Combined effect of the QBO and ENSO on the MJO
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摘要
本文研究了平流层准两年振荡与ENSO对MJO的协同作用。结果显示:在拉尼娜/准两年振荡东风位相,起源于印度洋到达西太平洋的MJO要比在厄尔尼诺年强。但是在拉尼娜/准两年振荡西风位相,这种关系不复存在。原因在于ENSO和准两年振荡对MJO事件的影响不同。厄尔尼诺年西太平洋地区正水汽平流有利于MJO加强,而准两年振荡西风位相下海洋性大陆地区较强的日循环会使得海洋性大陆屏障作用增强。在厄尔尼诺年,尽管MJO在准两年振荡西风位相下会受到抑制,但是在到达西太平洋是都能得到加强。在拉尼娜/准双周振荡的西风位相下,海洋性大陆较强日循环和西太平洋不利的背景条件都会抑制MJO。
This study investigates the combined effect of the El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO) and stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation(QBO) on the Madden Julian Oscillation(MJO). The results show that the western Paci?c MJO originating from the Indian Ocean during La Ni?a/QBO easterly years is stronger than that during El Ni?o years. This relation, however, disappears during La Ni?a/QBO westerly years. The reason is that ENSO and the QBO have different effects on each MJO event. For an El Ni?o year, there is only about one MJO event, and the QBO effect is small. During a La Ni?a/QBO easterly year, there are 1.7 MJO events, while during a La Ni?a/QBO westerly year, there are only 0.6 MJO events. El Ni?o can reinforce the MJO over the western Paci?c because of the positive moisture advection of the El Ni?o mean state by MJO easterly wind anomalies. The QBO mainly affects the MJO over the Maritime Continent region by changing the high-cloud-controlled diurnal cycle; and the Maritime Continent barrier effect is enhanced during the QBO westerly phase because of the strong diurnal cycle. During El Ni?o years, even the MJO over the Maritime Continent is suppressed by the QBO westerly phase; the MJO can be reinforced over the western Paci?c. During La Ni?a/QBO westerly years,the MJO over the Maritime Continent is suppressed because of the strong Maritime Continent diurnal cycle, and it is further suppressed over the western Paci?c because of the lack of a reinforcement process.
This study investigates the combined effect of the El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO) and stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation(QBO) on the Madden Julian Oscillation(MJO). The results show that the western Paci?c MJO originating from the Indian Ocean during La Ni?a/QBO easterly years is stronger than that during El Ni?o years. This relation, however, disappears during La Ni?a/QBO westerly years. The reason is that ENSO and the QBO have different effects on each MJO event. For an El Ni?o year, there is only about one MJO event, and the QBO effect is small. During a La Ni?a/QBO easterly year, there are 1.7 MJO events, while during a La Ni?a/QBO westerly year, there are only 0.6 MJO events. El Ni?o can reinforce the MJO over the western Paci?c because of the positive moisture advection of the El Ni?o mean state by MJO easterly wind anomalies. The QBO mainly affects the MJO over the Maritime Continent region by changing the high-cloud-controlled diurnal cycle; and the Maritime Continent barrier effect is enhanced during the QBO westerly phase because of the strong diurnal cycle. During El Ni?o years, even the MJO over the Maritime Continent is suppressed by the QBO westerly phase; the MJO can be reinforced over the western Paci?c. During La Ni?a/QBO westerly years,the MJO over the Maritime Continent is suppressed because of the strong Maritime Continent diurnal cycle, and it is further suppressed over the western Paci?c because of the lack of a reinforcement process.
引文
Baldwin,M.P.,L.J.Gray,T.J.Dunkerton,K.Hamilton,P.H.Haynes W.J.Randel,J.R.Holton,M.J.Alexander,I.Hirota,and T.Horinouchi.2001.“The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation.”Reviews of Geophysics 39(2):179-229.doi:10.1029/1999RG000073.
Collimore,C.C.,D.W.Martin,M.H.Hitchman,A.Huesmann and D.E.Waliser.2003.“On the Relationship between the QBO and Tropical Deep Convection.”Journal of Climate 16(15):2552-2568.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2552otrbtq>2.0.co;2.
Dee,D.P.,S.M.Uppala,A.J.Simmons,P.Berrisford,P.Poli S.Kobayashi,U.Andrae,M.A.Balmaseda,G.Balsamo,and P.Bauer.2011.“The ERA-Interim Reanalysis:Configuration and Performance of the Data Assimilation System.”Quarterly Journal of the royal meteorological society 137(656):553-597.doi:10.1002/qj.828.
Deser,C.,M.A.Alexander,S.P.Xie,and A.S.Phillips.2010“Sea Surface Temperature Variability:Patterns and Mechanisms.”Annual Review of Marine Science 2(1):115doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120408-151453.
Feng,J.,P.Liu,W.Chen,and X.C.Wang.2014.“Contrasting Madden-Julian Oscillation Activity during Various Stages of EPand CP El Ni?os.”Atmospheric Science Letters.doi:10.1002/asl2.516.
Gualdi,S.,A.Navarra,and G.Tinarelli.1999.“The Interannua Variability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in an Ensemble of GCM Simulations.”Climate Dynamics 15(9):643-658doi:10.1007/s003820050307.
Gushchina,D.,and B.Dewitte.2012.“Intraseasonal Tropica Atmospheric Variability Associated with the Two Flavors of El Ni?o.”Monthly Weather Review 140(11):3669-3681doi:10.1175/mwr-d-11-00267.1.
Hagos,S.M.,C.Zhang,Z.Feng,C.D.Burleyson,C.D.Mott B.Kerns,J.J.Benedict,and M.N.Martini.2016.“The Impact of the Diurnal Cycle on the Propagation of Madden-Julian Oscillation Convection across the Maritime Continent.”Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 8(4)1552-1564.doi:10.1002/2016MS000725.
Hendon,H.H.,C.Zhang,and J.D.Glick.1999.“Interannua Variation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation during Austra Summer.”Journal of Climate 12(8):2538-2550.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2538:ivotmj>2.0.co;2.
Hood,L.2017.“QBO/Solar Modulation of the Boreal Winter Madden-Julian Oscillation:A Prediction for the Coming Solar Minimum.”Paper presented at the EGU Genera Assembly Conference,Vienna.doi:10.1002/2017gl072832.
Huffman,G.J.,R.F.Adler,P.Arkin,A.Chang,R.Ferraro A.Gruber,J.Janowiak,A.Mcnab,B.Rudolf,and U.Schneider.1997.“The Global Precipitation Climatology Project(GPCP)Combined Precipitation Dataset.”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78(1):5-20doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0005:tgpcpg>2.0.co;2.
Kessler,W.S.2001.“EOF Representations of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and Its Connection with ENSO.”Journal of Climate14(14):3055-3061.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3055erotmj>2.0.co;2.
Lawrence,D.M.,and P.J.Webster.2010.“Interannua Variations of the Intraseasonal Oscillation in the South Asian Summer Monsoon Region.”Journal of Climate 14(13):2910-2922.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2910ivotio>2.0.co;2.
Liebmann,B.,and C.A.Smith.1996.“Description of a Complete(Interpolated)Outgoing Longwave Radiation Dataset.”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 77(6):1275-1277.
Liess,S.,L.Bengtsson,and K.Arpe.2004.“The Intraseasona Oscillation in ECHAM4 Part I:Coupled to a Comprehensive Ocean Model.”Climate Dynamics 22(6-7):653-669doi:10.1007/s00382-004-0406-0.
Ling,J.,P.Bauer,P.Bechtold,A.Beljaars,R.Forbes,F.Vitart M.Ulate,and C.Zhang.2014.“Global versus Local MJOForecast Skill of the ECMWF Model during DYNAMO.”Monthly Weather Review 142(6):2228-2247.doi:10.1175/mwr-d-13-00292.1.
Liu,F.,T.Li,H.Wang,L.Deng,and Y.W.Zhang.2016a“Modulation of Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillations over the Western North Pacific by ENSO.”Journal of Climate 29(20):7189-7201.doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0831.1.
Liu,F.,and B.Wang.2016.“Role of Horizontal Advection of Seasonal-Mean Moisture in the Madden-Julian Oscillation A Theoretical Model Analysis.”Journal of Climate 29(17)6277-6293.doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0078.1.
Liu,F.,L.Zhou,J.Ling,X.Fu,and G.Huang.2016b“Relationship between SST Anomalies and the Intensity of Intraseasonal Variability.”Theoretical&Applied Climatology124(3-4):1-8.doi:10.1007/s00704-015-1458-2.
Madden,R.A.,and P.R.Julian.1971.“Detection of a 40-50 Day Oscillation in the Zonal Wind in the Tropical Pacific.”Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 28(5):702-708doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0702:doadoi>2.0.co;2.
Marshall,A.G.,H.H.Hendon,S.W.Son,and Y.Lim.2016“Impact of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on Predictability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation.”Climate Dynamics 49:1-13doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3392-0.
Moon,J.Y.,B.Wang,and K.J.Ha.2011.“ENSO Regulation of MJO Teleconnection.”Climate Dynamics 37(5-6)1133-1149.doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0902-3.
Nishimoto,E.,and S.Yoden.2017.“Influence of the Stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on the Madden-Julian Oscillation during Austral Summer.”Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 744.doi:10.1175/jas-d-16-0205.1.
Pang,B.,Z.Chen,Z.Wen,and L.U.Riyu.2016.“Impacts of Two Types of El Ni(N)O on the MJO during Boreal Winter.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 33(8):979-986doi:10.1007/s00376-016-5272-2.
Rayner,N.A.,D.E.Parker,E.B.Horton,C.K.Folland L.V.Alexander,D.P.Rowell,E.C.Kent,and A.Kaplan2003.“Global Analyses of Sea Surface Temperature,Sea Ice,and Night Marine Air Temperature since the Late Nineteenth Century.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 108:D14.doi:10.1029/2002JD002670.
Salby,M.L.,and H.H.Hendon.1994.“Intraseasonal Behavior of Clouds,Temperature,and Motion in the Tropics.”Journa of the Atmospheric Sciences 51(15):2207-2224doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2207:ibocta>2.0.co;2.
Son,S.,Y.Lim,C.Yoo,H.Hendon,and J.Kim.2016“Stratospheric Control of Madden-Julian Oscillation and Its Teleconnection.”EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts,Vienna.Vol.19.2017.
Son,S.-W.,Y.Lim,C.Yoo,H.Hendon,and J.Kim.2017“Stratospheric Control of the Madden-Julian Oscillation.”Journal of Climate 30(6):1909-1922.doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0620.1.
Waliser,D.E.,Z.Zhang,K.M.Lau,and J.H.Kim.2010“Interannual Sea Surface Temperature Variability and the Predictability of Tropical Intraseasonal Variability.”Journa of the Atmospheric Sciences 58(58):2596-2615doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2596:isstva>2.0.co;2.
Yoo,C.,and S.W.Son.2016.“Modulation of the Borea Wintertime Madden-Julian Oscillation by the Stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation.”Geophysical Research Letters 43(3):1392-1398.doi:10.1002/2016gl067762.
Zhang,C.2005.“Madden-Julian Oscillation.”Reviews of Geophysics 43(2).doi:10.1029/2004RG000158.
Zhang,C.,and J.Ling.2017.“Barrier Effect of the Indo-Pacific Maritime Continent on the MJO:Perspectives from Tracking MJO Precipitation.”Journal of Climate 30(9):3439-3459doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0614.1.
Zhang,C.,and B.Zhang.2018.“QBO-MJO Connection.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres.doi:10.1002/2017jd028171.
Collimore,C.C.,D.W.Martin,M.H.Hitchman,A.Huesmann and D.E.Waliser.2003.“On the Relationship between the QBO and Tropical Deep Convection.”Journal of Climate 16(15):2552-2568.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2552otrbtq>2.0.co;2.
Dee,D.P.,S.M.Uppala,A.J.Simmons,P.Berrisford,P.Poli S.Kobayashi,U.Andrae,M.A.Balmaseda,G.Balsamo,and P.Bauer.2011.“The ERA-Interim Reanalysis:Configuration and Performance of the Data Assimilation System.”Quarterly Journal of the royal meteorological society 137(656):553-597.doi:10.1002/qj.828.
Deser,C.,M.A.Alexander,S.P.Xie,and A.S.Phillips.2010“Sea Surface Temperature Variability:Patterns and Mechanisms.”Annual Review of Marine Science 2(1):115doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120408-151453.
Feng,J.,P.Liu,W.Chen,and X.C.Wang.2014.“Contrasting Madden-Julian Oscillation Activity during Various Stages of EPand CP El Ni?os.”Atmospheric Science Letters.doi:10.1002/asl2.516.
Gualdi,S.,A.Navarra,and G.Tinarelli.1999.“The Interannua Variability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in an Ensemble of GCM Simulations.”Climate Dynamics 15(9):643-658doi:10.1007/s003820050307.
Gushchina,D.,and B.Dewitte.2012.“Intraseasonal Tropica Atmospheric Variability Associated with the Two Flavors of El Ni?o.”Monthly Weather Review 140(11):3669-3681doi:10.1175/mwr-d-11-00267.1.
Hagos,S.M.,C.Zhang,Z.Feng,C.D.Burleyson,C.D.Mott B.Kerns,J.J.Benedict,and M.N.Martini.2016.“The Impact of the Diurnal Cycle on the Propagation of Madden-Julian Oscillation Convection across the Maritime Continent.”Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 8(4)1552-1564.doi:10.1002/2016MS000725.
Hendon,H.H.,C.Zhang,and J.D.Glick.1999.“Interannua Variation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation during Austra Summer.”Journal of Climate 12(8):2538-2550.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2538:ivotmj>2.0.co;2.
Hood,L.2017.“QBO/Solar Modulation of the Boreal Winter Madden-Julian Oscillation:A Prediction for the Coming Solar Minimum.”Paper presented at the EGU Genera Assembly Conference,Vienna.doi:10.1002/2017gl072832.
Huffman,G.J.,R.F.Adler,P.Arkin,A.Chang,R.Ferraro A.Gruber,J.Janowiak,A.Mcnab,B.Rudolf,and U.Schneider.1997.“The Global Precipitation Climatology Project(GPCP)Combined Precipitation Dataset.”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78(1):5-20doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0005:tgpcpg>2.0.co;2.
Kessler,W.S.2001.“EOF Representations of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and Its Connection with ENSO.”Journal of Climate14(14):3055-3061.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3055erotmj>2.0.co;2.
Lawrence,D.M.,and P.J.Webster.2010.“Interannua Variations of the Intraseasonal Oscillation in the South Asian Summer Monsoon Region.”Journal of Climate 14(13):2910-2922.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2910ivotio>2.0.co;2.
Liebmann,B.,and C.A.Smith.1996.“Description of a Complete(Interpolated)Outgoing Longwave Radiation Dataset.”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 77(6):1275-1277.
Liess,S.,L.Bengtsson,and K.Arpe.2004.“The Intraseasona Oscillation in ECHAM4 Part I:Coupled to a Comprehensive Ocean Model.”Climate Dynamics 22(6-7):653-669doi:10.1007/s00382-004-0406-0.
Ling,J.,P.Bauer,P.Bechtold,A.Beljaars,R.Forbes,F.Vitart M.Ulate,and C.Zhang.2014.“Global versus Local MJOForecast Skill of the ECMWF Model during DYNAMO.”Monthly Weather Review 142(6):2228-2247.doi:10.1175/mwr-d-13-00292.1.
Liu,F.,T.Li,H.Wang,L.Deng,and Y.W.Zhang.2016a“Modulation of Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillations over the Western North Pacific by ENSO.”Journal of Climate 29(20):7189-7201.doi:10.1175/jcli-d-15-0831.1.
Liu,F.,and B.Wang.2016.“Role of Horizontal Advection of Seasonal-Mean Moisture in the Madden-Julian Oscillation A Theoretical Model Analysis.”Journal of Climate 29(17)6277-6293.doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0078.1.
Liu,F.,L.Zhou,J.Ling,X.Fu,and G.Huang.2016b“Relationship between SST Anomalies and the Intensity of Intraseasonal Variability.”Theoretical&Applied Climatology124(3-4):1-8.doi:10.1007/s00704-015-1458-2.
Madden,R.A.,and P.R.Julian.1971.“Detection of a 40-50 Day Oscillation in the Zonal Wind in the Tropical Pacific.”Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 28(5):702-708doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0702:doadoi>2.0.co;2.
Marshall,A.G.,H.H.Hendon,S.W.Son,and Y.Lim.2016“Impact of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on Predictability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation.”Climate Dynamics 49:1-13doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3392-0.
Moon,J.Y.,B.Wang,and K.J.Ha.2011.“ENSO Regulation of MJO Teleconnection.”Climate Dynamics 37(5-6)1133-1149.doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0902-3.
Nishimoto,E.,and S.Yoden.2017.“Influence of the Stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on the Madden-Julian Oscillation during Austral Summer.”Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 744.doi:10.1175/jas-d-16-0205.1.
Pang,B.,Z.Chen,Z.Wen,and L.U.Riyu.2016.“Impacts of Two Types of El Ni(N)O on the MJO during Boreal Winter.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 33(8):979-986doi:10.1007/s00376-016-5272-2.
Rayner,N.A.,D.E.Parker,E.B.Horton,C.K.Folland L.V.Alexander,D.P.Rowell,E.C.Kent,and A.Kaplan2003.“Global Analyses of Sea Surface Temperature,Sea Ice,and Night Marine Air Temperature since the Late Nineteenth Century.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 108:D14.doi:10.1029/2002JD002670.
Salby,M.L.,and H.H.Hendon.1994.“Intraseasonal Behavior of Clouds,Temperature,and Motion in the Tropics.”Journa of the Atmospheric Sciences 51(15):2207-2224doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2207:ibocta>2.0.co;2.
Son,S.,Y.Lim,C.Yoo,H.Hendon,and J.Kim.2016“Stratospheric Control of Madden-Julian Oscillation and Its Teleconnection.”EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts,Vienna.Vol.19.2017.
Son,S.-W.,Y.Lim,C.Yoo,H.Hendon,and J.Kim.2017“Stratospheric Control of the Madden-Julian Oscillation.”Journal of Climate 30(6):1909-1922.doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0620.1.
Waliser,D.E.,Z.Zhang,K.M.Lau,and J.H.Kim.2010“Interannual Sea Surface Temperature Variability and the Predictability of Tropical Intraseasonal Variability.”Journa of the Atmospheric Sciences 58(58):2596-2615doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2596:isstva>2.0.co;2.
Yoo,C.,and S.W.Son.2016.“Modulation of the Borea Wintertime Madden-Julian Oscillation by the Stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation.”Geophysical Research Letters 43(3):1392-1398.doi:10.1002/2016gl067762.
Zhang,C.2005.“Madden-Julian Oscillation.”Reviews of Geophysics 43(2).doi:10.1029/2004RG000158.
Zhang,C.,and J.Ling.2017.“Barrier Effect of the Indo-Pacific Maritime Continent on the MJO:Perspectives from Tracking MJO Precipitation.”Journal of Climate 30(9):3439-3459doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0614.1.
Zhang,C.,and B.Zhang.2018.“QBO-MJO Connection.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres.doi:10.1002/2017jd028171.