结合激光雷达和探空资料研究青藏高原地区混合层高度特征
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摘要
利用那曲地区的微脉冲激光雷达探测资料,采用梯度法获取了那曲地区白天混合层高度随时间的演变信息及混合层特征参数,结果表明混合层在上午发展缓慢,中午以后发展迅速,14:00(北京时)前后达到稳定;强烈的对流热泡活动导致混合层高度起伏较大,参数化反演得到的卷夹层厚度达到0.4~0.5 km,卷夹比在0.2左右。利用探空资料结合日最大位温资料,采用气块法得到了高原地区7个站点的每日最大混合层高度数据集。通过对由激光雷达和探空资料得到的最大混合层高度结果进行对比,发现二者有很好的一致性(相关系数0.85,均值偏差0.11 km,均方根误差0.30 km,并通过0.05显著性水平的t检验)。最大混合层高度在7个站点均有明显的逐日变化特征。从年均值看,最大混合层高度与海拔高度之间没有明显相关关系。从季节均值看,格尔木与都兰站表现出明显的春高冬低的分布特征,而其它五个站点则表现为春高夏低,表明高原地区的盆地地形和山地地形对混合层高度有显著而不同的影响。通过定义热力稳定度和确定特征气压层高度,利用热力稳定度与最大混合层高度之间良好的线性关系,获取了一种简便地获取最大混合层高度的统计方法。
The time series of mixing layer height and other characteristic variables in Naqu area are retrieved from Micro-Pulse Lidar(MPL, the same below) data by using the gradient method. Results show that the development of the mixing layer is slow in the morning and rapid in the afternoon, reaching a stable status at around 1400 BT(Beijing time). The fluctuation of the mixing layer height in the afternoon indicates that there exist frequent and strong convective activities over the Tibetan Plateau. An estimation of 400–500 m for the entrainment ozone depth and about 0.2 for the entrainment rate can be obtained by a parameterization method. Based on radiosonde data collected at 0800 BT and the daily highest surface potential temperature, the maximum mixing height(MMH) at 7 stations in the Tibetan Plateau can be obtained using the parcel method. The MMHs from MPL data and from radiosonde data show a good agreement with each other with the correlation coefficient of 0.85, mean bias of 0.11 km, root-mean-square error of 0.30 km, and the correlation passes the t test at the significance level of 0.05. The MMHs at the 7 stations all show an obvious daily variation. The annual mean of MMH indicates that there is no significant correlation between the MMH and the site altitude. The MMHs at Golmud and Dulan stations show different seasonal characteristics from those at other 5 stations. The former reaches their peaks in spring and monotonically decrease to low values in winter, while the latter reach their highest values in spring and the lowest values occur in summer. The above results show that terrain features of basin and mountain in the Tibetan Plateau have significant but different effects on the mixing layer height. With the definitions of thermal stability and characteristic pressure level, a statistical approach that can be used to easily obtain MMH is proposed based on the good linear relationship between thermal stability and MMH.
The time series of mixing layer height and other characteristic variables in Naqu area are retrieved from Micro-Pulse Lidar(MPL, the same below) data by using the gradient method. Results show that the development of the mixing layer is slow in the morning and rapid in the afternoon, reaching a stable status at around 1400 BT(Beijing time). The fluctuation of the mixing layer height in the afternoon indicates that there exist frequent and strong convective activities over the Tibetan Plateau. An estimation of 400–500 m for the entrainment ozone depth and about 0.2 for the entrainment rate can be obtained by a parameterization method. Based on radiosonde data collected at 0800 BT and the daily highest surface potential temperature, the maximum mixing height(MMH) at 7 stations in the Tibetan Plateau can be obtained using the parcel method. The MMHs from MPL data and from radiosonde data show a good agreement with each other with the correlation coefficient of 0.85, mean bias of 0.11 km, root-mean-square error of 0.30 km, and the correlation passes the t test at the significance level of 0.05. The MMHs at the 7 stations all show an obvious daily variation. The annual mean of MMH indicates that there is no significant correlation between the MMH and the site altitude. The MMHs at Golmud and Dulan stations show different seasonal characteristics from those at other 5 stations. The former reaches their peaks in spring and monotonically decrease to low values in winter, while the latter reach their highest values in spring and the lowest values occur in summer. The above results show that terrain features of basin and mountain in the Tibetan Plateau have significant but different effects on the mixing layer height. With the definitions of thermal stability and characteristic pressure level, a statistical approach that can be used to easily obtain MMH is proposed based on the good linear relationship between thermal stability and MMH.
引文
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陈建文,胡琳,王娟敏,等.2014.陕西省混合层高度变化规律研究[J].水土保持研究,21(5):322-326,331.Chen Jianwen,Hu Lin,Wang Juanmin,et al.2014.Distribution characteristics of the mixed layer height in Shaanxi Province[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation(in Chinese),21(5):322-326,331,doi:10.13869/j.cnki.rswc.2014.05.057.
戴加洗.1990.青藏高原气候[M].北京:气象出版社.Dai Jiaxi.1990.The Climate in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press.
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Ding Y H,Sumi A,Shen X S.1995.Structure of the mixed layer and estimates of sea surface fluxes during TOGA-COARE IOP.Part II:Estimates of sea surface fluxes[J].J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,73(2B):569-583,doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.73.2B_569.
Driedonks A G M,Tennekes H.1984.Entrainment effects in the well-mixed atmospheric boundary layer[J].Bound.-Layer Meteor.,30(1-4):75-105,doi:10.1007/BF00121950.
Dupont E.1991.étude méthodologique et expérimentale de la couche limite atmosphérique par télédetéction laser[D].Ph.D.dissertation,University of Paris.
Garc J A,Cancillo M L,Cano J L.2002.A case study of the morning evolution of the convective boundary layer depth[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,41(10):1053-1059,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<1053:ACSOTM>2.0.CO;2.
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He Q S,Li C C,Ma J Z,et al.2013.The properties and formation of cirrus clouds over the Tibetan Plateau based on summertime lidar measurements[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,70(3):901-915,doi:10.1175/JAS-D-12-0171.1.
He Q S,Li C C,Ma J Z,et al.2014.Lidar-observed enhancement of aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau induced by the Nabro volcano eruption[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,14(21):11687-11696,doi:10.5194/acp-14-11687-2014.
Hennemuth B,Lammert A.2006.Determination of the atmospheric boundary layer height from radiosonde and lidar backscatter[J].Bound.-Layer Meteor.,120(1):181-200,doi:10.1007/s10546-005-9035-3.
Hindman E E,Upadhyay B P.2002.Air pollution transport in the Himalayas of Nepal and Tibet during the 1995-1996 dry season[J].Atmos.Environ.,36(4):727-739,doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00495-2.
Holzworth G C.1964.Estimates of mean maximum mixing depths in the contiguous United States[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,92(5):235-242,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1964)092<0235:EOMMMD>2.3.CO;2.
蒋兴文,李跃清,王鑫,等.2009.青藏高原东部及下游地区冬季边界层的观测分析[J].高原气象,28(4):754-762.Jiang Xingwen,Li Yueqing,Wang Xin,et al.2009.The observational analysis of atmospheric boundary layer structure in east part and downstream of Tibetan Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),28(4):754-762.
Kuribayashi M,Ohara T,Shimizu A.2011.Temporal variation and vertical structure of the marine atmospheric mixed layer over the East China Sea from Mie-scattering lidar data[J].Sola,7:189-192,doi:10.2151/sola.2011-048.
李茂善,马耀明,胡泽勇,等.2004.藏北那曲地区大气边界层特征分析[J].高原气象,23(5):728-733.Li Maoshan,Ma Yaoming,Hu Zeyong,et al.2004.Study on characteristics of atmospheric boundary layer over Naqu region of northern Tibetan Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),23(5):728-733,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2004.05.025.
李英,胡志莉,赵红梅.2012.青藏高原大气边界层结构特征研究综述[J].高原山地气象研究,32(4):91-96.Li Ying,Hu Zhili,Zhao Hongmei.2012.Overview on the characteristic of boundary layer structure in Tibetan Plateau[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research(in Chinese),32(4):91-96,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184.2012.04.018.
刘红燕,苗曼倩.2001.青藏高原大气边界层特征初步分析[J].南京大学学报:自然科学版,37(3):348-357.Liu Hongyan,Miao Manqian.2001.Preliminary Analysis on Characteristics of Boundary Layer in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Sciences)(in Chinese),37(3):348-357,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0469-5097.2001.03.013.
Menut L,Flamant C,Pelon J,et al.1999.Urban boundary-layer height determination from lidar measurements over the Paris area[J].Appl.Opt.,38(6):945-954,doi:10.1364/AO.38.000945.
潘云仙,蒋维楣.1982.我国大陆大气的平均最大混合浓度[J].中国环境科学,2(5):51-57.Pan Yunxian,Jiang Weimei.1982.The mean max mixing depth of atmosphere in China mainland[J].China Environmental Science(in Chinese),2(5):51-57.
Seibert P,Beyrich F,Gryning S E,et al.2000.Review and intercomparison of operational methods for the determination of the mixing height[J].Atmos.Environ.,34(7):1001-1027,doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00349-0.
沈鹰.1990.混合层高度的季节变化[J].云南环境科学,(1):30-33.Shen Ying.1990.Seasonal variation of mixing layer height[J].Yunnan Environmental Science(in Chinese),(1):30-33,doi:10.13623/j.cnki.hkdk.1990.01.009.
盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国,等.2013.大气物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社.Sheng Peixuan,Mao Jietai,Li Jianguo,et al.2013.Atmospheric Physics(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Peking University Press.
宋正山,朱抱真,孙国武.1984.青藏高原西部地区热力混合层的初步研究[C]//青藏高原气象科学实验文集(二).科学出版社,253-261.Song Zhengshan,Zhu Baozhen,Sun Guowu.1984.Preliminary study of thermal mixing layer in western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(in Chinese)[C]//Corpus of Scientific Experiment on the Meteorology of QinghaiTibet Plateau:Part B.Science Press,253-261.
Stull R B.1976a.The energetics of entrainment across a density interface[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,33(7):1260-1267,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<1260:TEOEAD>2.0.CO;2.
Stull R B.1976b.Internal gravity waves generated by penetrative convection[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,33(7):1279-1286,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<1279:IGWGBP>2.0.CO;2.
Stull R B.1988.An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,666 pp.
Summa D,Di Girolamo P,Stelitano D,et al.2013.Characterization of the planetary boundary layer height and structure by Raman lidar:Comparison of different approaches[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,6(3):5195-5216,doi:10.5194/amtd-6-5195-2013.
王存贵,李成才,贺千山,等.2017.结合激光雷达评估常规探空资料反演青藏高原混合层高度的适用性[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),53(3):579-587.Wang Cungui,Li Chencai,He Qianshan,et al.2017.An assessment with lidar on the applicability of radiosonde data in retrieving the mixing height in Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis(in Chinese),53(3):579-587,doi:10.13209/j.0479-8023.2016.102.
吴祖常,董保群.1998.我国陆域大气最大混合层厚度的地理分布与季节变化[J].科技通报,14(3):158-163.Wu Zuchang,Dong Baoqun.1998.Geographical distribution and seasonal variation of atmospheric maximum mixing depth over Chinese[J].Bulletin of Science and Technology(in Chinese),14(3):158-163,doi:10.13774/j.cnki.kjtb.1998.03.003.
Yanai M,Li C F.1994.Mechanism of heating and the boundary layer over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,1994,122(2):305-323,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0305:MOHATB>2.0.CO;2.
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