北方森林动物园大红鹳对环境和食物丰容的行为反应
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摘要
2016年6～10月,对哈尔滨北方森林动物园的大红鹳展区进行了环境及食物丰容实验,并用瞬时扫描法对丰容前后大红鹳的行为变化进行了观察和记录,比较其丰容前后的日行为时间分配的差异,结果表明:丰容前,大红鹳取食行为时间比例最高,为(23. 62±1. 35)%,其次是运动、休息、整理、警戒争斗,这4种行为比例相差不多,均占16%左右;洗浴、鸣叫、刻板行为比例最少。丰容后取食行为占比增加13. 33%(P=0. 000),运动行为占比增加4. 66%(P=0. 024),鸣叫行为增加1. 74%(P=0. 005),警戒争斗行为减少9. 61%(P=0. 000),休息行为减少9. 48%(P=0. 000)。整理行为增加0. 29%,洗浴行为增加0. 96%,刻板行为减少0. 81%,但均无显著差异。食物分散在水池和水沟促进了大红鹳的取食和运动,有效缓解个体间的争斗;提高水域盐度可使大红鹳增加洗浴时间,提高清洁程度,预防疾病。
We conducted environmental and food enrichment on the greater flamingos Phoenicopterus roseus in Harbin Northern Forest Zoo from June to October 2016. We used scan sampling to observe and record the behaviour of flamingos before and after enrichment and compared the diurnal behaviour budget before and after. The results showed that before enrichment,greater flamingos spent most time feeding( 23. 6% ± 1. 4%) and spent around 16% of time in each category ofmoving,resting,arranging and fighting. The proportions of time spent bathing,calling and stereotyped behavior were small. After enrichment,feeding increased by 13. 3%( P = 0. 0001),exercising increased by 4. 7%( P = 0. 024),and chirping increased by 1. 7%( P = 0. 005). Fighting decreased by 9. 6%( P = 0. 000) and resting decreased by 9. 5%( P = 0. 000). Arranging and bathing increased by 0. 3% and 1% respectively,stereotyped behavior decreased by 0. 8%,but not significantly. Food dispersing in pools and gullies promoted the feeding and movement of the greater flamingos,and effectively alleviated the fighting behavior between individuals. Raising the salinity of the water increased the amount of time spent cleaning( preening) and prevented diseases of greater flamingos.
We conducted environmental and food enrichment on the greater flamingos Phoenicopterus roseus in Harbin Northern Forest Zoo from June to October 2016. We used scan sampling to observe and record the behaviour of flamingos before and after enrichment and compared the diurnal behaviour budget before and after. The results showed that before enrichment,greater flamingos spent most time feeding( 23. 6% ± 1. 4%) and spent around 16% of time in each category ofmoving,resting,arranging and fighting. The proportions of time spent bathing,calling and stereotyped behavior were small. After enrichment,feeding increased by 13. 3%( P = 0. 0001),exercising increased by 4. 7%( P = 0. 024),and chirping increased by 1. 7%( P = 0. 005). Fighting decreased by 9. 6%( P = 0. 000) and resting decreased by 9. 5%( P = 0. 000). Arranging and bathing increased by 0. 3% and 1% respectively,stereotyped behavior decreased by 0. 8%,but not significantly. Food dispersing in pools and gullies promoted the feeding and movement of the greater flamingos,and effectively alleviated the fighting behavior between individuals. Raising the salinity of the water increased the amount of time spent cleaning( preening) and prevented diseases of greater flamingos.
引文
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[31]刘群秀,涂荣秀,马珺,等.应用环境丰容消除圈养动物的刻板行为[J].野生动物学报,2014,35(2):220-223.
[32] Freeman H D,Valuska A J,Taylor R R,et al. Plumage variation and social partner choice in the greater flamingo(Phoenicopterus roseus)[J]. Zoo Biology,2016,35(5):409-414.
[2]刘赫,张轶卓,王泽重,等.浅析圈养动物丰容[J].经济动物学报,2014,18(2):107-110.
[3] Mellen J,Mac Phee M S. Philosophy of environmental enrichment:past,present,and future[J]. Zoo Biology,2001,20(3):211-226.
[4]谢绪昌,范志强.动物园环境丰容与动物福利管理[J].野生动物,2012,33(6):357-358,362.
[5] Claxton A M. The potential of the human-animal relationship as an environmental enrichment for the welfare of zoo-housed animals[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2011,133(1/2):1-10.
[6]何鑫,刘定震.圈养灵长动物丰容方法研究[J].生物学通报,2013,48(11):1-4.
[7]田秀华,张丽烟,王晨.动物园环境丰容技术及其效果评估方法[J].野生动物,2007,28(3):64-68.
[8] Mason G,Clubb R,Latham N,et al. Why and how should we use environmental enrichment to tackle stereotypic behaviour?[J]. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2007,102(3/4):163-188.
[9] Little K A,Sommer V. Change of enclosure in langur monkeys:implications for the evaluation of environmental enrichment[J]. Zoo Biology,2002,21(6):549-559.
[10] Wells D L. Sensory stimulation as environmental enrichment for captive animals:a review[J]. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2009,118(1/2):1-11.
[11] Costa R,Sousa C,Llorente M. Assessment of environmental enrichment for different Primate species under low budget:a case study[J]. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science,2018,21(2):185-199.
[12] Moreira N,Brown J L,Moraes W,et al. Effect of housing and environmental enrichment on adrenocortical activity,behavior and reproductive cyclicity in the female tigrina(Leopardus tigrinus)and margay(Leopardus wiedii)[J]. Zoo Biology,2007,26(6):441-460.
[13] Coelho C M,De Azevedo C S,Guim2es M A,et al. Environmental enrichment effect on fecal glucocorticoid metabolites and captive maned wolf(Chrysocyon brachyurus)behavior[J]. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science,2016,19(4):353-362.
[14]胡新波,何鑫,黄淑芳,等.环境丰容对笼养川金丝猴日常行为以及粪便皮质醇水平的影响[J].兽类学报,2015,35(3):304-311.
[15] Díez-León M,Mason G. Effects of environmental enrichment and stereotypic behavior on maternal behavior and infant viability in a model carnivore,the American mink(Neovison vison)[J]. Zoo Biology,2016,35(1):19-28.
[16] Swaisgood R R,White A M,Zhou Xiaoping,et al. A quantitative assessment of the efficacy of an environmental enrichment programme for giant pandas[J]. Animal Behaviour,2001,61(2):447-457.
[17] Fay C,Miller L J. Utilizing scents as environmental enrichment:preference assessment and application with rothschild giraffe[J].Animal Behavior and Cognition,2015,2(3):285-291.
[18] Perez B C,Mehrkam L R,Foltz A R,et al. Effects of enrichment presentation and other factors on behavioral welfare of pantropical spotted dolphin(Stenella attenuata)[J]. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science,2018,21(2):130-140.
[19]王强,李洪文,石凌,等.环境丰容对圈养灰鹦鹉日常行为的影响[J].四川动物,2009,28(3):455-457.
[20]鄢平,李洪文,徐珍,等.环境丰容对普通鵟(Buteo buteo)行为影响初步研究[J].野生动物学报,2015,36(3):330-333.
[21]刘选珍,鄢平.丰容对圈养熊乞食行为的影响[J].经济动物学报,2018,22(2):90-94.
[22]孙贵媛.古巴火烈鸟人工育雏[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2017(4):117.
[23]迟俊.美洲火烈鸟的人工饲养繁殖[J].野生动物学报,2014,35(2):211-215.
[24]王志永,王万华,李勇军,等.古巴火烈鸟的饲养繁殖与人工育幼技术[J].野生动物,2010,31(5):246-248,275.
[25]叶妍琳,杨子江,杨涛,等.昆明动物园火烈鸟粪便细菌的分离、培养及鉴定[J].中兽医学杂志,2016(3):89-91.
[26] Gihwala K N,Pillay D,Varughese M. Differential impacts of foraging plasticity by greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber on intertidal soft sediments[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series,2017,569:227-242.
[27]刘小青,吴其锐,王静,等.动物园动物的应激行为与动物福利管理[J].野生动物,2012,33(1):51-53.
[28]甘静,李洪文,刘选珍,等.成都动物园鹦鹉馆丰容试验[J].野生动物学报,2014,35(3):325-328.
[29] Charmoy K,Sullivan T,Miller L J. Impact of different forms of environmental enrichment on foraging and activity levels in gorillas(Gorilla gorilla gorilla)[J]. Animal Behavior and Cognition,2015,2(3):233-240.
[30]马珺,朱建青,黄康宁,等.丰容对圈养双角犀鸟日常行为的影响[J].野生动物学报,2014,35(1):85-90.
[31]刘群秀,涂荣秀,马珺,等.应用环境丰容消除圈养动物的刻板行为[J].野生动物学报,2014,35(2):220-223.
[32] Freeman H D,Valuska A J,Taylor R R,et al. Plumage variation and social partner choice in the greater flamingo(Phoenicopterus roseus)[J]. Zoo Biology,2016,35(5):409-414.