福建省德化县金矿区民间冶炼活动相关的土壤与大气汞污染特征
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摘要
民间小规模金矿混汞冶炼活动因缺乏环保措施常常造成周围环境严重的汞污染,目前已被认定为全球最大的人为汞污染排放源。福建省德化县山区土壤汞含量异常升高和该地区民间小规模金矿冶炼活动密切相关,对当地土壤总汞、大气总汞污染分布及土壤表面汞释放的调查研究表明:金矿区周边村子稻田土壤汞平均质量分数达(5.180±7.191)mg/kg,距金矿最近民间冶炼活动最集中的邱村稻田总汞质量分数平均值达到(15.658±12.726)mg/kg,随着距离金矿点越远民间冶炼活动减少,土壤总汞含量呈下降趋势。区域大气总汞平均质量浓度为(36.4±24.3)ng/m~3,邱村大气总汞质量浓度平均值(77.2±42.4)ng/m~3;工作区4个土-气界面汞通量均值分别为:华口(109.6±55.9)ng/(m~2h),邱村(97.1±36.1)ng/(m~2h),大安(63.5±12.6)ng/(m~2h),中仙(25.9±23.5ng/(m~2h)。因地形复杂,微气象条件差异及土地利用差异等综合因素制约,土壤汞含量与大气总汞含量、释放通量间没有显著相关关系,华口测点土壤释汞通量最大。工作区民间金矿冶炼活动历史造成当地环境的汞污染及其环境影响将长期存在。
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining(ASGM)poses serious mercury contamination to surrounding ecosystems.At present ASGM is the largest source of global Hg emissions.Elevated mercury of soils found through eco-geochemistry survey in mountain areas in middle Fujian Province,has close relationship with former artisanal gold mining activities.Investigations on the distribution of mercury in soils,atmosphere and fluxes from soil to atmosphere yield the following results.The mean value of total Hg concentration in paddy soils around villages is(5.180±7.191)mg/kg,the highest mean value of total Hg concentration in paddy soils,(15.658±12.726)mg/kg in Qiucun,and the mean value of total Hg in paddy soils decreases with the distances between villages with the gold mine sites increased.The average mercury concentration in the atmosphere is(36.4±24.3)ng/m3,and the mean value of Qiucun's(77.2±42.4)ng/m3;the mercury fluxes to the atmosphere from four sites are Qiucun(97.1±36.1)ng/(m2 h),Da′an(63.5±12.6)ng/(m2 h),Huakou(109.6±55.9)ng/(m2 h),Zhongxian(25.9±23.5)ng/(m2 h).There is no significant relationship between soil Hg with the total Hg in ambient air and mercury fluxes,due to solar radiation,temperature of the micro-climate feature and complex topography conditions.The mercury pollution from the historical ASGM to the local environment will long exist in the area.
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining(ASGM)poses serious mercury contamination to surrounding ecosystems.At present ASGM is the largest source of global Hg emissions.Elevated mercury of soils found through eco-geochemistry survey in mountain areas in middle Fujian Province,has close relationship with former artisanal gold mining activities.Investigations on the distribution of mercury in soils,atmosphere and fluxes from soil to atmosphere yield the following results.The mean value of total Hg concentration in paddy soils around villages is(5.180±7.191)mg/kg,the highest mean value of total Hg concentration in paddy soils,(15.658±12.726)mg/kg in Qiucun,and the mean value of total Hg in paddy soils decreases with the distances between villages with the gold mine sites increased.The average mercury concentration in the atmosphere is(36.4±24.3)ng/m3,and the mean value of Qiucun's(77.2±42.4)ng/m3;the mercury fluxes to the atmosphere from four sites are Qiucun(97.1±36.1)ng/(m2 h),Da′an(63.5±12.6)ng/(m2 h),Huakou(109.6±55.9)ng/(m2 h),Zhongxian(25.9±23.5)ng/(m2 h).There is no significant relationship between soil Hg with the total Hg in ambient air and mercury fluxes,due to solar radiation,temperature of the micro-climate feature and complex topography conditions.The mercury pollution from the historical ASGM to the local environment will long exist in the area.
引文
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[2]United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP).Global mercury assessment[R].UNEP:Geneva,Switzerland,2002.
[3]United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP).Global mercury assessment 2013:Sources,emissions,releases and environmental transport[R].UNEP:Geneva,Switzerland,2013.
[4]Malm O.Gold mining as a source of mercury exposure in the Brazilian Amazon[J].Environmental Research:Section A,1998,77(2):73-78.
[5]Tomiyasu T,Kono Y,Kodamatani H,et al.The distribution of mercury around the small-scale gold mining area along the Cikaniki river,Bogor,Indonesia[J].Environmental Research,2013,125(3):12-19.
[6]Garcia-Sanchez A,Contreras F,Adams M,et al.Atmospheric mercury emissions from polluted gold mining areas(Venezuela)[J].Environ.Geochem.Health,2006,28(6):529-540.
[7]Poissant L,Pilote M,Constant P,et al.Mercury gas exchanges over selected bare soil and flooded sites in the bay St.Francois wetlands(Quebec,Canada)[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(25):4205-4214.
[8]Gustin M S,Engle M,Ericksen J,et al.Mercury exchange between the atmosphere and low mercury containing substrates[J].Appl.Geochem.,2006,21(11):1913-1923.
[9]Gonzalez-Carrasco V,Velasquez-Lopez P,Olivero-Verbel J,et al.Air mercury contamination in the gold mining town of portovelo,ecuador[J].Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.,2011,87(3):250-253.
[10]Rajaee M,Long R,Renne E P,et al.Mercury exposure assessment and spatial distribution in a ghanaian small-scale gold mining community[J].Int.J.Environ.Res.Public Health,2015,12(9):10755-10782.
[11]Feng X B,Dai Q,Qiu G,et al.Gold mining related mercury contamination in Tongguan,Shaanxi Province,PR China[J].Applied Geochemistry,2006,21(11):1955-1968.
[12]Williams T M,Apostol A N,Miranda C R.Assessment by hair analysis of mercury exposure among mining impacted communities of Mindanao and Palawan,the Philippines[J].Environ.Geochem.Health,2000,22(1):19-31.
[13]张刚,王宁,王媛,等.松花江上游夹皮沟金矿土壤与大气汞污染特征[J].环境科学,2012,33(9):2953-2959.
[14]百度百科地理组.德化县人民政府网.http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=2hglhlF2innM-HyaCBX7u4k1f4iSnYptkdZ_leLRvXqgm_kbXGzPxS7vDtjtp3Bhk9n3Je4MCPc1me QmMxbe0K.
[15]汤庆合,王文华,黄丽华.镀金石英砂吸附-吸附大气中痕量汞的直接测定方法[J].分析测试学报,2007,26(2):252-254.
[16]Eckley C S,Brian B.Gaseous mercury emissions from urban surfaces:Controls and spatiotemporal trends[J].Applied Geochemistry,2008,23(3):369-383.
[17]王少锋,冯新斌,仇广乐,等.夏季红枫湖地区农田土壤大气界面汞交换通量的初步研究[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2004,23(1):19-23.
[18]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤环境背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990:87-460.
[19]Chen Xiaomin,Ji Hongbing,Yang Wen,et al.Speciation and distribution of mercury in soils around gold mines located upstream of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2016,63(4):1-9.
[20]Santos-Francés F,Garcia-Sanchez A,Alonso-Rojo P,et al.Distribution and mobility of mercury in soils of a gold mining region,Cuyuni river basin,Venezuela[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2011,92(4):1268-1276.
[21]李红英,罗津晶,李金兰.厦门市秋冬季节大气汞污染调查[J].环境科学与管理,2009,34(9):48-52,194.
[22]Lamborg C H,Fitzgerald W F,Donnell J O,et al.A non-steady state compartmental model of global-scale mercury biogeochemistry with interhemispheric atmospheric gradients[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2002,66(7):1105-1118.
[23]高锦玉,王昊,蔡武,等.土壤释汞通量影响因素研究进展[J].地球与环境,2016,44(2):261-269.
[24]付学吾,冯新斌,王少锋,等.贵阳市2种不同类型草地的汞释放通量[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(6):33-37.
[25]马明,王定勇,申源源,等.中亚热带针阔混交林土壤-大气界面释汞通量研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(1):85-92.
[26]Zehner R,Gustin M S.Estimation of mercury vapor flux emissions from natural substrate in Nevada[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2002,36(19):4039-4045.
[27]Nacht D M,Gustin M S,Engle M A,et al.Atmospheric mercury emissions and speciation at the sulphur bank mercury mine superfund site,Northern California[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2004,38(7):1977-1983.