西北干旱区夏季晴天、阴天边界层结构及其陆面过程对比分析
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摘要
以2006年夏季敦煌野外观测的探空资料为基础,对比研究了西北的荒漠区晴天、阴天大气边界层的构造以及对应的陆面过程。结果表明,西北荒漠区晴天和阴天的对流边界层以及稳定边界层均比中国中部、东部地方发展旺盛。相比而言,晴天的边界层在构造和陆面过程都和阴天存有较大差异。晴天对流边界层高度可达3.5 km,稳定边界层高度约为1 km,而阴天这两者的日最大高度分别仅约为2.5km和0.2 km。除边界层高度外,西北荒漠区的比湿表现为阴天高于晴天,晴天比湿随高度变化幅度大于阴天,阴天从地表开始向上200 m内出现较弱的逆湿现象,而晴天不出现逆湿现象。造成晴天、阴天边界层的不同原因主要是热力因子和动力因子差异。首先,强烈的太阳辐射、较大的感热通量转化率使得晴天比阴天热对流发展更加旺盛;其次,近地面水平风速晴天的速度均比阴天大,这种以湍流形式的动力作用也为晴天边界层的发展高度大于阴天提供了一定的动力背景。对流边界层在发展初期受陆面热力因子影响很大,没有了稳定边界层的限制后就会迅速发展,而且发展在时间上与净辐射、地表温度、感热通量的日变化中表现出一定的滞后性,这与能量的转化和传输有关。
Based on the sounding data of Dunhuang field observation in the summer of 2006,the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer on the sunny and cloudy days in the desert area of Northwest China had been studied.In addition,the corresponding land surface processes were investigated as well. Conclusions were drawn as follows: The convective boundary layer and the stable boundary layer on the sunny and cloudy days of northwest desert are more developed than those in central and eastern of China. In contrast,the boundary layer of sunny days is very different from that of the cloudy days in the structure and land surface processes,the height of convective boundary layer is up to 3. 5 km in sunny days,while the height of the stable boundary layer is about1 km,The maximum daily height of cloudy days for the convective and stable boundary layer is about 2. 5 km and 0. 2 km respectively. In addition to the boundary layer height,the specific humidity of northwest desert on cloudy day and sunny day shares the different characteristics. Sunny specific humidity with height range is greater than the cloudy day,the cloudy day starts from the ground surface up to 200 m,appearing the weaker counter humidity Phenomenon,but sunny days do not appear the phenomenon. The difference between the boundary layers are mainly caused by the thermal and dynamic factors on sunny and cloudy days. First of all,in different background weather,the solar radiation and the heat flux conversion rate lead the heat convection to be different,the solar radiation and sensible heat flux of the sunny days are stronger and greater than that of cloudy days; Secondly,the speed of the near ground level wind in sunny days is higher than that of cloudy days,This dynamic action in turbulent form also provides a certain dynamic background for the development of boundary layer height in sunny days,which is greater than that of cloudy days. The convective boundary layer is greatly affected by land surface thermodynamic factors in the early stage of the development,without the limitation of the stable boundary layer,it will develop rapidly. In addition,the temporal development in the diurnal variation of the net radiation,surface temperature and sensible heat flux exist a hysteresis quality,it is related to the transformation and transmission of energy.
Based on the sounding data of Dunhuang field observation in the summer of 2006,the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer on the sunny and cloudy days in the desert area of Northwest China had been studied.In addition,the corresponding land surface processes were investigated as well. Conclusions were drawn as follows: The convective boundary layer and the stable boundary layer on the sunny and cloudy days of northwest desert are more developed than those in central and eastern of China. In contrast,the boundary layer of sunny days is very different from that of the cloudy days in the structure and land surface processes,the height of convective boundary layer is up to 3. 5 km in sunny days,while the height of the stable boundary layer is about1 km,The maximum daily height of cloudy days for the convective and stable boundary layer is about 2. 5 km and 0. 2 km respectively. In addition to the boundary layer height,the specific humidity of northwest desert on cloudy day and sunny day shares the different characteristics. Sunny specific humidity with height range is greater than the cloudy day,the cloudy day starts from the ground surface up to 200 m,appearing the weaker counter humidity Phenomenon,but sunny days do not appear the phenomenon. The difference between the boundary layers are mainly caused by the thermal and dynamic factors on sunny and cloudy days. First of all,in different background weather,the solar radiation and the heat flux conversion rate lead the heat convection to be different,the solar radiation and sensible heat flux of the sunny days are stronger and greater than that of cloudy days; Secondly,the speed of the near ground level wind in sunny days is higher than that of cloudy days,This dynamic action in turbulent form also provides a certain dynamic background for the development of boundary layer height in sunny days,which is greater than that of cloudy days. The convective boundary layer is greatly affected by land surface thermodynamic factors in the early stage of the development,without the limitation of the stable boundary layer,it will develop rapidly. In addition,the temporal development in the diurnal variation of the net radiation,surface temperature and sensible heat flux exist a hysteresis quality,it is related to the transformation and transmission of energy.
引文
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Hu Y Q,Gao Y X,1994.Some new know ledge to land surface processes in arid region[J].Acta M eteor Sinica(in Chinese),52(3):285-296.
Deardorff J W,1970.Convective velocity and temperature scale for the unstable planetary boundary layer an d for Rayleigh convection[J].J Atmos Sci,27:1211-1213.
谷雷良,胡泽勇,吕世华,等,2005.酒泉绿洲夏季大气边界层加热(冷却)特征初探[J].高原气象,24(4):541-544.Gu L L,Hu Z Y,LüS H,et al,2005.Characteristics of heating(cooling)rate in atmospheric boundary layer in Jiuquan oasis summer[J].Plateau M eteor,24(4):541-544.
赵鸣,2006.大气边界层动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社.Zhao M,2006.Dynamics of atmospheric boundary layer[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press.
蒋维楣,徐玉貌,于洪彬,1994.边界层气象学基础[M].南京:南京大气出版社.42-44.Jiang W M,Xu Y M,Yu H B,1994.Boundary layer meteorology[M].Nanjing:Nanjing atmospheric press.42-44.
张强,黄荣辉,王胜,等,2005.西北干旱区陆面过程观测野外试验(NWC-ALIEX)及其研究进展[J].地球科学进展,20(9):427-441.Zhang Q,Huang R H,Wang S,et al,2005.Northw est arid land surface process observation field experiment(NWC-ALIEX)and its research progress[J].Adv Earth Sci,20(9):427-441.
张强,2007a.极端干旱荒漠区大气热力边界层厚度研究[J].中国沙漠,27(4):614-620.Zhang Q,2007a.Study on depth of atmospheric thermal boundary layer in extreme arid desert regions[J].JDesert Res,27(4):614-620.
李岩瑛,张强,张爱萍,等,2016.干旱半干旱区边界层变化特征及其影响因子分析[J].高原气象,35(2):385-396.Li Y Y,Zhang Q,Zhang A P,et al,2016.Analysis on atmosphere boundary layer variation characteristics and their impact factors in arid region and semi-arid region over Northw est China[J].Plateau Meteor,35(2):385-396.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00153.
王腾蛟,张镭,胡向军,等,2013.WRF模式对黄土高原丘陵地形条件下夏季边界层结构的数值模拟[J].高原气象,35(2):1261-1271.Wang T J,Zhang L,Hu X J,et al,2013.Numerical simulation of summer boundary layer structure over undulating topography of Loess Plateau simulated by WRF M odel[J].Plateau M eteor,32(5):1261-1271.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2012.00121.
石春娥,李耀孙,杨军,等,2015.MM5和WRF对中国东部地区冬季边界层模拟效果比较[J].高原气象,34(2):389-400.Shi CE,Li Y S,Yang J,et al,2015.Comparison of simulations on w inter sounding profiles in PBL in East China betw een WRF and M M 5[J].Plateau M eteor,34(2):389-400.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00206.
胡非,洪钟祥,雷孝恩,2003.大气边界层和大气环境研究进展[J].大气科学,27(4):712-728.Hu F,Hong Z X,Lei X E,2003.Recent progress of atmospheric boundary layer physics and atmospheric environment research in IAP[J].J Atmos Sci(in chinese),27(4):712-728.
王俊勤,胡隐樵,陈家宜,等,1994.HEIFE区边界层某些结构特征[J].高原气象,13(3):299-306.Wang J Q,Hu Y Q,Chen JY,et al,1994.HEIFE area boundary layer structure characteristics[J].Plateau Meteor,13(3):299-306.
张强,王胜,2008.西北干旱区夏季大气边界层结构及其陆面过程特征[J].气象学报,66(4):599-608.Zhang Q,Wang S,2008.A study on atmospheric boundary layer structure on a clear day in the arid region in Northw est China[J].Acta M eteor Sinica,66(4):599-608.
朱德琴,陈文,刘辉知,等,2006.我国西北典型干旱区和高原地区地表辐射能力收支特征的比较[J].气候与环境研究,11(6):684-690.Zhu D Q,Chen W,Liu Z H,et al,2006.The comparison of surface radiation budget betw een typical arid region in Northw est China and Plateau region[J].Climatic Environ Res,11(6):684-690.
李英,胡志莉,赵红梅,等,2012.青藏高原大气边界层结构特征研究综述[J].高原山地气象研究,32(4):92-96.Li Y,Hu Z L,Zhao H M,et al,2012.Overview on the characteristic of boundary layer structure in Tibetan Plateau[J].Plateau M ountain M eteor Res,32(4):92-96.
乔娟,张强,张杰,等,2010.西北干旱区冬、夏大气边界层结构对比研究[J].中国沙漠,30(2):423-431.Qiao J,Zhang Q,Zhang J,et al,2010.Comparison of atmospheric boundary layer in w inter and summer over arid region of Northw est China[J].JDesert Res,30(2):423-431.
张强,赵映东,王胜,等,2007b.极端干旱荒漠区典型晴天大气热力边界层结构分析[J].地球科学进展,22(11):1150-1159.Zhang Q,Zhao Y D,Wang S,et al,2007b.A study on atmospheric thermal boundary layer structure in extremely arid desert and gobi region on the clear day in summer[J].Adv Earth Sci,22(11):1150-1159.
赵建华,张强,王胜,2011.西北干旱区对流边界层发展的热力机制模拟研究[J].气象学报,69(6):1030-1037.Zhao J H,Zhang Q,Whang S,2011.A simulative study of the thermal mechanism for development of the convective boundary layer in the arid zone of northw est China[J].Acta M eteor Sinica,69(6):1030-1037.
王晓玲,王海燕,王珊珊,等,2015.边界层准静止干线触发的中尺度暴雨机理分析[J].高原气象,34(5):1310-1322.Wang XL,Wang H Y,Wang S S,et al,2015.Analysis on mechanism of mesoscale rainstorm triggered by quasi-stationary dryline in boundary layer[J].Plateau M eteor,34(5):1310-1322.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00056.394.
韦志刚,陈文,黄荣辉,2010.敦煌夏末大气垂直结构和边界层高度特征[J].大气科学,34(5):905-913.Wei Z G,Chen W,Huang R H,2010.Dunhuang atmospheric vertical structure and boundary layer height characteristics at the end of the summer[J].J Atmos Sci,34(5):905-913.
张强,卫国安,侯平,2004.初夏敦煌戈壁大气边界结构特征的一次观测试[J].高原气象,23(5):587-597.Zhang Q,Wei G A,Hou P,2004.Observation studies studies of atmosphere atmosphere boundary boundary layer layer characteristic characteristic over Dunhuang Gobi in early summer[J].Plateau M eteor,23(5):587-597.
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