文化政策何为?
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摘要
世界各国政府介入文化为时不短。就历史起点而言,1967年召开的"摩纳哥圆桌会议",因各国政府按筹备要求呈送各国文化政策纲要,成为文化政策构建史的标志性事件。就逻辑起点而言,在于应对文化挑战而形成互约性"准则"和"目标",而这些"准则"和"目标"的学理合法性,在于"基本原理"的有效支撑。文化政策的价值功能与现实进展,呈现为基于历史起点的历史演进,基于逻辑起点的逻辑展开。各国文化政策方案有其异质性选择,但这些方案又在同质性问题界面形成阶段性动态互约,由此而有文化政策何为的世界共答努力与各国自答方式。
Governments around the world have intervened in culture for a long time. In terms of the historical starting point,the Monaco Roundtable that was held in 1967,became a landmark event in the construction history of cultural policies,as Governments submitted the outline of national cultural policies in accordance with the requirements. And in terms of logical starting point,it lies in meeting cultural challenges to form the interactive "criterion" and "target",however,the legality of these "criterion" and "target" lies in the effective support of "fundamental principle". The value function and realistic progress of cultural policy are the historical evolution based on the historical starting point and the logical development based on the logical starting point. Each country's cultural policy plan has its own heterogeneity choice,but these programs form the stage dynamic mutual agreement at the homogeneous problem interface,thus having the world's together answering on what the cultural policy is and each country's self-answer way.
Governments around the world have intervened in culture for a long time. In terms of the historical starting point,the Monaco Roundtable that was held in 1967,became a landmark event in the construction history of cultural policies,as Governments submitted the outline of national cultural policies in accordance with the requirements. And in terms of logical starting point,it lies in meeting cultural challenges to form the interactive "criterion" and "target",however,the legality of these "criterion" and "target" lies in the effective support of "fundamental principle". The value function and realistic progress of cultural policy are the historical evolution based on the historical starting point and the logical development based on the logical starting point. Each country's cultural policy plan has its own heterogeneity choice,but these programs form the stage dynamic mutual agreement at the homogeneous problem interface,thus having the world's together answering on what the cultural policy is and each country's self-answer way.
引文
(1)Silva,Gabriela Toledo:UNESCO and the Coining of Cultural Policy,Paper presented at the 10th International Conference in Interpretive Policy Analysis,2015.
(2)Singh,J.P.:United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):Creating Norms for a Complex World,London:Routledge,2015.
(3)Silva,Gabriela Toledo:UNESCO and the Coining of Cultural Policy,Paper presented at the 10th International Conference in Interpretive Policy Analysis,2015.
(4)UNESCO:Cultural Policy:A Preliminary Study,Paris:UNESCO,1969.
(5)UNESCO:Cultural Policy:A Preliminary Study,Paris:UNESCO,1969.
(6)Mark,Charles C.:A Study of Cultural Policy in the United States,Paris:UNESCO,1969.
(7)Mark,Charles C.:A Study of Cultural Policy in the United States,Paris:UNESCO,1969.
(8)Sassatelli,Monica:Becoming Europeans:Cultural Identity and Cultural Policies,Hampshire,UK:Palgrave Macmillan,2009.
(9)Bennett,Tony:Putting Policy into Cultural Studies,in Lawrence Grossberg,Cary Nelson,and Paul Treichler,eds.,Cultural Studies,London:Routledge,1992.Differing Diversities:Transversal Study on the Theme of Cultural Policy and Cultural Diversity,Strasbourg,France:The Council of Europe,2001.
(10)Schuster,J.Mark:Making Compromises to Make Comparisons in Cross-National Arts Policy Research,Journal of Cultural Economics,1987,11(2):1-36.Informing Cultural Policy:The Research and Information Infrastructure,New Brunswick,NJ:Rutgers Center for Urban Policy Research,2002.
(11)Gordon,Christopher,and Simon Mundy:European Perspective on Cultural Policy,Paris:UNESCO,2001.
(12)Galbraith,John Kenneth:The Affluent Society,New York:Houghton Miffin,1998[1958].
(13)French Ministry of Culture:Some Aspects of French Cultural Policy,Paris:UNESCO,1970.
(14)Maslow,Abraham H.:Motivation and Personality,New York:Harper Brothers,1954.
(15)National Commission on the Humanities:Report of the Commission on the Humanities,New York:The American Council of Learned Societies,1964.
(16)Csikszentmihalyi,Mihaly:Beyond Boredom and Anxiety,San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,1975.
(17)Csikszentmihalyi,Mihaly,and Isabella S.Csikszentmihalyi:Optimal Experience:Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.
(18)Csikszentmihalyi,Mihaly,and Isabella S.Csikszentmihalyi:Optimal Experience:Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.
(19)Csikszentmihalyi,Mihaly,and Isabella S.Csikszentmihalyi:Optimal Experience:Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.
(20)Csikszentmihalyi,Mihaly,and Isabella S.Csikszentmihalyi:Optimal Experience:Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.
(21)UNESCO:Cultural Rights as Human Rights,Paris:UNESCO,1970.
(22)Hughes,Phillip S.:Study of the Relationship of the Smithsonian Institution to Congress,Washington,DC:Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents,1977.
(23)UNESCO:Cultural Rights as Human Rights,Paris:UNESCO,1970.
(24)Sen,Amartya:Equality of What?,in Tanner Lectures on Human Values,Vol.1,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979,pp.197-220.
(25)Appadurai,Arjun:The Capacity to Aspire:Culture and the Terms of Recognition,in V.Rao and M.Walton,eds.,Culture and Public Action,Palo Alto:Stanford University Press,2004.
(26)UNESCO:Cultural Rights as Human Rights,Paris:UNESCO,1970.
(27)Appadurai,Arjun:The Capacity to Aspire:Culture and the Terms of Recognition,in V.Rao and M.Walton,eds.,Culture and Public Action,Palo Alto:Stanford University Press,2004.
(28)UNESCO:Cultural Rights as Human Rights,Paris:UNESCO,1970.
(29)Appadurai,Arjun:The Capacity to Aspire:Culture and the Terms of Recognition,in V.Rao and M.Walton,eds.,Culture and Public Action,Palo Alto:Stanford University Press,2004.
(30)Herzfeld,Michael:Anthropology:Theoretical Practice in Culture and Society,London:Wiley-Blackwell,2001.
(31)Diener,Edward:Assessing Well-Being:The Collected Works of Ed Diener,Social Indicators Research Series,Volume 39,The Netherlands:Springer,2009.
(32)Putnam,Robert:Bowling Alone:America's Declining Social Capital,Journal of Democracy,1995,6(1):65-76.
(33)Dewey,John:Art as Experience,New York:Milton,Balch and Company,1934.Creative Democracy—The Task Before Us,in Joanna Boyd ed.,John Dewey,The Later Works,1925-1953,Vol.14,1939-1941,Carbondale,IL:Southern Illinois University Press,1988.
(34)Bernstein,Richard:Creative Democracy—The Task Still Before Us,American Journal of Theology and Philosophy,2000,21(3):215-228.
(35)Lhermitte,Marc,Bruno Perrin,and Solenne Blanc:Creative Times:The First Global Map of Cultural and Creative Industries,London:Ernst Young for the International Confederation of Authors and Composers Societies,2015.
(36)National Endowment for the Arts:The National Endowment for the Arts,1965-1985:A Brief Chronology of Federal Involvement in the Arts,Washington,DC:National Endowment for the Arts,1985.The U.S.Arts and Cultural Production Satellite Account,1998-2013:Arts Data Pro le #9,Washington,DC:National Endowment for the Arts,2016.
(37)National Endowment for the Arts:The National Endowment for the Arts,1965-1985:A Brief Chronology of Federal Involvement in the Arts,Washington,DC:National Endowment for the Arts,1985.The U.S.Arts and Cultural Production Satellite Account,1998-2013:Arts Data Pro le #3.Washington,DC:National Endowment for the Arts,2016.
(38)UNESCO:Cultural Rights as Human Rights,Paris:UNESCO,1970.
(2)Singh,J.P.:United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):Creating Norms for a Complex World,London:Routledge,2015.
(3)Silva,Gabriela Toledo:UNESCO and the Coining of Cultural Policy,Paper presented at the 10th International Conference in Interpretive Policy Analysis,2015.
(4)UNESCO:Cultural Policy:A Preliminary Study,Paris:UNESCO,1969.
(5)UNESCO:Cultural Policy:A Preliminary Study,Paris:UNESCO,1969.
(6)Mark,Charles C.:A Study of Cultural Policy in the United States,Paris:UNESCO,1969.
(7)Mark,Charles C.:A Study of Cultural Policy in the United States,Paris:UNESCO,1969.
(8)Sassatelli,Monica:Becoming Europeans:Cultural Identity and Cultural Policies,Hampshire,UK:Palgrave Macmillan,2009.
(9)Bennett,Tony:Putting Policy into Cultural Studies,in Lawrence Grossberg,Cary Nelson,and Paul Treichler,eds.,Cultural Studies,London:Routledge,1992.Differing Diversities:Transversal Study on the Theme of Cultural Policy and Cultural Diversity,Strasbourg,France:The Council of Europe,2001.
(10)Schuster,J.Mark:Making Compromises to Make Comparisons in Cross-National Arts Policy Research,Journal of Cultural Economics,1987,11(2):1-36.Informing Cultural Policy:The Research and Information Infrastructure,New Brunswick,NJ:Rutgers Center for Urban Policy Research,2002.
(11)Gordon,Christopher,and Simon Mundy:European Perspective on Cultural Policy,Paris:UNESCO,2001.
(12)Galbraith,John Kenneth:The Affluent Society,New York:Houghton Miffin,1998[1958].
(13)French Ministry of Culture:Some Aspects of French Cultural Policy,Paris:UNESCO,1970.
(14)Maslow,Abraham H.:Motivation and Personality,New York:Harper Brothers,1954.
(15)National Commission on the Humanities:Report of the Commission on the Humanities,New York:The American Council of Learned Societies,1964.
(16)Csikszentmihalyi,Mihaly:Beyond Boredom and Anxiety,San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,1975.
(17)Csikszentmihalyi,Mihaly,and Isabella S.Csikszentmihalyi:Optimal Experience:Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.
(18)Csikszentmihalyi,Mihaly,and Isabella S.Csikszentmihalyi:Optimal Experience:Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.
(19)Csikszentmihalyi,Mihaly,and Isabella S.Csikszentmihalyi:Optimal Experience:Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.
(20)Csikszentmihalyi,Mihaly,and Isabella S.Csikszentmihalyi:Optimal Experience:Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.
(21)UNESCO:Cultural Rights as Human Rights,Paris:UNESCO,1970.
(22)Hughes,Phillip S.:Study of the Relationship of the Smithsonian Institution to Congress,Washington,DC:Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents,1977.
(23)UNESCO:Cultural Rights as Human Rights,Paris:UNESCO,1970.
(24)Sen,Amartya:Equality of What?,in Tanner Lectures on Human Values,Vol.1,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979,pp.197-220.
(25)Appadurai,Arjun:The Capacity to Aspire:Culture and the Terms of Recognition,in V.Rao and M.Walton,eds.,Culture and Public Action,Palo Alto:Stanford University Press,2004.
(26)UNESCO:Cultural Rights as Human Rights,Paris:UNESCO,1970.
(27)Appadurai,Arjun:The Capacity to Aspire:Culture and the Terms of Recognition,in V.Rao and M.Walton,eds.,Culture and Public Action,Palo Alto:Stanford University Press,2004.
(28)UNESCO:Cultural Rights as Human Rights,Paris:UNESCO,1970.
(29)Appadurai,Arjun:The Capacity to Aspire:Culture and the Terms of Recognition,in V.Rao and M.Walton,eds.,Culture and Public Action,Palo Alto:Stanford University Press,2004.
(30)Herzfeld,Michael:Anthropology:Theoretical Practice in Culture and Society,London:Wiley-Blackwell,2001.
(31)Diener,Edward:Assessing Well-Being:The Collected Works of Ed Diener,Social Indicators Research Series,Volume 39,The Netherlands:Springer,2009.
(32)Putnam,Robert:Bowling Alone:America's Declining Social Capital,Journal of Democracy,1995,6(1):65-76.
(33)Dewey,John:Art as Experience,New York:Milton,Balch and Company,1934.Creative Democracy—The Task Before Us,in Joanna Boyd ed.,John Dewey,The Later Works,1925-1953,Vol.14,1939-1941,Carbondale,IL:Southern Illinois University Press,1988.
(34)Bernstein,Richard:Creative Democracy—The Task Still Before Us,American Journal of Theology and Philosophy,2000,21(3):215-228.
(35)Lhermitte,Marc,Bruno Perrin,and Solenne Blanc:Creative Times:The First Global Map of Cultural and Creative Industries,London:Ernst Young for the International Confederation of Authors and Composers Societies,2015.
(36)National Endowment for the Arts:The National Endowment for the Arts,1965-1985:A Brief Chronology of Federal Involvement in the Arts,Washington,DC:National Endowment for the Arts,1985.The U.S.Arts and Cultural Production Satellite Account,1998-2013:Arts Data Pro le #9,Washington,DC:National Endowment for the Arts,2016.
(37)National Endowment for the Arts:The National Endowment for the Arts,1965-1985:A Brief Chronology of Federal Involvement in the Arts,Washington,DC:National Endowment for the Arts,1985.The U.S.Arts and Cultural Production Satellite Account,1998-2013:Arts Data Pro le #3.Washington,DC:National Endowment for the Arts,2016.
(38)UNESCO:Cultural Rights as Human Rights,Paris:UNESCO,1970.