2016年夏季北冰洋浮冰站近地层辐射和湍流通量观测
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摘要
2016年8月7-14日中国第七次北极科学考察期间,在83°N附近设立的长期浮冰站开展了辐射和湍流通量观测研究。结果表明,观测期间反照率变化范围为0.64～0.92,平均反照率为0.78;基于现场观测数据评估了PW79、HIRHAM、ARCSYM和CCSM3 4种不同复杂度的反照率参数化方案在天气尺度的表现,最为复杂的CCSM3结果优于其他参数化方案,但不能体现降雪条件下的反照率快速增长。浮冰区冰雪面平均净辐射为18.10 W/m~2,平均感热通量为1.73 W/m~2,平均潜热通量为5.55 W/m~2,海冰表面消融率为(0.30±0.22)cm/d,表明此时北冰洋浮冰正处于快速消融期。冰面的平均动量通量为0.098 (kg·m/s)/(m~2·s),动量通量与风速有很好的对应关系,相关系数达0.80。
The surface radiation and turbulent fluxes over 82°N drifting ice in the Arctic Ocean in summer were measured from August 7 to August 14 during the Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 2016(CHINARE2016). The results show that the surface albedo of drifting ice range from 0.64 to 0.92 with an average of 0.78. Four different snow/ice albedo parameterizations(PW79, HIRHAM, ARCSYM and CCSM3) which are used in a variety of climate models are evaluated by comparing with the in-situ observations, the most complex CCSM3 scheme agreed best with the observations, but cannot well capture the rapid increasing of albedo which is induced by snowfall. The average sensible heat flux, latent heat flux and net radiation over the snow/ice surface are 1.73 W/m~2, 5.55 W/m~2 and 18.10 W/m~2, respectively. The melting rate of ice surface is(0.30± 0.22) cm/d, which shows that the drifting ice is gaining heat and under rapidly melting. The average momentum flux over the ice surface is 0.098(kg·m/s)/(m~2·s). The momentum flux has a good correlation with the wind speed and the correlation coefficient reached 0.80.
The surface radiation and turbulent fluxes over 82°N drifting ice in the Arctic Ocean in summer were measured from August 7 to August 14 during the Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 2016(CHINARE2016). The results show that the surface albedo of drifting ice range from 0.64 to 0.92 with an average of 0.78. Four different snow/ice albedo parameterizations(PW79, HIRHAM, ARCSYM and CCSM3) which are used in a variety of climate models are evaluated by comparing with the in-situ observations, the most complex CCSM3 scheme agreed best with the observations, but cannot well capture the rapid increasing of albedo which is induced by snowfall. The average sensible heat flux, latent heat flux and net radiation over the snow/ice surface are 1.73 W/m~2, 5.55 W/m~2 and 18.10 W/m~2, respectively. The melting rate of ice surface is(0.30± 0.22) cm/d, which shows that the drifting ice is gaining heat and under rapidly melting. The average momentum flux over the ice surface is 0.098(kg·m/s)/(m~2·s). The momentum flux has a good correlation with the wind speed and the correlation coefficient reached 0.80.
引文
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[20] 李剑东, 卞林根, 高志球, 等. 北冰洋浮冰区近冰层湍流通量计算方法比较[J]. 冰川冻土, 2005, 27(3): 368-375. Li Jiandong, Bian Lin’gen, Gao Zhiqiu, et al. Comparison of the estimating methods of the turbulence flux over a drifting ice surface in the Arctic area[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2005, 27(3): 368-375.
[21] 卞林根, 张占海, 陆龙骅, 等. 北冰洋78°N冰站近地层参数的观测研究[J]. 极地研究, 2007, 19(3): 163-170. Bian Lin’gen, Zhang Zhanhai, Lu Longhua, et al. Experiment of near surface layer parameters on drift ice over the Arctic ocean[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2007, 19(3): 163-170.
[22] 卞林根, 陆龙骅, 张占海, 等. 北冰洋浮冰站大气边界层结构的观测研究[J]. 极地研究, 2006, 18(2): 87-97. Bian Lin’gen, Lu Longhua, Zhang Zhanhai, et al. Analysis of structure of atmospheric layer in ice camp over Arctic ocean[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2006, 18(2): 87-97.
[23] 杨清华, 程斌, 雷瑞波, 等. 北极夏季海冰反照率的观测和数值模拟试验[J]. 海洋学报, 2011, 33(2): 42-47. Yang Qinghua, Cheng Bin, Lei Ruibo, et al. Arctic sea ice albedo in summer: observation and modelling experiments[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2011, 33(2): 42-47.
[24] 卞林根, 马永锋, 逯昌贵. 北冰洋浮冰区湍流通量观测试验及参数化研究[J]. 海洋学报, 2011, 33(2): 27-35. Bian Lin’gen, Ma Yongfeng, Lu Changgui, et al. Experiment of turbulent flux near surface layer and its parameterizations on an drift ice over the Arctic Ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2011, 33(2): 27-35.
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[26] 马永锋, 卞林根, 周秀骥, 等. 北冰洋80°～85°N浮冰区对流层大气的垂直结构[J]. 海洋学报, 2011, 33(2): 48-59. Ma Yongfeng, Bian Lin’gen, Zhou Xiuji, et al. Vertical structure of troposphere in the floating ice zone over the Arctic Ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2011, 33(2): 48-59.
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[2] 付敏, 毕海波, 杨清华, 等. 基于卫星观测的2003—2013年北极海冰体积变化估算[J]. 海洋学报, 2018, 40(11): 14-22. Fu Min, Bi Haibo, Yang Qinghua, et al. Estimation of the Arctic sea ice volume based on satellite observations during 2003—2013[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2018, 40(11): 14-22.
[3] 柯长青, 王蔓蔓. 基于CryoSat-2数据的2010—2017年北极海冰厚度和体积的季节与年际变化特征[J]. 海洋学报, 2018, 40(11): 1-13. Ke Changqing, Wang Manman. Seasonal and interannual variation of thinkness and volume of the Arctic sea ice based on CryoSat-2 during 2010—2017[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2018, 40(11): 1-13.
[4] 李珵, 苏洁, 魏立新, 等. 北极中央区海冰低密集度现象研究[J]. 海洋学报, 2018, 40(11): 33-45. Li Cheng, Su Jie, Wei Lixin, et al. Exploration of anomalous low sea ice concentration phenomenon in the Central Arctic[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2018, 40(11): 33-45.
[5] Uttal T, Curry J A, McPhee M G, et al. Surface heat budget of the Arctic Ocean[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2002, 83(2): 255-276.
[6] Duynkerke P G, De Roode S R. Surface energy balance and turbulence characteristics observed at the SHEBA Ice Camp during FIRE III[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2001, 106(D14): 15313-15322.
[7] Perovich D K, Grenfell T C, Light B, et al. Seasonal evolution of the albedo of multiyear Arctic sea ice[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2002, 107(C10): 8044.
[8] Nicolaus M, Gerland S, Hudson S R, et al. Seasonality of spectral albedo and transmittance as observed in the Arctic Transpolar Drift in 2007[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2010, 115(C11): C11011.
[9] Vihma T, Jaagus J, Jakobson E, et al. Meteorological conditions in the Arctic Ocean in spring and summer 2007 as recorded on the drifting ice station Tara[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, 35(18): L18706.
[10] Wang Caixin, Granskog M A, Gerland S, et al. Autonomous observations of solar energy partitioning in first-year sea ice in the Arctic Basin[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2014, 119(3): 2066-2080.
[11] 周秀骥, 卞林根, 贾朋群, 等. 南极长城站夏季热状况的初步分析[J]. 科学通报, 1989(17): 1323-1325. Zhou Xiuji, Bian Lin’gen, Jia Pengqun, et al. A preliminary study on the surface thermal regime over the Great Wall station in Antarctica[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1990, 35(19): 1638-1642.
[12] 卞林根, 贾朋群, 陆龙骅, 等. 南极中山站1990年地表能量通量变化的观测研究[J]. 中国科学:B辑, 1992(11): 1224-1232. Bian Lin’gen, Jia Pengqun, Lu Longhua, et al. Observational study of annual variations of the surface energy balance components at Zhongshan station of Antarctica in 1990[J]. Science China Chemistry, 1993, 36(8): 976-987.
[13] 李诗民, 王先桥, 周明煜, 等. 极区通量观测系统及其在国际极地年(IPY)全球协同观测中的应用[J]. 海洋预报, 2010, 27(1): 62-71. Li Shimin, Wang Xianqiao, Zhou Mingyu, et al. A polar regions flux observation system and its application in the IPY global coordinated observation[J]. Marine Forecasts, 2010, 27(1): 62-71.
[14] Liu Changwei, Li Yubin, Yang Qinghua, et al. On the surface fluxes characteristics and roughness lengths at Zhongshan station, Antarctica[J]. International Journal of Digital Earth, 2017, doi: 10.1080/17538947.2017.1335804.
[15] 林忠, 卞林根, 马永锋, 等. 南极中山站附近冰盖近地面层湍流参数的观测研究[J]. 极地研究, 2009, 21(3): 221-233. Lin Zhong, Bian Lin’gen, Ma Yongfeng, et al. Turbulent parameters of the near surface layer over the ice sheet nearby Zhongshan Station, east Antarctica[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2009, 21(3): 221-233.
[16] 曲绍厚, 胡非. 北冰洋海域极昼期间海-冰-气间湍流通量交换特征[J]. 自然科学进展, 2000, 10(9): 836-841. Qu Shaohou, Hu Fei. Characteristics of ocean-ice-air turbulent flux exchange in Arctic Ocean during polar day[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 2000, 10(9): 836-841.
[17] 张雅斌, 卞林根, 程彦杰, 等. 北冰洋浮冰和开阔海面上的能量平衡特征[J]. 极地研究, 2000, 12(3): 191-202. Zhang Yabin, Bian Lin’gen, Cheng Yanjie, et al. Characteristics of energy balance over Arctic drifting ice and open sea[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2000, 12(3): 191-202.
[18] 曲绍厚, 胡非, 李亚秋, 等. 北冰洋及其邻近海域极昼期间大气边界层结构特征试验研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 2002, 45(1): 8-16. Qu Shaohou, Hu Fei, Li Yaqiu, et al. Experiment research on the characteristics of ABL structure over the Arctic ocean and adjacent sea area during the polar day period[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2002, 45(1): 8-16.
[19] 卞林根, 高志球, 陆龙骅, 等. 北冰洋夏季开阔洋面和浮冰近地层热量平衡参数的观测估算[J]. 中国科学:D辑, 2003, 33(2): 139-147. Bian Lin’gen, Gao Zhiqiu, Lu Longhua, et al. Observational estimation of heat budgets on drifting ice and open water over the Arctic ocean[J]. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2003, 46(6): 580-591.
[20] 李剑东, 卞林根, 高志球, 等. 北冰洋浮冰区近冰层湍流通量计算方法比较[J]. 冰川冻土, 2005, 27(3): 368-375. Li Jiandong, Bian Lin’gen, Gao Zhiqiu, et al. Comparison of the estimating methods of the turbulence flux over a drifting ice surface in the Arctic area[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2005, 27(3): 368-375.
[21] 卞林根, 张占海, 陆龙骅, 等. 北冰洋78°N冰站近地层参数的观测研究[J]. 极地研究, 2007, 19(3): 163-170. Bian Lin’gen, Zhang Zhanhai, Lu Longhua, et al. Experiment of near surface layer parameters on drift ice over the Arctic ocean[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2007, 19(3): 163-170.
[22] 卞林根, 陆龙骅, 张占海, 等. 北冰洋浮冰站大气边界层结构的观测研究[J]. 极地研究, 2006, 18(2): 87-97. Bian Lin’gen, Lu Longhua, Zhang Zhanhai, et al. Analysis of structure of atmospheric layer in ice camp over Arctic ocean[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2006, 18(2): 87-97.
[23] 杨清华, 程斌, 雷瑞波, 等. 北极夏季海冰反照率的观测和数值模拟试验[J]. 海洋学报, 2011, 33(2): 42-47. Yang Qinghua, Cheng Bin, Lei Ruibo, et al. Arctic sea ice albedo in summer: observation and modelling experiments[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2011, 33(2): 42-47.
[24] 卞林根, 马永锋, 逯昌贵. 北冰洋浮冰区湍流通量观测试验及参数化研究[J]. 海洋学报, 2011, 33(2): 27-35. Bian Lin’gen, Ma Yongfeng, Lu Changgui, et al. Experiment of turbulent flux near surface layer and its parameterizations on an drift ice over the Arctic Ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2011, 33(2): 27-35.
[25] 王先桥, 杨清华, 李诗民, 等. 北冰洋浮冰站近地层参数的观测估算[J]. 海洋学报, 2011, 33(2): 36-41. Wang Xianqiao, Yang Qinghua, Li Shimin, et al. Estimate of surface layer parameters on drifting ice in the Arctic Ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2011, 33(2): 36-41.
[26] 马永锋, 卞林根, 周秀骥, 等. 北冰洋80°～85°N浮冰区对流层大气的垂直结构[J]. 海洋学报, 2011, 33(2): 48-59. Ma Yongfeng, Bian Lin’gen, Zhou Xiuji, et al. Vertical structure of troposphere in the floating ice zone over the Arctic Ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2011, 33(2): 48-59.
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