地表水监测误差分析与对策
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摘要
分析和探讨了地表水环境监测过程中存在的误差。在13家监测站同步采样、同步分析的基础上,筛选出地表水监测实验室间比对结果偏差较大的石油类、挥发酚、氨氮、五日生化需氧量、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数和总磷等7个监测指标。从方法误差、仪器误差、试剂误差、操作误差、环境误差、过失误差和质控选择不当造成的误差等各方面探讨误差成因。根据实样测定结果,提出合理选择并统一分析方法、增加平行测定次数、加强质控措施和修改允许相对偏差等切实可行的对策和措施,为地表水监测和水环境管理提供技术依据。
In this paper,the error existing in environmental monitoring process of surface water was analyzed and discussed. Based on synchronous sampling and analysis from 13 monitoring stations,7 monitoring indexes,including petroleum,volatile phenol,ammonia nitrogen,five-day biochemical oxygen demand,permanganate index and total phosphorus,were considered with obvious deviation in the interlaboratory comparison and screened out. The cause of error was discussed according to method error,instrumental error,reagent error,operational error,environmental error,gross error and error caused by improper selection of quality control sample. Based on the determination result of actual samples,cogent and feasible countermeasures,such as reasonable choice and unification of analytical methods,more parallel measurements,strengthened quality control and modification of allowed relative deviation,were proposed to supply technical base for surface water monitoring and water environment management.
In this paper,the error existing in environmental monitoring process of surface water was analyzed and discussed. Based on synchronous sampling and analysis from 13 monitoring stations,7 monitoring indexes,including petroleum,volatile phenol,ammonia nitrogen,five-day biochemical oxygen demand,permanganate index and total phosphorus,were considered with obvious deviation in the interlaboratory comparison and screened out. The cause of error was discussed according to method error,instrumental error,reagent error,operational error,environmental error,gross error and error caused by improper selection of quality control sample. Based on the determination result of actual samples,cogent and feasible countermeasures,such as reasonable choice and unification of analytical methods,more parallel measurements,strengthened quality control and modification of allowed relative deviation,were proposed to supply technical base for surface water monitoring and water environment management.
引文
[1]中共中央办公厅,国务院办公厅.关于深化环境监测改革提高环境监测数据质量的意见[R].北京:中共中央办公厅,国务院办公厅,2017.
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[3]张培,谢寅凯.浅谈地表水环境监测相关的进展及问题[J].化工管理,2014(9):162.ZHANG Pei,XIE Yinkai.Brief Talk of Relevant Progresses and Problems in Surface Water Monitoring[J].Chemical Enterprise Management,2014(9):162.
[4]李丽丽.地表水监测存在的问题及探讨[J].住宅与房地产,2016(18):242.LI Lili.Existing Problems and Discussions of Surface Water Monitoring[J].Housing and Real Estate,2016(18):242.
[5]陆雅燕,费春娟,朱志林.地表水监测存在的问题探讨[J].资源节约与环保,2015(7):112.LU Yayan,FEI Chunjuan,ZHU Zhilin.Discussion of Problems Existed in Surface Water Monitoring[J].Resources Economization and Environmental Protection,2015(7):112.
[6]李贵宝,周怀东,郭翔云,等.我国水环境监测存在的问题及对策[J].水利技术监督,2005(3):57-60.LI Guibao,ZHOU Huaidong,GUO Xiangyun,et al.Existing Problems and Countermeasures of Water Environment Monitoring in Our Country[J].Technical Supervision in Water Resources,2005(3):57-60.
[7]常惠丽.地表水监测中的全程序质量保证[J].晋东南师范专科学校学报,2001,18(3):43-45.CHANG Huili.Whole Procedure Quality Guarantee in Surface Water Monitoring[J].Journal of Jindongnan Teachers College,2001,18(3):43-45.
[8]钮朝霞,杜美,张俊杰.地表水现场采样中质量保证措施探讨[J].绿色科技,2016(12):111,114.NIU Zhaoxia,DU Mei,ZHANG Junjie.Discussions of Quality Guarantee Methods in Surface Water Spot Sampling[J].Journal of Green Science and Technology,2016(12):111,114.
[9]张国清.环境监测质量保证与质量控制及其在地表水监测采样中的应用[J].环境研究与监测,2012,25(1):26-28,34.ZHANG Guoqing.Environmental Monitoring Quality Guarantee and Control and Its Application in Surface Water Sampling[J].Environmental Research and Monitoring,2012,25(1):26-28,34.
[10]何沣,李燕飞.研究地表水环境监测进展及其问题[J].资源与环境,2016,42(6):151,162.HE Feng,LI Yanfei.Surface Water Monitoring Environmental Progress and Problems[J].Resources and Environment,2016,42(6):151,162.
[11]环境保护部环境监测司,中国环境监测总站.国家地表水环境质量监测网监测任务作业指导书(试行)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2017.
[12]国家环境保护总局水和废水监测分析方法编委会.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版增补版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[13]武汉大学.分析化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[14]马永才,李英,韩永生,等.总有机碳与高锰酸盐指数及化学需氧量的相关性[J].环境监测管理与技术,2001(3):40-41.MA Yongcai,LI Ying,HAN Yongsheng,et al.Correlation Among Total Organic Carbon,Permanganate Index and Chemical Oxygen Demand[J].The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring,2001(3):40-41.
[15]环境保护部科技标准司.水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸盐法:HJ 828-2017[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2017.
[16]国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.海洋监测规范第4部分:海水分析:GB17378.4-2007[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[17]王成,彭卫芳,赵庆.化学需氧量(CODCr)和高锰酸盐指数(IMn)经典监测方法计算公式的解析与探索[J].环境研究与监测,2015,28(3):53-56.WANG Cheng,PENG Weifang,ZHAO Qing.Analysis and Exploration of Classic Monitoring Method Calculation Formula between Chemical Oxygen Demand(CODCr)and Permanganate Index(IMn)[J].Environmental Research and Monitoring,2015,28(3):53-56.
[18]孙立岩,姚志鹏,张军,等.地表水中TOC与COD换算关系研究[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(2):125-130.SUN Liyan,YAO Zhipeng,ZHANG Jun,et al.Research of TOC and COD Conversion Relation in Surface Waters[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(2):125-130.
[2]张学凯.探析我国环境检测中地表水监测中存在的问题及对策[J].生物技术世界,2014(2):13.ZHANG Xuekai.Exploration of Existing Problems and Countermeasures of Surface Water Environment Monitoring in Our Country[J].Biotech World,2014(2):13.
[3]张培,谢寅凯.浅谈地表水环境监测相关的进展及问题[J].化工管理,2014(9):162.ZHANG Pei,XIE Yinkai.Brief Talk of Relevant Progresses and Problems in Surface Water Monitoring[J].Chemical Enterprise Management,2014(9):162.
[4]李丽丽.地表水监测存在的问题及探讨[J].住宅与房地产,2016(18):242.LI Lili.Existing Problems and Discussions of Surface Water Monitoring[J].Housing and Real Estate,2016(18):242.
[5]陆雅燕,费春娟,朱志林.地表水监测存在的问题探讨[J].资源节约与环保,2015(7):112.LU Yayan,FEI Chunjuan,ZHU Zhilin.Discussion of Problems Existed in Surface Water Monitoring[J].Resources Economization and Environmental Protection,2015(7):112.
[6]李贵宝,周怀东,郭翔云,等.我国水环境监测存在的问题及对策[J].水利技术监督,2005(3):57-60.LI Guibao,ZHOU Huaidong,GUO Xiangyun,et al.Existing Problems and Countermeasures of Water Environment Monitoring in Our Country[J].Technical Supervision in Water Resources,2005(3):57-60.
[7]常惠丽.地表水监测中的全程序质量保证[J].晋东南师范专科学校学报,2001,18(3):43-45.CHANG Huili.Whole Procedure Quality Guarantee in Surface Water Monitoring[J].Journal of Jindongnan Teachers College,2001,18(3):43-45.
[8]钮朝霞,杜美,张俊杰.地表水现场采样中质量保证措施探讨[J].绿色科技,2016(12):111,114.NIU Zhaoxia,DU Mei,ZHANG Junjie.Discussions of Quality Guarantee Methods in Surface Water Spot Sampling[J].Journal of Green Science and Technology,2016(12):111,114.
[9]张国清.环境监测质量保证与质量控制及其在地表水监测采样中的应用[J].环境研究与监测,2012,25(1):26-28,34.ZHANG Guoqing.Environmental Monitoring Quality Guarantee and Control and Its Application in Surface Water Sampling[J].Environmental Research and Monitoring,2012,25(1):26-28,34.
[10]何沣,李燕飞.研究地表水环境监测进展及其问题[J].资源与环境,2016,42(6):151,162.HE Feng,LI Yanfei.Surface Water Monitoring Environmental Progress and Problems[J].Resources and Environment,2016,42(6):151,162.
[11]环境保护部环境监测司,中国环境监测总站.国家地表水环境质量监测网监测任务作业指导书(试行)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2017.
[12]国家环境保护总局水和废水监测分析方法编委会.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版增补版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[13]武汉大学.分析化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[14]马永才,李英,韩永生,等.总有机碳与高锰酸盐指数及化学需氧量的相关性[J].环境监测管理与技术,2001(3):40-41.MA Yongcai,LI Ying,HAN Yongsheng,et al.Correlation Among Total Organic Carbon,Permanganate Index and Chemical Oxygen Demand[J].The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring,2001(3):40-41.
[15]环境保护部科技标准司.水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸盐法:HJ 828-2017[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2017.
[16]国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.海洋监测规范第4部分:海水分析:GB17378.4-2007[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[17]王成,彭卫芳,赵庆.化学需氧量(CODCr)和高锰酸盐指数(IMn)经典监测方法计算公式的解析与探索[J].环境研究与监测,2015,28(3):53-56.WANG Cheng,PENG Weifang,ZHAO Qing.Analysis and Exploration of Classic Monitoring Method Calculation Formula between Chemical Oxygen Demand(CODCr)and Permanganate Index(IMn)[J].Environmental Research and Monitoring,2015,28(3):53-56.
[18]孙立岩,姚志鹏,张军,等.地表水中TOC与COD换算关系研究[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(2):125-130.SUN Liyan,YAO Zhipeng,ZHANG Jun,et al.Research of TOC and COD Conversion Relation in Surface Waters[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(2):125-130.