长时间强度维持台风内核区位涡的中尺度分布特征及诊断
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摘要
本文分析长时间强度维持"菲特"台风不同发展阶段的位涡分布特征发现:台风内核区中尺度高值PV带及其变化与台风强度变化具有伴随关系,即高值PV区与内核区强对流不仅具有对应关系;而且其生命史与台风强盛维持期一致;此外在眼墙区附近位涡梯度最大.分析还指出:垂直剖面上的高值PV呈现由单极位涡态(台风发展加强期)向中空位涡态(台风强盛维持期)的转变,到台风快速衰减期,又形成PV量值较小的单极位涡态.位涡收支方程诊断表明:内核区域水平平流、垂直输送和凝结加热的初始增强和大值收支带不仅对台风内中尺度高值位涡分布及长时间强度维持具有重要影响,而且具有伴随关系.此外,位涡收支各项对位涡态的转变起着不同的作用,其中凝结加热在台风强盛期中空位涡塔的建立中作用明显,水平平流项则在眼墙区的位涡塔中上层有着正贡献,垂直输送在高值PV分布的再分配中起中介作用.
Based on the modeling dataset,the distribution of the meso-scale potential vorticity(PV)in an intensity-maintaining Typhoon Fitow(2013)at different stages is analyzed.Results show that PV distributes asymmetrically in the inner-core with peak values accompanied by the intensity changes,which features with 1)the PV peaks with the convective bursts;2)the lifetime of the brand of peak PVs is coincided with the maintenance of the peak intensity of Typhoon;3)the highest radial gradient of PV occurs near the eyewall.Vertical cross-section shows that the peak PV transfers from a monopole to a hollow pole pattern as the typhoon evolves from intensifying phase to intensity-maintaining phase,while the reduced PV during the weakening stage of Typhoon shows another monopole.The horizontal distribution of the PV shows that the highest vales locating in the lower layers with an annular shape.The PV budget equation is used to diagnose the contribution of the horizontal and vertical advection of PV and the condensation heating to the PV tendency.Results show that the horizontal and vertical advection of PV,and the condensation heating are all important to the intensity maintenance.The condensation heating plays a key role in developing the hollow pattern of PV during the intensity-maintaining stage,the horizontal advection term contributes positively to middle-to-upper-levels PV near the eyewall,and the vertical advection term dominates in redistributing the peak values of PV.
Based on the modeling dataset,the distribution of the meso-scale potential vorticity(PV)in an intensity-maintaining Typhoon Fitow(2013)at different stages is analyzed.Results show that PV distributes asymmetrically in the inner-core with peak values accompanied by the intensity changes,which features with 1)the PV peaks with the convective bursts;2)the lifetime of the brand of peak PVs is coincided with the maintenance of the peak intensity of Typhoon;3)the highest radial gradient of PV occurs near the eyewall.Vertical cross-section shows that the peak PV transfers from a monopole to a hollow pole pattern as the typhoon evolves from intensifying phase to intensity-maintaining phase,while the reduced PV during the weakening stage of Typhoon shows another monopole.The horizontal distribution of the PV shows that the highest vales locating in the lower layers with an annular shape.The PV budget equation is used to diagnose the contribution of the horizontal and vertical advection of PV and the condensation heating to the PV tendency.Results show that the horizontal and vertical advection of PV,and the condensation heating are all important to the intensity maintenance.The condensation heating plays a key role in developing the hollow pattern of PV during the intensity-maintaining stage,the horizontal advection term contributes positively to middle-to-upper-levels PV near the eyewall,and the vertical advection term dominates in redistributing the peak values of PV.
引文
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Chan J C L,Gray W M.1982.Tropical cyclone movement and surrounding flow relationships.Monthly Weather Review,110(10):1354-1374.
Emanuel K A,Fantini M,Thorpe A J.1987.Baroclinic instability in an environment of small stability to slantwise moist convection.Part I:Two-dimensional models.Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,44(12):1559-1573.
Emanuel K A,Ivkovi-Rothman M.1999.Development and evaluation of a convection scheme for use in climate models.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,56(11):1766-1782.
Ertel H.1942.Ein neuer hydrodynamischer wirbelsatz.Meteorol ZBraunschweigs,6:277-281.
Franklin C N,Holland G J,May P T.2006.Mechanisms for the generation of mesoscale vorticity features in tropical cyclone rainbands.Monthly Weather Review,134(10):2649-2669.
Hoskins B J,McIntyre M E,Robertson A W.1985.On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,111(470):877-946.
Houze R A Jr,Chen S S,Smull B F,et al.2007.Hurricane intensity and eyewall replacement.Science,315(5816):1235-1239.
Lewis B M,Hawkins H F.1982.Polygonal eye walls and rainbands in hurricanes.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,63(11):1294-1301.
Li Q H,Lu H C,Zhong W,et al.2016.Influence of bimodel vertical wind shear on typhoon structure and intensity.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),59(7):2377-2392,doi:10.6038/cjg20160705.
Lin B X,Yang M R.2012.The potential vorticity budget of typhoon Nari(2001).Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),40(1):1-27.
Liu S,Zhong W,Liu J C,et al.2015.The contribution of structure and evolution of potential vorticity tower to the intensity change of Hurricane Wilma(2005).Chinese Journal of Geophysics,58(5):1513-1525,doi:10.6038/cjg20150505.
McAdie C J,Lawrence M B.2000.Improvements in tropical cyclone track forecasting in the Atlantic basin,1970-98.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,81(5):989-998.
Molinari J,Skubis S,Vollaro D,et al.1998.Potential vorticity analysis of tropical cyclone intensification.Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,55(16):2632-2644.
Moller J D,Smith R K.1994.The development of potential vorticity in a hurricane-like vortex.QuarterlyJournal of the Royal Meteorological Society,120(519):1255-1265.
Pedlosky J.1987.Geophysical Fluid Dynamics.2nd ed.New York:Springer Verlag,38-42.
Qiu X,Tan Z M,Xiao Q N.2010.The roles of vortex Rossby waves in hurricane secondary eyewall formation.Monthly Weather Review,138(6):2092-2109.
Rossby C G.1940.Planetary flow patterns in the atmosphere.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,66(Suppl):68-87.
Schubert W H,Hausman S A,Garcia M,et al.2001.Potential vorticity in a moist atmosphere.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,58(21):3148-3157.
Soden B J,Velden C S,Tuleya R E.2001.The impact of satellite winds on experimental GFDL hurricane model forecasts.Monthly Weather Review,129(4):835-852.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Lu W,et al.2014.Why are tropical cyclone tracks over the western North Pacific sensitive to the cumulus parameterization scheme in regional climate modeling?A case study for Megi(2010).Monthly Weather Review,142(3):1240-1249.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Dong H,et al.2015a.Sensitivity of tropical cyclone track simulation over the western north pacific to different heating/drying rates in the Betts-Miller-Janjic′Scheme.Monthly Weather Review,143(9):3478-3494.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Lu W.2015b.Sensitivity of tropical cyclone feedback on the intensity of the western pacific subtropical high to microphysics scheme.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,72(4):1346-1368.
Tuleya R E,Lord S J.1997.The impact of Dropwindsonde data on GFDL hurricane model forecasts using global analyses.Weather and Forecasting,12(2):307-323.
Wang Y,Wu C C.2004.Current understanding of tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes-A review.Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics,87(4):257-278.
Wang Y Q.2002a.Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone.Part I:Overall structure,potential vorticity,and kinetic energy budgets.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,59(7):1213-1238.
Wang Y Q.2002b.Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone.Part II:The role in tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,59(7):1239-1262.
Wayne H,Schubert,Alworth B T.1987.Evolution of potential vorticity in tropical cyclones.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,113(475):147-162.
Willoughby H E,Clos J A,Shoreibah M G.1982.Concentric eye walls,secondary wind maxima,and the evolution of the hurricane vortex.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,39(2):395-411.
Willoughby H E.1990.Temporal changes of the primary circulation in tropical cyclones.Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,47(2):242-264.
Wu C C,Kurihara Y.1996.A numerical study of the feedback mechanisms of hurricane-environment interaction on hurricane movement from the potential vorticity perspective.Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,53(15):2264-2282.
Wu C C.2001.Numerical simulation of Typhoon Gladys(1994)and its interaction with Taiwan terrain using the GFDL hurricane model.Monthly Weather Review,129(6):1533-1549.
Wu C C,Cheng H J,Wang Y Q,et al.2009.A numerical investigation of the eyewall evolution in a landfalling typhoon.Monthly Weather Review,137(1):21-40.
Wu L G,Wang B.2000.A potential vorticity tendency diagnostic approach for tropical cyclone motion.Monthly Weather Review,128(6):1899-1911.
Wu L G,Wang B.2001.Effects of convective heating on movement and vertical coupling of tropical cyclones:A numerical study.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,58(23):3639-3649.
Yau M K,Liu Y B,Zhang D L,et al.2004.A Multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew(1992).Part VI:Small-scale innercore structures and wind streaks.Monthly Weather Review,132(6):1410-1433.
Ying Y,Zhang Q H.2012.A modeling study on tropical cyclone structural changes in response to ambient moisture variations.Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan.Ser.II,90(5):755-770.
Zeng Z H,Chen L S,Wang Y Q.2008.An observational study of environmental dynamical control of tropical cyclone intensity in the Atlantic.Monthly Weather Review,136(9):3307-3322.
Zhang Q H,Chen S J,Kuo Y H,et al.2005.Numerical study of a typhoon with a large eye:model simulation and verification.Monthly Weather Review,133(4):725-742.
Zhong W,Zhang D L,Lu H C.2009.A theory for mixed vortex rossby-gravity waves in tropical cyclones.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,66(11):3366-3381.
李启华,陆汉城,钟伟等.2016.双模态风垂直切变对台风结构和强度的作用分析.地球物理学报,59(7):2377-2392,doi:10.6038/cjg20160705.
林柏旭,杨明仁.2012.纳莉(2001)台风之位涡收支.大气科学,40(1):1-27.
Chan J C L,Gray W M.1982.Tropical cyclone movement and surrounding flow relationships.Monthly Weather Review,110(10):1354-1374.
Emanuel K A,Fantini M,Thorpe A J.1987.Baroclinic instability in an environment of small stability to slantwise moist convection.Part I:Two-dimensional models.Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,44(12):1559-1573.
Emanuel K A,Ivkovi-Rothman M.1999.Development and evaluation of a convection scheme for use in climate models.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,56(11):1766-1782.
Ertel H.1942.Ein neuer hydrodynamischer wirbelsatz.Meteorol ZBraunschweigs,6:277-281.
Franklin C N,Holland G J,May P T.2006.Mechanisms for the generation of mesoscale vorticity features in tropical cyclone rainbands.Monthly Weather Review,134(10):2649-2669.
Hoskins B J,McIntyre M E,Robertson A W.1985.On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,111(470):877-946.
Houze R A Jr,Chen S S,Smull B F,et al.2007.Hurricane intensity and eyewall replacement.Science,315(5816):1235-1239.
Lewis B M,Hawkins H F.1982.Polygonal eye walls and rainbands in hurricanes.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,63(11):1294-1301.
Li Q H,Lu H C,Zhong W,et al.2016.Influence of bimodel vertical wind shear on typhoon structure and intensity.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),59(7):2377-2392,doi:10.6038/cjg20160705.
Lin B X,Yang M R.2012.The potential vorticity budget of typhoon Nari(2001).Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),40(1):1-27.
Liu S,Zhong W,Liu J C,et al.2015.The contribution of structure and evolution of potential vorticity tower to the intensity change of Hurricane Wilma(2005).Chinese Journal of Geophysics,58(5):1513-1525,doi:10.6038/cjg20150505.
McAdie C J,Lawrence M B.2000.Improvements in tropical cyclone track forecasting in the Atlantic basin,1970-98.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,81(5):989-998.
Molinari J,Skubis S,Vollaro D,et al.1998.Potential vorticity analysis of tropical cyclone intensification.Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,55(16):2632-2644.
Moller J D,Smith R K.1994.The development of potential vorticity in a hurricane-like vortex.QuarterlyJournal of the Royal Meteorological Society,120(519):1255-1265.
Pedlosky J.1987.Geophysical Fluid Dynamics.2nd ed.New York:Springer Verlag,38-42.
Qiu X,Tan Z M,Xiao Q N.2010.The roles of vortex Rossby waves in hurricane secondary eyewall formation.Monthly Weather Review,138(6):2092-2109.
Rossby C G.1940.Planetary flow patterns in the atmosphere.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,66(Suppl):68-87.
Schubert W H,Hausman S A,Garcia M,et al.2001.Potential vorticity in a moist atmosphere.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,58(21):3148-3157.
Soden B J,Velden C S,Tuleya R E.2001.The impact of satellite winds on experimental GFDL hurricane model forecasts.Monthly Weather Review,129(4):835-852.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Lu W,et al.2014.Why are tropical cyclone tracks over the western North Pacific sensitive to the cumulus parameterization scheme in regional climate modeling?A case study for Megi(2010).Monthly Weather Review,142(3):1240-1249.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Dong H,et al.2015a.Sensitivity of tropical cyclone track simulation over the western north pacific to different heating/drying rates in the Betts-Miller-Janjic′Scheme.Monthly Weather Review,143(9):3478-3494.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Lu W.2015b.Sensitivity of tropical cyclone feedback on the intensity of the western pacific subtropical high to microphysics scheme.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,72(4):1346-1368.
Tuleya R E,Lord S J.1997.The impact of Dropwindsonde data on GFDL hurricane model forecasts using global analyses.Weather and Forecasting,12(2):307-323.
Wang Y,Wu C C.2004.Current understanding of tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes-A review.Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics,87(4):257-278.
Wang Y Q.2002a.Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone.Part I:Overall structure,potential vorticity,and kinetic energy budgets.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,59(7):1213-1238.
Wang Y Q.2002b.Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone.Part II:The role in tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,59(7):1239-1262.
Wayne H,Schubert,Alworth B T.1987.Evolution of potential vorticity in tropical cyclones.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,113(475):147-162.
Willoughby H E,Clos J A,Shoreibah M G.1982.Concentric eye walls,secondary wind maxima,and the evolution of the hurricane vortex.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,39(2):395-411.
Willoughby H E.1990.Temporal changes of the primary circulation in tropical cyclones.Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,47(2):242-264.
Wu C C,Kurihara Y.1996.A numerical study of the feedback mechanisms of hurricane-environment interaction on hurricane movement from the potential vorticity perspective.Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,53(15):2264-2282.
Wu C C.2001.Numerical simulation of Typhoon Gladys(1994)and its interaction with Taiwan terrain using the GFDL hurricane model.Monthly Weather Review,129(6):1533-1549.
Wu C C,Cheng H J,Wang Y Q,et al.2009.A numerical investigation of the eyewall evolution in a landfalling typhoon.Monthly Weather Review,137(1):21-40.
Wu L G,Wang B.2000.A potential vorticity tendency diagnostic approach for tropical cyclone motion.Monthly Weather Review,128(6):1899-1911.
Wu L G,Wang B.2001.Effects of convective heating on movement and vertical coupling of tropical cyclones:A numerical study.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,58(23):3639-3649.
Yau M K,Liu Y B,Zhang D L,et al.2004.A Multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew(1992).Part VI:Small-scale innercore structures and wind streaks.Monthly Weather Review,132(6):1410-1433.
Ying Y,Zhang Q H.2012.A modeling study on tropical cyclone structural changes in response to ambient moisture variations.Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan.Ser.II,90(5):755-770.
Zeng Z H,Chen L S,Wang Y Q.2008.An observational study of environmental dynamical control of tropical cyclone intensity in the Atlantic.Monthly Weather Review,136(9):3307-3322.
Zhang Q H,Chen S J,Kuo Y H,et al.2005.Numerical study of a typhoon with a large eye:model simulation and verification.Monthly Weather Review,133(4):725-742.
Zhong W,Zhang D L,Lu H C.2009.A theory for mixed vortex rossby-gravity waves in tropical cyclones.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,66(11):3366-3381.
李启华,陆汉城,钟伟等.2016.双模态风垂直切变对台风结构和强度的作用分析.地球物理学报,59(7):2377-2392,doi:10.6038/cjg20160705.
林柏旭,杨明仁.2012.纳莉(2001)台风之位涡收支.大气科学,40(1):1-27.