东南极达尔克冰川现场定位观测误差分析
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摘要
中国南极考察队从2007年开始对达尔克冰川进行现场监测工作,在冰面上投设监测花杆并用前方交会的方法持续对花杆进行精确定位,用于冰川运动监测。2007-2012年,中国南极考察队员在东南极达尔克冰川上共计开展了18个批次的现场测量工作,经分析得到了67个高精度的空间交会点坐标,分属于10个独立的观测标志。为精化计算模型必须对实测数据仔细甄别,因此,同时考虑了仪器的归零差、地球曲率误差、大气折光误差等交会定位的主要误差来源,比较了3种因素对精确定位的影响,结果表明:地球曲率对精确定位的影响最大,其次是归零差,最后是大气折光引起的误差。对交会定位中各种误差的分析有利于改进同类工作中计算模型的选择,为冰川运动监测提供高精度的数据支撑。
The Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition( CHINARE) had been carrying out in situ observations on Dalk Glacier since 2007 using space azimuthal intersection method to locate the stakes on the glacier.The CHINARE members had got 18 batches of in situ azimuthal records during 2007-2012,thereafter 67 highprecision intersecting points were acquired,and these points belong to 10 independent stakes. This paper presents all the azimuthal observations on the Dalk Glacier,high precision intersection data processing,and the error resources in azimuthal intersection including zero-point readings,earth curvature and atmospheric refraction. The error analyzing works show that the earth curvature has the greatest impact on high precision positioning,the second important is the errors inside the zero-point readings,and the least important factor is the atmospheric refraction.The error analysis and error correction models have improved the calculation of high precision glacier movement monitoring.
The Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition( CHINARE) had been carrying out in situ observations on Dalk Glacier since 2007 using space azimuthal intersection method to locate the stakes on the glacier.The CHINARE members had got 18 batches of in situ azimuthal records during 2007-2012,thereafter 67 highprecision intersecting points were acquired,and these points belong to 10 independent stakes. This paper presents all the azimuthal observations on the Dalk Glacier,high precision intersection data processing,and the error resources in azimuthal intersection including zero-point readings,earth curvature and atmospheric refraction. The error analyzing works show that the earth curvature has the greatest impact on high precision positioning,the second important is the errors inside the zero-point readings,and the least important factor is the atmospheric refraction.The error analysis and error correction models have improved the calculation of high precision glacier movement monitoring.
引文
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[16] Ai Songtao,Wang Zeming,E Dongchen,et al. Topographic survey on the surface of Glacier Austre LovénBreen and Pedersenbreen in Svalbard based on GPS method[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2012,24(1):53-59.[艾松涛,王泽民,鄂栋臣,等.基于GPS的北极冰川表面地形测量与制图[J].极地研究,2012,24(1):53-59.]
[17]Ai Songtao,Wang Zeming,Tan Zhi,et al. Mass change study on Arctic glacier Pedersenbreen,during 1936-1990-2009[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(25):3148-3154.
[18]Huang Jifeng,E Dongchen,Zhang Shengkai. Surface flow features of the Dark Glacier in East Antarctica from in-situ observation[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(5):1150-1159.[黄继锋,鄂栋臣,张胜凯.东南极达尔克冰川表面运动速度特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(5):1150-1159.]
[19] Surveying writing group of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and M apping. Surveying[M]. Beijing:Surveying and M apping Press,2000.[武汉测绘科技大学《测量学》编写组.测量学[M].北京:测绘出版社,2000.]
[20] Chen Jian,Bo Zhipeng. Application of geodesy[M]. Beijing:Surveying and M apping Press,1989.[陈健,薄志鹏.应用大地测量学[M].北京:测绘出版社,1989.]
[21]Wang Zemin,Ai Songtao,Zhang Shengkai,et al. Determination of the elevation of Nunataks in the Grove M ountains[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2011,23(2):77-81.[王泽民,艾松涛,张胜凯,等.格罗夫山冰原岛峰高程测定[J].极地研究,2011,23(2):77-81.]
[22] Brocks K. M eteorologische Hilfsmittel für die geodtische H9henmessung[J]. Zeitschrift für Vermessungsw esen,1950(3):71-76.
[23]Chen J Y,Gun D S. A new determination of the height of the w orld's highest peak[J].sterreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessungsw esen und Photogrammetrie,1980,68(1):S1-S19.
[24]Chen Junyong. On vertical refraction in Mount Everest area[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,1993,22(2):155-158.[陈俊勇.论珠峰地区垂直折光问题[J].测绘学报,1993,22(2):155-158.]
[2] Armour K C,Marshall J,Scott J R,et al. Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upw elling and equatorw ard transport[J]. Nature Geoscience,2016,9(7):549-554.
[3] Rignot E,Bamber J L,Broeke M R,et al. Recent Antarctic ice mass loss from radar interferometry and regional climate modelling[J]. Nature Geoscience,2008,1(2):106-110.
[4] Jawak S D,Luis A J. Applications of WorldView-2 satellite data for extraction of polar spatial information and DEM of Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica[C]//International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Neural Computing(FSNC 2011). 2011,3:148-151.
[5] Depoorter M A,Bamber J L,Griggs J A,et al. Calving fluxes and basal melt rates of Antarctic ice shelves[J]. Nature,2013,502(7472):89-92.
[6] Sun Jiabing,Huo Dongmin,Sun Zhaohui. The Study of remote sensing on monitoring ice velocities of the Polar Record Glacier and the Dark Glacier[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2001,13(2):117-128.[孙家抦,霍东民,孙朝辉.极地记录冰川和达尔克冰川流速的遥感监测研究[J].极地研究,2001,13(2):117-128.]
[7] Yan Xingguo,He Yuanqing,Zhang Songlin,et al. Analysis of surface flow velocity on the Baishui Glacier No. 1 during ablation period in the Yulong M ountain[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(6):1212-1220.[燕兴国,何元庆,张松林,等.玉龙雪山白水河1号冰川消融期表面流速特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(6):1212-1220.]
[8] Zhou Zaiming,Li Zhongqin,Li Huilin,et al. The flow velocity features and dynamic simulation of the Glacier No. 1 at the headw aters ofrümqi River,Tianshan M ountains[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(1):55-61.[周在明,李忠勤,李慧林,等.天山乌鲁木齐河源区1号冰川运动速度特征及其动力学模拟[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(1):55-61.]
[9] Wang Kun,Jing Zhefan,Wu Yuwei,et al. Latest survey and study of surface flow features of the Qiyi Glacier in the Qilian M ountains[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(3):537-545.[王坤,井哲帆,吴玉伟,等.祁连山七一冰川表面运动特征最新观测研究[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):537-545.]
[10]Sun Yongling,Jiang Liming,Liu Lin,et al. Surface flow velocity of mountain glaciers derived from Landsat-7 ETM+SLC-OFF images:extraction and quantitative evaluation:a case study of the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2016,38(3):596-603.[孙永玲,江利明,柳林,等.基于Landsat-7 ETM+SLC-OFF影像的山地冰川流速提取与评估——以Karakoram锡亚琴冰川为例[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(3):596-603.]
[11] Zheng Benxing,Zhao Xitao,Li Tiesong,et al. Features and fluctuation of the M elang Glacier in the M ainri M ountain[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1999,21(2):145-150.[郑本兴,赵希涛,李铁松,等.梅里雪山明永冰川的特征与变化[J].冰川冻土,1999,21(2):145-150.]
[12]Cao Min,Li Zhongqin,Li Huilin. Features of the surface flow velocity on the Qingbingtan Glacier No. 72,Tianshan M ountains[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(1):21-29.[曹敏,李忠勤,李慧林.天山托木尔峰地区青冰滩72号冰川表面运动速度特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(1):21-29.]
[13]Zhou Chunxia,Deng Fanghui,Ai Songtao,et al. Determination of ice-flow velocity at the Polar Record Glacier and Dalk Glacier using DInSAR[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2014,39(8):940-944.[周春霞,邓方慧,艾松涛,等.利用DInSAR的东南极极记录和达尔克冰川冰流速提取与分析[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2014,39(8):940-944.]
[14]Ai Songtao,Wang Zeming,E Dongchen,et al. Surface movement research of Arctic glaciers using GPS method[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2012,37(11):1337-1340.[艾松涛,王泽民,鄂栋臣,等.利用GPS的北极冰川运动监测与分析[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2012,37(11):1337-1340.]
[15]Yang Yuande,Sun Bo,Wang Zemin,et al. GPS-derived velocity and strain fields around Dome Argus,Antarctica[J]. Journal of Glaciology,2014,60(222):735-742.
[16] Ai Songtao,Wang Zeming,E Dongchen,et al. Topographic survey on the surface of Glacier Austre LovénBreen and Pedersenbreen in Svalbard based on GPS method[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2012,24(1):53-59.[艾松涛,王泽民,鄂栋臣,等.基于GPS的北极冰川表面地形测量与制图[J].极地研究,2012,24(1):53-59.]
[17]Ai Songtao,Wang Zeming,Tan Zhi,et al. Mass change study on Arctic glacier Pedersenbreen,during 1936-1990-2009[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(25):3148-3154.
[18]Huang Jifeng,E Dongchen,Zhang Shengkai. Surface flow features of the Dark Glacier in East Antarctica from in-situ observation[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(5):1150-1159.[黄继锋,鄂栋臣,张胜凯.东南极达尔克冰川表面运动速度特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(5):1150-1159.]
[19] Surveying writing group of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and M apping. Surveying[M]. Beijing:Surveying and M apping Press,2000.[武汉测绘科技大学《测量学》编写组.测量学[M].北京:测绘出版社,2000.]
[20] Chen Jian,Bo Zhipeng. Application of geodesy[M]. Beijing:Surveying and M apping Press,1989.[陈健,薄志鹏.应用大地测量学[M].北京:测绘出版社,1989.]
[21]Wang Zemin,Ai Songtao,Zhang Shengkai,et al. Determination of the elevation of Nunataks in the Grove M ountains[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2011,23(2):77-81.[王泽民,艾松涛,张胜凯,等.格罗夫山冰原岛峰高程测定[J].极地研究,2011,23(2):77-81.]
[22] Brocks K. M eteorologische Hilfsmittel für die geodtische H9henmessung[J]. Zeitschrift für Vermessungsw esen,1950(3):71-76.
[23]Chen J Y,Gun D S. A new determination of the height of the w orld's highest peak[J].sterreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessungsw esen und Photogrammetrie,1980,68(1):S1-S19.
[24]Chen Junyong. On vertical refraction in Mount Everest area[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,1993,22(2):155-158.[陈俊勇.论珠峰地区垂直折光问题[J].测绘学报,1993,22(2):155-158.]