天然石生苔藓汞含量及对大气汞污染的生物指示
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摘要
采集贵州万山汞矿区6属7种优势种类苔藓84个样品,测定其汞含量,同时现场监测部分苔藓采样点近地表大气汞,定量分析苔藓汞和大气汞质量浓度之间的关系.结果显示,研究区苔藓汞质量浓度范围为0.96—126μg·g~(-1),平均值80±46μg·g~(-1),受触媒生产、废触媒回收等涉汞化工厂生产活动影响显著;苔藓汞与大气汞呈正相关关系,表现为线性拟合相关性系数r=0.93(n=12,P=0.01030),多项式拟合相关性系数r=0.96(n=12,P=0.01169),对数拟合相关性系数r=0.96(n=12,P=0.00469);选择对数拟合方程估算苔藓采样点大气汞浓度,发现拟合得到的大气汞空间分布特征和实测苔藓汞空间分布特征基本一致,从而通过定量/半定量方法证明了可以利用苔藓汞指示大气汞污染,为汞污染场地修复过程中的大气汞污染评价提供了新思路.
Six families of mosses,consisting of seven species were collected from Wanshan mercury( Hg) mining region for Hg concentration analysis. Simultaneously,the total gaseous mercury( TGM) concentrations were in situ measured at some moss sampling sites. Results showed that the mean concentration of Hg in mosses was 80 ± 46 μg·g- 1with a range of 0. 96—126 μg·g- 1,which was heavily impacted by chemical plants pertaining to Hg productions like mercuric chloride catalyst production and abandoned catalyst recycling. A positive correlation between Hg in mosses and itscorresponding ambient air TGM was observed,with a coefficient r = 0. 93( n = 12,P = 0. 01030) in linear fitting,r = 0. 96( n = 12,P = 0. 01169) in polynomial fitting,and r = 0. 96( n = 12,P = 0.00469) in logarithmic fitting. Using the estimated concentrations of TGM from the logarithmic fitting equation,the pattern of TGM spatial distribution was consistent with that of Hg in mosses. Therefore moss can be considered as a biological indicator of atmospheric Hg pollution and was proved by a quantitative / semi-quantitative method in the research. This study provides a new methodology for the evaluation of atmospheric Hg pollution in contaminated sites.
Six families of mosses,consisting of seven species were collected from Wanshan mercury( Hg) mining region for Hg concentration analysis. Simultaneously,the total gaseous mercury( TGM) concentrations were in situ measured at some moss sampling sites. Results showed that the mean concentration of Hg in mosses was 80 ± 46 μg·g- 1with a range of 0. 96—126 μg·g- 1,which was heavily impacted by chemical plants pertaining to Hg productions like mercuric chloride catalyst production and abandoned catalyst recycling. A positive correlation between Hg in mosses and itscorresponding ambient air TGM was observed,with a coefficient r = 0. 93( n = 12,P = 0. 01030) in linear fitting,r = 0. 96( n = 12,P = 0. 01169) in polynomial fitting,and r = 0. 96( n = 12,P = 0.00469) in logarithmic fitting. Using the estimated concentrations of TGM from the logarithmic fitting equation,the pattern of TGM spatial distribution was consistent with that of Hg in mosses. Therefore moss can be considered as a biological indicator of atmospheric Hg pollution and was proved by a quantitative / semi-quantitative method in the research. This study provides a new methodology for the evaluation of atmospheric Hg pollution in contaminated sites.
引文
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[6]谷春豪,许怀凤,仇广乐.汞的微生物甲基化与去甲基化机理研究进展[J].环境化学,2013,32(6):926-936.GU C H,XU H F,QIU G L.The progress in research on mechanism of microbial mercury methylation and de-methylation[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(6):926-936(in Chinese).
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[16]WANG S,FENG X,QIU G.The study of mercury exchange rate between air and soil surface in Hongfeng reservoir region,Guizhou,PR China[C].Journal de PhysiqueⅣ(Proceedings),EDP Sciences,2003,107:1357-1360.
[17]GRANGEON S,GUDRON S,ASTA J,et al.Lichen and soil as indicators of an atmospheric mercury contamination in the vicinity of a chlor-alkali plant(Grenoble,France)[J].Ecological Indicators,2012,13(1):178-183.
[18]KRISHNA M V B,KARUNASAGAR D,ARUNACHALAM J.Study of mercury pollution near a thermometer factory using lichens and mosses[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,124(3):357-360.
[19]贵州省万山特区编委会.万山特区志[M].贵州:贵州人民出版社,2011.Editorial board of wanshan SAR Guizhou Wanshan SAR[M].Guizhou:Guizhou People's Publishing House,2011(in Chinese).
[20]孙守琴.苔藓对重金属的吸附特性及其在大气监测中的应用[D].重庆:西南农业大学硕士学位论文,2005.SUN S Q.Study on Bryophytes'adsorption character to heavy metal and it's use in atmospheric environmental monitoring[D].Chongqing:Southwest Agricultural University(Master Thesis),2005(in Chinese).
[21]VANNINI A,NICOLARDI V,BARGAGLI R,et al.Estimating atmospheric mercury concentrations with lichens[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(15):8754-8759.
[22]李平,冯新斌,仇广乐,等.贵州省务川汞矿区土法炼汞过程中汞释放量的估算[J].环境科学,2006,27(5):837-840.LI P,FENG X B,QIU G L,et al.Mercury emission from the indigenous method of mercury smelting in Wuchuan mercury mining areas,Guizhou Province[J].Environmental Science,2006,27(5):837-840(in Chinese).
[23]EBINGHAUS R,KOCK H H,TEMME C,et al.Antarctic springtime depletion of atmospheric mercury[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(6):1238-1244.
[24]LINDBERG S E,BROOKS S,LIN C J,et al.Dynamic oxidation of gaseous mercury in the Arctic troposphere at polar sunrise[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(6):1245-1256.
[25]SCHROEDER W H,STEFFEN A,LAWSON G,et al.Mercury measurements at Alert[J].Synopsis of Research Conducted Under the2000/2001 Northern Contaminants Program,2007,130-135.
[26]LAMBORG C H,FITZGERALD W F,O'DONNELL J,et al.A non-steady-state compartmental model of global-scale mercury biogeochemistry with inter hemispheric atmospheric gradients[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2002,66(7):1105-1118.
[27]朱万泽,付学吾,冯新斌,等.青藏高原东南缘贡嘎山地区大气总汞时间序列分析及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3727-3737.ZHU W Z,FU X W,FENG X B,et al.Annual time-series analyses of total gaseous mercury measurement and its influence factors in the Gongga Mountain on the south-eastern fringe of the Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(9):3727-3737(in Chinese).
[28]李平,冯新斌,仇广乐.贵州省务川汞矿区汞污染的初步研究[J].环境化学,2008,27(1):96-99.LI P,FENG X B,QIU G L.The preliminary study of mercury pollution in Wuchuan mercury mining area,Guizhou Province[J].Environmental Chemistry,2008,27(1):96-99(in Chinese).
[29]FU X W,FENG X,DONG Z Q,et al.Atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury(GEM)concentrations and mercury depositions at a highaltitude mountain peak in south China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2010,10(5):2425-2437.
[30]LOREDO J,SOTO J,ALVAREZ R,et al.Atmospheric monitoring at abandoned mercury mine sites in Asturias(NW Spain)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,130(1-3):201-214.
[31]RHLING,AKE.Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Europe:Estimation based on moss analysis[M].Nordic Council of Ministers,1994.
[32]RICHARDSON D H S.The biology of mosses[M].Oxford:Black Well Scientific Ublications,1981.
[33]MARKERT B,WECKERT V.Use of Polytrichum formosum(moss)as a passive biomonitor for heavy metal pollution(cadmium,copper,lead and zinc)[J].Science of the Total Environment,1989,86(3):289-294.
[34]QIU G,FENG X,WANG S,et al.Mercury and methylmercury in riparian soil,sediments,mine-waste calcines,and moss from abandoned Hg mines in east Guizhou Province,southwestern China[J].Applied Geochemistry,2005,20(3):627-638.
[2]MASON R P,FITZGERALD W F,MOREL F M M.The biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury:Anthropogenic influences[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1994,58(15):3191-3198.
[3]RYTUBA J J.Mercury from mineral deposits and potential environmental impact[J].Environmental Geology,2003,43(3):326-338.
[4]HALL B.The gas phase oxidation of elemental mercury by ozone[M].Springer Netherlands:Mercury as a Global Pollutant,1995:301-315.
[5]SCHLTER K.Review:Evaporation of mercury from soils.An integration and synthesis of current knowledge[J].Environmental Geology,2000,39(3-4):249-271.
[6]谷春豪,许怀凤,仇广乐.汞的微生物甲基化与去甲基化机理研究进展[J].环境化学,2013,32(6):926-936.GU C H,XU H F,QIU G L.The progress in research on mechanism of microbial mercury methylation and de-methylation[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(6):926-936(in Chinese).
[7]RHLING A,TYLER G.An ecological approach to lead problem[J].Botaniska Notiser,1968,121(3):21.
[8]TYLER G.Moss analysis:a method for surveying heavy metal deposition[C].International Clean Air Congress,Proceedings,1971.
[9]PANTIP K,WANNIDA S,AUJIMA P.Using thai native moss as bio-adsorbent for contaminated heavy metal in air[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2015,197:1037-1042.
[10]STEFAN N,ANNE H,ROLAND P,et al.Modelling and mapping spatio-temporal trends of heavy metal accumulation in moss and naturalsurface soil monitored 1990-2010 throughout Norway by multivariate generalized linear models and geostatistics[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,99:85-93.
[11]姜苹红,罗远玲,彭克俭,等.苔藓植物运用于大气重金属污染监测的研究进展[J].环境污染与防治,2015,37(7):82-87.JIANG P H,LUO Y L,PENG K J,et al.Progress on the research of bryophytes applied to monitoring of air pollution by heavy metal[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2015,37(7):82-87(in Chinese).
[12]张来,张显强,孙敏.贵州万山汞矿区苔藓植物对汞的吸附和富集特征[J].环境科学,2011,32(6):1734-1739.ZHANG L,ZHANG X Q,SUN M.Study on the characteristics of adsorption and enrichment of mercury by the mosses in mining districts in Wanshan Guizhou[J].Environment Science,2011,32(6):1734-1739(in Chinese).
[13]吴启美,张朝晖.贵州万山汞矿大水溪溪流生态系统苔藓植物研究[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2010,28(4):55-58.WU Q M,ZHANG C H.Study on the mosses in Dashuixi stream ecosystem of Wanshan mercury deposit,Guizhou[J].Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Natural Sciences),2010,28(4):55-58(in Chinese).
[14]仇广乐.贵州典型汞矿地区汞的环境地球化学研究[D].贵阳:中国科学院地球化学研究所博士学位论文,2005.QIU G L.Environmental geochemistry of mercury in typical Hg-mined areas,Guizhou Province[D].Guiyang:Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences(Doctor Thesis),2005(in Chinese).
[15]WANG S,FENG X,QIU G,et al.Characteristics of mercury exchange flux between soil and air in the heavily air-polluted area,eastern Guizhou,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(27):5584-5594.
[16]WANG S,FENG X,QIU G.The study of mercury exchange rate between air and soil surface in Hongfeng reservoir region,Guizhou,PR China[C].Journal de PhysiqueⅣ(Proceedings),EDP Sciences,2003,107:1357-1360.
[17]GRANGEON S,GUDRON S,ASTA J,et al.Lichen and soil as indicators of an atmospheric mercury contamination in the vicinity of a chlor-alkali plant(Grenoble,France)[J].Ecological Indicators,2012,13(1):178-183.
[18]KRISHNA M V B,KARUNASAGAR D,ARUNACHALAM J.Study of mercury pollution near a thermometer factory using lichens and mosses[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,124(3):357-360.
[19]贵州省万山特区编委会.万山特区志[M].贵州:贵州人民出版社,2011.Editorial board of wanshan SAR Guizhou Wanshan SAR[M].Guizhou:Guizhou People's Publishing House,2011(in Chinese).
[20]孙守琴.苔藓对重金属的吸附特性及其在大气监测中的应用[D].重庆:西南农业大学硕士学位论文,2005.SUN S Q.Study on Bryophytes'adsorption character to heavy metal and it's use in atmospheric environmental monitoring[D].Chongqing:Southwest Agricultural University(Master Thesis),2005(in Chinese).
[21]VANNINI A,NICOLARDI V,BARGAGLI R,et al.Estimating atmospheric mercury concentrations with lichens[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(15):8754-8759.
[22]李平,冯新斌,仇广乐,等.贵州省务川汞矿区土法炼汞过程中汞释放量的估算[J].环境科学,2006,27(5):837-840.LI P,FENG X B,QIU G L,et al.Mercury emission from the indigenous method of mercury smelting in Wuchuan mercury mining areas,Guizhou Province[J].Environmental Science,2006,27(5):837-840(in Chinese).
[23]EBINGHAUS R,KOCK H H,TEMME C,et al.Antarctic springtime depletion of atmospheric mercury[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(6):1238-1244.
[24]LINDBERG S E,BROOKS S,LIN C J,et al.Dynamic oxidation of gaseous mercury in the Arctic troposphere at polar sunrise[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(6):1245-1256.
[25]SCHROEDER W H,STEFFEN A,LAWSON G,et al.Mercury measurements at Alert[J].Synopsis of Research Conducted Under the2000/2001 Northern Contaminants Program,2007,130-135.
[26]LAMBORG C H,FITZGERALD W F,O'DONNELL J,et al.A non-steady-state compartmental model of global-scale mercury biogeochemistry with inter hemispheric atmospheric gradients[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2002,66(7):1105-1118.
[27]朱万泽,付学吾,冯新斌,等.青藏高原东南缘贡嘎山地区大气总汞时间序列分析及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3727-3737.ZHU W Z,FU X W,FENG X B,et al.Annual time-series analyses of total gaseous mercury measurement and its influence factors in the Gongga Mountain on the south-eastern fringe of the Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(9):3727-3737(in Chinese).
[28]李平,冯新斌,仇广乐.贵州省务川汞矿区汞污染的初步研究[J].环境化学,2008,27(1):96-99.LI P,FENG X B,QIU G L.The preliminary study of mercury pollution in Wuchuan mercury mining area,Guizhou Province[J].Environmental Chemistry,2008,27(1):96-99(in Chinese).
[29]FU X W,FENG X,DONG Z Q,et al.Atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury(GEM)concentrations and mercury depositions at a highaltitude mountain peak in south China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2010,10(5):2425-2437.
[30]LOREDO J,SOTO J,ALVAREZ R,et al.Atmospheric monitoring at abandoned mercury mine sites in Asturias(NW Spain)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2007,130(1-3):201-214.
[31]RHLING,AKE.Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Europe:Estimation based on moss analysis[M].Nordic Council of Ministers,1994.
[32]RICHARDSON D H S.The biology of mosses[M].Oxford:Black Well Scientific Ublications,1981.
[33]MARKERT B,WECKERT V.Use of Polytrichum formosum(moss)as a passive biomonitor for heavy metal pollution(cadmium,copper,lead and zinc)[J].Science of the Total Environment,1989,86(3):289-294.
[34]QIU G,FENG X,WANG S,et al.Mercury and methylmercury in riparian soil,sediments,mine-waste calcines,and moss from abandoned Hg mines in east Guizhou Province,southwestern China[J].Applied Geochemistry,2005,20(3):627-638.