用于制备纳米粉体的铝丝电爆炸等离子体空间分布及扩散特性
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摘要
金属丝在快脉冲电流驱动下发生爆炸,等离子体迅速扩散并与氛围气体相互作用,产生亚微米或纳米尺度的金属粉末。研究电爆炸过程的能量沉积过程及等离子体特性对于认识纳米粉体形成机制及进行参数优化具有重要意义。为此,利用光学–电学联合诊断方法,对微秒脉冲作用下,气压0.1～1.0 MPa,长度2～10 cm,直径0.1～0.4mm铝丝电爆炸现象进行了实验研究。根据电压、电流测量结果,计算并分析了沉积能量随气压、铝丝规格以及初始储能的变化规律。通过分幅成像技术与激光阴影成像等光学观测手段,对电爆炸等离子体的空间形态及扩散过程进行了观测。研究结果表明:增加气压、减小铝丝规格以及提高储能电容器充电电压均可以提高比沉积能量,而比沉积能量是影响等离子体空间分布及扩散特性的重要因素;在沉积能量不足时,等离子体沿轴向分布极不均匀,且扩散较慢;而增大比沉积能量可以有效抑制其空间分布不均匀性,同时提高等离子体扩散速度。
Driven by pulsed current, a metal wire explodes due to joule energy deposition. Plasmas generated by explosion diffuse rapidly into ambient gases and is condensated into nanoparticles. Investigation on characteristics of plasmas is important to understand the mechanism of formation of the nanoparticles. In this paper, experiments of microsecond electrical explosion(2～10 cm in length, 0.1～0.4 mm in diameter) in 0.1～1.0 MPa argon gas were carried out with electrical and optical measurements. The influences of experimental parameters, including ambient pressures, wire size, and applied voltage, on the energy deposition were obtained and analyzed. Moreover, using multi-frame photographs and shadowgraphs, the spatial distribution and diffusion characteristics were observed. The energy deposition was found to increase with pressures and applied voltage and to decrease with wire sizes. When the energy deposition was insufficient,the plasma is inhomogeneous along the axial direction and expansion velocity is relative low. Increasein energy deposition will suppress the non-uniformity of spatial distribution and improve the expansion velocities.
Driven by pulsed current, a metal wire explodes due to joule energy deposition. Plasmas generated by explosion diffuse rapidly into ambient gases and is condensated into nanoparticles. Investigation on characteristics of plasmas is important to understand the mechanism of formation of the nanoparticles. In this paper, experiments of microsecond electrical explosion(2～10 cm in length, 0.1～0.4 mm in diameter) in 0.1～1.0 MPa argon gas were carried out with electrical and optical measurements. The influences of experimental parameters, including ambient pressures, wire size, and applied voltage, on the energy deposition were obtained and analyzed. Moreover, using multi-frame photographs and shadowgraphs, the spatial distribution and diffusion characteristics were observed. The energy deposition was found to increase with pressures and applied voltage and to decrease with wire sizes. When the energy deposition was insufficient,the plasma is inhomogeneous along the axial direction and expansion velocity is relative low. Increasein energy deposition will suppress the non-uniformity of spatial distribution and improve the expansion velocities.
引文
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[27]GUS’KOV S Y,IVANENKOV G V,MINGALEEV A R,et al.Temporal evolution of the hydrodynamic instability of the boundary between the dense core and the plasma corona during nanosecond explosion of wires[J].JEPT Letters,1998,67(8):559-566.
[2]吴坚,李兴文,邱爱慈,等.金属丝电爆炸研究进展-(Ⅰ):真空环境[J].高电压技术,2018,44(6):1898-1906.WU Jian,LI Xingwen,QIU Aici,et al.Review of electrical exploding wires-(I):in vacuum[J].High Voltage Engineering,2018,44(6):1898-1906.
[3]张金海,邱爱慈,李沫,等.快前沿直线脉冲变压器平台单丝电爆炸实验研究[J].强激光与粒子束,2016,28(9):121-125.ZHANG Jinhai,QIU Aici,LI Mo,et al.Single wire exploding experiments on fast linear transformer driver[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2016,28(9):121-125.
[4]SHELKOVENKO T A,PIKUZ S A,HAMMER D A,et al.Evolution of the structure of the dense plasma near the cross point in exploding wire X pinches[J].Physics of Plasmas,1999,6(7):2840-2846.
[5]GRINENKO A,EFIMOV S,FEDOTOV A,et al.Efficiency of the shock wave generation caused by underwater electrical wire explosion[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2006,100:113509.
[6]韩若愚,吴佳玮,周海滨,等.水中裸铜丝与镀膜铜丝电爆炸积分光谱与冲击波特性实验研究[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(24):257-264.HAN Ruoyu,WU Jiawei,ZHOU Haibin,et al.Experimental study of electrical explosion of bare and coated Cu wire in water[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(24):257-264.
[7]张永民,邱爱慈,周海滨,等.面向化石能源开发的电爆炸冲击波技术研究进展[J].高电压技术,2016,42(04):1009-1017.ZHANG Yongmin,QIU Aici,ZHOU Haibin,et al.Research progress in electrical explosion shockwave technology for developing fossil energy[J].High Voltage Engineering,2016,42(04):1009-1017.
[8]周海滨,张永民,刘巧钰,等.铜丝电爆炸等离子体对含能材料的驱动特性[J].高电压技术,2017,43(12):4026-4031.ZHOU Haibin,ZHANG Yongmin,LIU Qiaoyu,et al.Ignition performance of Cu-wire electrical explosion plasma on energetic materials[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(12):4026-4031.
[9]杨家志,蒋存波,范兴明,等.电爆炸丝断路开关开断时间的实验研究[J].高电压技术,2015,41(6):3117-3122.YANG Jiazhi,JIANG Cunbo,FAN Xingming,et al.Switching time of electro-exploding wire opening switches[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(6):3117-3122.
[10]TKACHENKO S I,VOROB’EV V S,MALYSHENKO S P.The nucleation mechanism of wire explosion[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2004,37:495-500.
[11]LEE Y S,BORA B,YAP S L,et al.Effect of ambient air pressure on synthesis of copper and copper oxide nanoparticles by wire explosion process[J].Current Applied Physics,2012,12:199-203.
[12]TOKOI Y,SUZUKI T,NAKAYAMA T,et al.Effect of energy deposition on TiO2 nanosized powder synthesized by pulsed wire discharge[J].Current Applied Physics,2009,9:S193-S196.
[13]LERNER M I,GLAZKOVA E A,LOZHKOMOEV A S,et al.Synthesis of Al nanoparticles and Al/AlN composite nanoparticles by electrical explosion of aluminum wires in argon and nitrogen[J].Powder Technology,2016,295:307-314.
[14]ANTONY J K,VASA N J,CHAKRAVARTHY S R,et al.Understanding the mechanism of nano-aluminum particle formation by wire explosion process using optical emission technique[J].Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy&Radiative Transfer,2010,111:2509-2516.
[15]SINDHU T K,SARATHI R,CHAKRAVARTHY S R.Understanding nanaoparticle formation by a wire explosion process through experimental and modelling studies[J].Nanotechnology,2008,19:025703.
[16]周晟阳,冯国英,李玮,等.电爆炸法制备Fe3O4纳米颗粒及其物相研究[J].强激光与粒子束,2016,28(8):143-147.ZHOU Shengyang,FENG Guoying,LI Wei,et al.Phase analysis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles produced by electrical explosion of iron wire[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2016,28(8):143-147.
[17]刘隆晨,张乔根,燕文宇,等.氩气气压对铝丝电爆炸合成纳米粉体特性的影响[J].高电压技术,2013,39(7):1710-1715.LIU Longchen,ZHANG Qiaogen,YAN Wenyu,et al.Effect of argon gas pressure on nanopowders synthesized by electrical explosion of aluminum wire[J].High Voltage Engineering,2013,39(7):1710-1715.
[18]刘隆晨,赵军平,张禹,等.氩气中铝丝电爆炸沉积能量对制备铝纳米粉体特性的影响[J].强激光与粒子束,2016,28(10):123-128.LIU Longchen,ZHAO Junping,ZHANG Yu,et al.Effect of deposited energy of wire electrical explosion in argon on characteristics of synthesized aluminum nanopowders[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2016,28(10):123-128.
[19]王坤,史宗谦,石元杰,等.真空及空气中金属丝电爆炸特性研究[J].物理学报,2017,66(18):177-184.WANG Kun,SHI Zongqian,SHI Yuanjie,et al.Characteristics of electrical explosion of single wire in a vacuum and in the air[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2017,66(18):177-184.
[20]SARKISOV G S,ROSENTHAL S E,STRUVE K W.Transformation of a tungsten wire to the plasma state by nanosecond electrical explosion in vacuum[J].Physical Review E,2008,77:056406.
[21]SARKISOV G S,STRUVE K W,MCDANIEL D H.Effect of deposited energy on the structure of an exploding tungsten wire core in a vacuum[J].Physics of Plasmas,2005,12:052702.
[22]ZHAO J P,XU Z,YAN W Y,et al.Characteristics and diffusion of electrical explosion plasma of aluminum wire in argon gas[J].IEEETransactions on Plasma Science,2017,45(2):185-192.
[23]ORESHKIN V I,CHAIKOVSKY S A,DATSKO I M,et al.MHDinstabilities developing in a conductor exploding in the skin effect[J].Physics of Plasmas,2016,23:122107.
[24]BAKSHT R B,TKACHENKO S I,ROMANOVA V M,et al.Stratification dynamics and the development of electrothermal instability at the wire explosion[J].Technical Physics,2013,58(8):1129-1137.
[25]ORESHKIN V I.Thermal instability during an electrical wire explosion[J].Physics of Plasmas,2008,15:092103.
[26]ROUSSKIKH A G,ORESHKIN V I,CHAIKOVSKY S A,et al.Study of the strata formation during the explosion of a wire in vacuum[J].Physics of Plasmas,2008,15:102706.
[27]GUS’KOV S Y,IVANENKOV G V,MINGALEEV A R,et al.Temporal evolution of the hydrodynamic instability of the boundary between the dense core and the plasma corona during nanosecond explosion of wires[J].JEPT Letters,1998,67(8):559-566.