯,雷军,杨柳.基于Landsat影像的离子稀土矿区植被覆盖度提取及景观格局分析[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(10):267-276.[LI Heng-kai,LEI Jun,YANG Liu.Extraction of Vegetation Coverage and Analysis of Landscape Pattern in Rare Earth Mining Area Based on Landsat Image[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(10):267-276.]
[21]美丽,都瓦拉,银山,等.基于植被覆盖特征的土地沙漠化敏感性评价:以乌珠穆沁草原为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(5):113-118.[MEI Li,DU Wa-la,YIN Shan,et al.Evaluation Vegetation on Land Desertification Sensitivity of Ujimqin Grassland Based on Cover Indicator[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(5):113-118.]
[22]马丽丽,田淑芳,王娜.基于层次分析与模糊数学综合评判法的矿区生态环境评价[J].国土资源遥感,2013,25(3):165-170.[MA Li-li,TIAN Shu-fang,WANG Na.Ecological Environment Evaluation of the Mining Area Based on Ahp and Fuzzy Mathematics[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,2013,25(3):165-170.]
[23]邓世赞,张友静,张子衡,等.基于IDL的MODIS影像地表蒸散发参数反演系统[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(4):447-451.[DENG Shi-zan,ZHANG You-jing,ZHANG Ziheng,et al.Inversion System of Surface Evapotranspiration Parameters for MODIS Data Based on IDL[J].Journal of Hehai University(Natural Sciences),2010,38(4):447-451.]