松花江上游夹皮沟金矿开采区芦苇叶片汞分布特征
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摘要
为研究金矿开采区周围芦苇(Phragmites australis)叶片汞含量的分布特征、影响因素及其与其它环境要素的相关性,2016年6月(夏季)和9月(秋季)在位于松花江上游的夹皮沟金矿开采区内采集芦苇叶片、土壤、水体样本测定汞含量,同步测定大气汞浓度,并通过单因子污染指数法确定芦苇叶片汞污染等级,分析芦苇叶片汞含量与环境要素汞含量的相关关系.结果表明,在空间分布上,芦苇叶片汞含量以及土壤、水体汞含量均随离夹皮沟金矿距离的加大而逐渐衰减,大气汞浓度空间分布特征不明显;在时间分布上,芦苇叶片汞重污染地区夏季汞含量低于秋季,芦苇叶片汞轻污染地区夏季汞含量略高于秋季,而大气汞、土壤汞含量均为夏季高于秋季;各环境要素对芦苇叶片汞含量的影响重要程度依次为:土壤>大气>水体;此外,停止混汞法采金多年后,夹皮沟金矿开采区汞源主要为土壤.
At the Jiapigou gold mine of the Songhua River upstream,reed leaves(Phragmites australis),soil,and water samples were collected from June(summer) and September(autumn) 2016 for the determination of mercury.Moreover,the mercury concentrations in the air were determined synchronously.Furthermore,the level of mercury pollution in the reed leaves was determined by a single factor pollution index method,and the relationships among mercury concentrations in the reed leaves and environmental factors were analyzed to research the distribution characteristics,influencing factors,and correlations around the gold mining area.The results show that,in terms of spatial distribution,the mercury concentrations in reed leaves,soil,and water gradually decay with the distance from the gold mining area,and the spatial distribution of the mercury concentrations in the air was not obvious.Regarding a temporal distribution,the mercury concentrations in the reed leaves in summer were lower than those in autumn in the heavy pollution areas,while the distribution in the light pollution areas was the opposite,as the mercury concentrations of air and soil in summer were higher than those in autumn.The influence of environmental factors on the mercury concentrations in the reed leaves was soil>air>water.In addition,after stopping gold mining and processing using mercury,the mercury source in the area was the soil.
At the Jiapigou gold mine of the Songhua River upstream,reed leaves(Phragmites australis),soil,and water samples were collected from June(summer) and September(autumn) 2016 for the determination of mercury.Moreover,the mercury concentrations in the air were determined synchronously.Furthermore,the level of mercury pollution in the reed leaves was determined by a single factor pollution index method,and the relationships among mercury concentrations in the reed leaves and environmental factors were analyzed to research the distribution characteristics,influencing factors,and correlations around the gold mining area.The results show that,in terms of spatial distribution,the mercury concentrations in reed leaves,soil,and water gradually decay with the distance from the gold mining area,and the spatial distribution of the mercury concentrations in the air was not obvious.Regarding a temporal distribution,the mercury concentrations in the reed leaves in summer were lower than those in autumn in the heavy pollution areas,while the distribution in the light pollution areas was the opposite,as the mercury concentrations of air and soil in summer were higher than those in autumn.The influence of environmental factors on the mercury concentrations in the reed leaves was soil>air>water.In addition,after stopping gold mining and processing using mercury,the mercury source in the area was the soil.
引文
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[25]高锦玉,王昊,蔡武,等.土壤释汞通量影响因素研究进展[J].地球与环境,2016,44(2):261-269.Gao J Y,Wang H,Cai W,et al.Research progress in factor study on soil mercury evaporation fluxes[J].Earth and Environment,2016,44(2):261-269.
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[28]Hanson P J,Lindberg S E,Tabberer T A,et al.Foliar exchange of mercury vapor:evidence for a compensation point[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,1995,80(1-4):373-382.
[29]Ericksen J A,Gustin M S,Schorran D E,et al.Accumulation of atmospheric mercury in forest foliage[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(12):1613-1622.
[30]张丽娟,张冬有,张思冲,等.大庆城市湿地水生生态系统重金属转移模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(S2):277-282.Zhang L J,Zhang D Y,Zhang S C,et al.Transferring models for heavy metals in city wetland aquicolous ecosystem of Daqing,Heilongjiang Province[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2007,29(S2):277-282.
[31]严莉,李龙山,倪细炉,等.5种湿地植物对土壤重金属的富集转运特征[J].西北植物学报,2016,36(10):2078-2085.Yan L,Li L S,Ni X L,et al.Accumulation of soil heavy metals in five species of wetland plants[J].Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,2016,36(10):2078-2085.
[32]韩志萍,胡晓斌,胡正海.芦竹修复镉汞污染湿地的研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(5):945-950.Han Z P,Hu X B,Hu Z H.Phytoremediation of mercury and cadmium polluted wetland by Arundo donax[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(5):945-950.
[2]吉林省冶金研究所.金的选矿[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1978.88-111.
[3]王宁,朱颜明,朴明玉,等.松花江上游地区汞污染的化学生态效应[J].地理科学,2005,25(6):737-741.Wang N,Zhu Y M,Piao M Y,et al.Chemical ecology effect of mercury pollution on upper Songhua River areas[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2005,25(6):737-741.
[4]覃东立,姜海峰,黄晓丽,等.松花江沉积物汞的新变化:分布、演化与现状及潜在生态风险评估[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(6):1910-1916.Qin D L,Jiang H F,Huang X L,et al.Changes of total mercury in sediments from Songhua River:distribution,evolution and potential ecological risk[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(6):1910-1916.
[5]杨净,王宁,蔡青香.夹皮沟金矿区土壤汞的赋存形态及污染特征[J].生态毒理学报,2014,9(5):924-932.Yang J,Wang N,Cai Q X.Chemical speciation and pollution characteristics of Hg in soils from Jiapigou gold mining area[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2014,9(5):924-932.
[6]张刚,王宁,王媛,等.松花江上游夹皮沟金矿土壤与大气汞污染特征[J].环境科学,2012,33(9):2953-2959.Zhang G,Wang N,Wang Y,et al.Characteristics of mercury pollution in soil and atmosphere in Songhua River upstream Jiapigou gold mining area[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(9):2953-2959.
[7]邹婷婷,王宁,张刚,等.松花江上游金矿开采区环境中汞污染的空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2010,31(9):2228-2233.Zou T T,Wang N,Zhang G,et al.Environment spatial distribution of mercury pollution in Songhua River upstream gold mining areas[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(9):2228-2233.
[8]杨净,王宁.夹皮沟金矿开采区土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(3):595-600.Yang J,Wang N.Assessment of potential ecological risk of heavy metals in soils from Jia-pi-gou mine area,China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(3):595-600.
[9]李雅芬,王景,王宁.松花江上游金矿开采区河流水体和沉积物中汞的污染特征及风险评估[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(3):622-628.Li Y F,Wang J,Wang N.Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of mercury pollution in the river water and sediment of the Songhua River upstream gold mining area[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(3):622-628.
[10]王宁,朱颜明.松花湖水源地重金属非点源污染调查[J].中国环境科学,2000,20(5):419-421.Wang N,Zhu Y M.The survey on non-point source pollution of heavy metals in Songhua River[J].China Environmental Science,2000,20(5):419-421.
[11]王宁,朱颜明,盛连喜,等.松花江上游苇沙河河段中国林蛙的汞污染[J].科学通报,2005,50(15):1589-1593.Wang N,Zhu Y M,Sheng L X,et al.Mercury pollution in Rana Chensinensis in Weisha River reach,in the upstream region of Songhua river[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(19):2166-2170.
[12]郑伟,冯新斌,李广辉,等.硝酸水浴消解-冷原子荧光光谱法测定植物中的总汞[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2006,25(3):285-287.Zheng W,Feng X B,Li G H,et al.Determination of total mercury in plants by HNO3digestion in the water bath coupled with cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2006,25(3):285-287.
[13]何天容,冯新斌,戴前进,等.萃取-乙基化结合GC-CVAFS法测定沉积物及土壤中的甲基汞[J].地球与环境,2004,32(2):83-86.He T R,Feng X B,Dai Q J,et al.Determination of methyl mercury in sediments and soils by GC-CVAFS after aqueous phase ethylation[J].Earth and Environment,2004,32(2):83-86.
[14]阎海鱼,冯新斌,商立海,等.天然水体中痕量汞的形态分析方法研究[J].分析测试学报,2003,22(5):10-13.Yan H Y,Feng X B,Shang L H,et al.Speciation analysis of Ultra trace levels of mercury in natural waters[J].Journal of Instrumental analysis,2003,22(5):10-13.
[15]Leonard T L,Taylor Jr G E,Gustin M S,et al.Mercury and plants in contaminated soils:1.Uptake,partitioning,and emission to the atmosphere[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1998,17(10):2063-2071.
[16]Zhang H,Lindberg S E.Sunlight and iron(Ⅲ)-induced photochemical production of dissolved gaseous mercury in freshwater[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2001,35(5):928-935.
[17]李楚娴,孙荣国,王定勇,等.三峡水库消落区土壤、植物汞释放及其在斑马鱼体的富集特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(7):2721-2727.Li C X,Sun R G,Wang D Y,et al.Release of mercury from soil and plant in water-level-fluctuating zone of the Three Gorges reservoir area and its accumulation in Zebrafish[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(7):2721-2727.
[18]Steffen A,Schroeder W,Bottenheim J,et al.Atmospheric mercury concentrations:measurements and profiles near snow and ice surfaces in the Canadian Arctic during Alert 2000[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(15-16):2653-2661.
[19]Ebinghaus R,Kock H H,Coggins A M,et al.Long-term measurements of atmospheric mercury at Mace head,Irish west coast,between 1995 and 2001[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(34):5267-5276.
[20]Lamborg C H,Fitzgerald W F,O'Donnell J,et al.A non-steadystate compartmental model of global-scale mercury biogeochemistry with interhemispheric atmospheric gradients[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2002,66(7):1105-1118.
[21]万奇,冯新斌,郑伟,等.长白山地区大气气态总汞含量的季节性特征研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(2):296-299.Wan Q,Feng X B,Zheng W,et al.Seasonal variation of total gaseous mercury in Changbai Mountain area[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(2):296-299.
[22]Eckley C S,Gustin M,Miller M B,et al.Scaling non-Pointsource mercury emissions from two active industrial gold mines:influential variables and annual emission estimates[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(2):392-399.
[23]Lindberg S E,Zhang H,Gustin M,et al.Increases in mercury emissions from desert soils in response to rainfall and irrigation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1999,104(D17):21879-21888.
[24]张刚,王宁,艾建超,等.持续性降水气象条件下土壤/大气间汞通量特征[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(3):409-415.Zhang G,Wang N,Ai J C,et al.Characteristics of mercury flux between soil and air under the meteorological condition of durative precipitation[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(3):409-415.
[25]高锦玉,王昊,蔡武,等.土壤释汞通量影响因素研究进展[J].地球与环境,2016,44(2):261-269.Gao J Y,Wang H,Cai W,et al.Research progress in factor study on soil mercury evaporation fluxes[J].Earth and Environment,2016,44(2):261-269.
[26]邢登华,梁成华,王少锋,等.长白山北坡森林土壤汞的含量和形态分布[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(1):106-111.Xing D H,Liang C H,Wang S F,et al.Concentration and speciation distribution of mercury in forest soils on northern slope of Changbai Mountain[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(1):106-111.
[27]戴前进,冯新斌.混汞法采金地区的汞污染研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2004,5(7):13-17.Dai Q J,Feng X B.Study on progress of mercury contamination to the environment associated with gold extraction by amalgamation[J].Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control,2004,5(7):13-17.
[28]Hanson P J,Lindberg S E,Tabberer T A,et al.Foliar exchange of mercury vapor:evidence for a compensation point[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,1995,80(1-4):373-382.
[29]Ericksen J A,Gustin M S,Schorran D E,et al.Accumulation of atmospheric mercury in forest foliage[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(12):1613-1622.
[30]张丽娟,张冬有,张思冲,等.大庆城市湿地水生生态系统重金属转移模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(S2):277-282.Zhang L J,Zhang D Y,Zhang S C,et al.Transferring models for heavy metals in city wetland aquicolous ecosystem of Daqing,Heilongjiang Province[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2007,29(S2):277-282.
[31]严莉,李龙山,倪细炉,等.5种湿地植物对土壤重金属的富集转运特征[J].西北植物学报,2016,36(10):2078-2085.Yan L,Li L S,Ni X L,et al.Accumulation of soil heavy metals in five species of wetland plants[J].Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,2016,36(10):2078-2085.
[32]韩志萍,胡晓斌,胡正海.芦竹修复镉汞污染湿地的研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(5):945-950.Han Z P,Hu X B,Hu Z H.Phytoremediation of mercury and cadmium polluted wetland by Arundo donax[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(5):945-950.