2014年中国大陆地区冷、暖季大气颗粒物的分布特征
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摘要
利用中国环境监测总站发布的2014年中国大陆地区114个站点的空气污染物质量浓度数据,系统探讨了中国大陆地区冷、暖季大气颗粒物的空间分布特征及其差异.结果表明,中国大陆大部分地区冷季的大气污染情况比暖季严重,冷季污染天数平均为76 d,约为暖季的2倍,其中北京、天津、石家庄和济南在冷季的严重污染天数分别是暖季的3.7、13.0、8.5和9.0倍.中国大陆地区大气颗粒物污染呈现明显的"冷高暖低"形势,w(PM_(2.5))/w(PM_(10))在冷季约为73%,是暖季的1.4倍,说明细颗粒物对冷季大气颗粒物污染的贡献非常重要.在颗粒物污染最严重的京津冀地区,w(PM_(2.5))的年平均值为100.3μg/m~3,冷季是暖季的1.5倍.与PM_(2.5)相比,沙尘事件的影响导致中国北方地区的w(PM_(10))相对较高.w(PM_(10))的冷、暖季差异相对较小,冷季w(PM_(10))约为暖季的1～2倍.除了人为排放影响外,气象条件是导致中国大陆地区大气颗粒物冷、暖季差异的重要因素.受热力、动力因素的影响,冷季的边界层高度相对较低、逆温强烈、地面风速小,气象条件不利于大气污染物的垂直扩散,导致近地面颗粒物质量浓度相较暖季偏高.
Air pollutant concentration data of 114 sites released by the China Environmental Monitoring Main Station in 2014 were utilized to discuss the space distribution characteristics and differences in atmospheric particles during cold and warm seasons in Mainland China. Most large cities in Mainland China showed different degrees of pollution. Days of mild and moderate pollution constituted 20.53%and 6.83%, respectively, of the total number of days. According to the spatial distribution, pollution in Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang was particularly serious. The total number of pollution days in Shijiazhuang reached 275 d, with up to 38 d severe pollution days. Studies have shown that air pollution during cold seasons in most of Mainland China was obviously more severe than that during warm seasons. The number of cold-season pollution days(75.4 d) was approximately 1.67 times that of the warm season(45 d), with the number of serious pollution days during the cold season in Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang,and Jinan being respectively 3.7,13.0, 8.5 and 9.0 times higher than those during the warm season. The particulates in Mainland China(especially fine particles) also indicated that the concentration of cold pollution days was higher than that during the warm season. High fine particulate matter PM_(2.5) concentrations were mainly distributed in the eastern regions during the warm season, and the PM_(2.5) pollution in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei was the most serious in Mainland China. The distribution of PM_(2.5) during cool and warm seasons was similar, but the concentration during the former was twice that of the latter. The ratio of w(PM_(2.5))/w(PM_(10)) during the cold season(73%) was approximately 1.4 times higher than that during the warm season(53%). Particulate matter pollution was the most serious in the Beijing-TianjinHebei region, where the annual average PM_(2.5) concentration was 100.3 μg/m~3. w(PM_(2.5)) during the cool season was 1.5 times higher than that during the warm season. Compared with w(PM_(2.5)), w(PM_(10)) was relatively high in northern China because of the impact of dust. The difference w(PM_(10)) during warm and cold seasons was relatively small, with the w(PM_(10)) during cold seasons measuring 1 to 2 times higher than that during warm seasons. In addition to the impact of anthropogenic emissions, atmospheric particulates were an important cause of these differences between warm and cold seasons. The boundary layer height was lower during cold seasons, the inversion was stronger, and the wind speed near the ground was smaller. These properties were not conducive to the vertical diffusion of atmospheric pollutants,thus,the concentration of particles near the ground would rise.
Air pollutant concentration data of 114 sites released by the China Environmental Monitoring Main Station in 2014 were utilized to discuss the space distribution characteristics and differences in atmospheric particles during cold and warm seasons in Mainland China. Most large cities in Mainland China showed different degrees of pollution. Days of mild and moderate pollution constituted 20.53%and 6.83%, respectively, of the total number of days. According to the spatial distribution, pollution in Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang was particularly serious. The total number of pollution days in Shijiazhuang reached 275 d, with up to 38 d severe pollution days. Studies have shown that air pollution during cold seasons in most of Mainland China was obviously more severe than that during warm seasons. The number of cold-season pollution days(75.4 d) was approximately 1.67 times that of the warm season(45 d), with the number of serious pollution days during the cold season in Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang,and Jinan being respectively 3.7,13.0, 8.5 and 9.0 times higher than those during the warm season. The particulates in Mainland China(especially fine particles) also indicated that the concentration of cold pollution days was higher than that during the warm season. High fine particulate matter PM_(2.5) concentrations were mainly distributed in the eastern regions during the warm season, and the PM_(2.5) pollution in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei was the most serious in Mainland China. The distribution of PM_(2.5) during cool and warm seasons was similar, but the concentration during the former was twice that of the latter. The ratio of w(PM_(2.5))/w(PM_(10)) during the cold season(73%) was approximately 1.4 times higher than that during the warm season(53%). Particulate matter pollution was the most serious in the Beijing-TianjinHebei region, where the annual average PM_(2.5) concentration was 100.3 μg/m~3. w(PM_(2.5)) during the cool season was 1.5 times higher than that during the warm season. Compared with w(PM_(2.5)), w(PM_(10)) was relatively high in northern China because of the impact of dust. The difference w(PM_(10)) during warm and cold seasons was relatively small, with the w(PM_(10)) during cold seasons measuring 1 to 2 times higher than that during warm seasons. In addition to the impact of anthropogenic emissions, atmospheric particulates were an important cause of these differences between warm and cold seasons. The boundary layer height was lower during cold seasons, the inversion was stronger, and the wind speed near the ground was smaller. These properties were not conducive to the vertical diffusion of atmospheric pollutants,thus,the concentration of particles near the ground would rise.
引文
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[22]梁伊蓉,朱蓉,朱克云,等.京津冀地区重污染天气过程的污染气象条件数值模拟研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(9):2681-2692.
[23]张霖琳,王超,朱红霞,等.北京混合功能区夏冬季细颗粒物组分特征及来源比较[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(1):36-41.
[24]刘杰.北京大气污染物时空变化规律及评价预测模型研究[D].北京:北京科技大学图书馆,2015.
[25]陈艳,孙敬哲,张武,等.兰州地区MODIS气溶胶光学厚度和空气污染指数相关性研究[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(6):765-772.
[26]李艳,王琪,王式功,等.冷空气过程与兰州市呼吸系统疾病的关系分析[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2016,52(1):84-88.
[27]李萍,薛粟尹,王胜利,等.兰州市可吸人颗粒物及其重金属Zn,Cu,Cd分布规律[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(1):50-55.
[28]乐满,李海飞,王式功,等.北京市主要天气敏感性疾病发病与流行的24节气特征分析和预报模型构建[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2017,53(3):394-400.
[29]郭利,张艳昆,刘树华,等.北京地区PM_(10)质量浓度与边界层气象要素相关性分析[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2011,47(4):607-612.
[30]姜杰,郑有飞,刘建军,等.南京上空大气边界层的激光雷达观测研究[J].环境科学与技术,2014,37(1):22-27.
[31]张人禾,李强,张若楠,等.2013年1月中国东部持续性强雾霾天气产生的气象条件分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(1):27-36.
[32]乔娟.西北干旱区大气边界层时空变化特征及形成机理研究[D].兰州:兰州大学大气科学学院,2009.
[2]Tie Xue-xi,Cao Jun-ji.Aerosol pollution in China:present and future impact on environment[J].Particuology,2009,7(6):426-431.
[3]Chen Si-yu,Zhao Chun,Qian Yun,et al.Regional modeling of dust mass balance and radiative forcing over East Asia using WRF-Chem[J].Aeolian Research,2014,15:15-30.
[4]陈思宇,黄建平,刘晶晶,等.利用MODIS和OMI资料研究中国半干旱区沙尘气溶胶对暖云的影响[J].地球科学进展,2010,25(S):1001.166-1001.188.
[5]Huang Jian-ping,Minnis P,Lin Bing,et al.Possible influences of Asian dust aerosols on cloud properties and radiative forcing observed from MODIS and CERES[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33(6):1-4.
[6]Huang Jian-ping,Minnis P,Yi Yu-hong,et al.Summer dust aerosols detected from CALIPSO over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34(18):1849-1858.
[7]Huang Jian-ping,Huang Zhong-wei,Bi Jian-rong,et al.Micro-pulse lidar measurements of aerosol vertical structure over the Loess Plateau[J].Atmosphere and Oceanic Science Citation Index,2008,1(1):8-11.
[8]Huang Jian-ping,Minnis P,Chen Bin,et al.Longrange transport and vertical structure of Asian dust from CALIPSO and surface measurements during PACDEX[J].Journal of Geography Research Atmospheres,2008,113(D23):1-13.
[9]Chen Si-yu,Huang Jian-ping,Zhao Chun,et al.Modeling the transport and radiative forcing of Taklimakan dust over the Tibetan Plateau:a case study in the summer of 2006[J].Journal of Geography Research-Atmospheres,2013,118(2):797-812.
[10]Chen Si-yu,Huang Jian-ping,Qian Yun,et al.Effects of aerosols on autumn precipitation over Mid-Eastern China[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorological,2014,20(3):242-250.
[11]陈思宇,黄建平,李景鑫,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠和戈壁沙尘起沙、传输和沉降的对比研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2017,47(8):939-957.
[12]刘庆阳,刘艳菊,杨峥,等.北京城郊冬季一次大气重污染过程的颗粒物污染特征[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(1):12-18.
[13]Zhao Chun,Chen Si-yu,Leung L R,et al.Uncertainty in modeling dust mass balance and radiative forcing from size parameterization[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(21):10733-10753.
[14]Kang Li-tai,Huang Jian-ping,Chen Si-yu.Long-term trends of dust events over Tibetan Plateau during 1961-2010[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,125(10):188-198.
[15]Chow J C,Watson J G.Air quality management of multiple pollutants and multiple effects[J].Air Quality and Climate Change,2011,45(3):26-32.
[16]Wang Ying,Zhuang Guo-shun,Tang Ao-han,et al.The ion chemistry and the source of PM_(2.5)aerosol in Beijing[J].Atmosphere Environment,2005,39(21):3771-3784.
[17]Louie P K,Chow J C,Chen L W A,et al.PM_(2.5)chemical composition in Hong Kong:urban and regional variations[J].Science Citation Index Total Environment,2005,338(3):267-281.
[18]Feng Yan-li,Chen Ying-jun,Guo Hui,et al.Characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM_(2.5)samples in Shanghai,China[J].Atmospheres Research,2009,92(4):434-442.
[19]Zhao T L,Gong S L,Zhang X Y,et al.A simulated climatology of Asian dust aerosol and its trans-Pacific transport part I:mean climate and validation[J].Journal of Climate,2006,19(1):88-103.
[20]Pathak R K,Wang Tao,Lee S C.Characteristics of summertime PM_(2.5)organic and elemental carbon in four major Chinese cities:implications of high acidity for watersoluble organic carbon(WSOC)[J].Atmosphere Environment,2011,45(2):318-325.
[21]Huang Jian-ping,Zhang Wu,Zuo Jing-qing,et al.An overview of the semi-arid climate and environment research observatory over the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2008,25(6):906-921.
[22]梁伊蓉,朱蓉,朱克云,等.京津冀地区重污染天气过程的污染气象条件数值模拟研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(9):2681-2692.
[23]张霖琳,王超,朱红霞,等.北京混合功能区夏冬季细颗粒物组分特征及来源比较[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(1):36-41.
[24]刘杰.北京大气污染物时空变化规律及评价预测模型研究[D].北京:北京科技大学图书馆,2015.
[25]陈艳,孙敬哲,张武,等.兰州地区MODIS气溶胶光学厚度和空气污染指数相关性研究[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(6):765-772.
[26]李艳,王琪,王式功,等.冷空气过程与兰州市呼吸系统疾病的关系分析[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2016,52(1):84-88.
[27]李萍,薛粟尹,王胜利,等.兰州市可吸人颗粒物及其重金属Zn,Cu,Cd分布规律[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(1):50-55.
[28]乐满,李海飞,王式功,等.北京市主要天气敏感性疾病发病与流行的24节气特征分析和预报模型构建[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2017,53(3):394-400.
[29]郭利,张艳昆,刘树华,等.北京地区PM_(10)质量浓度与边界层气象要素相关性分析[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2011,47(4):607-612.
[30]姜杰,郑有飞,刘建军,等.南京上空大气边界层的激光雷达观测研究[J].环境科学与技术,2014,37(1):22-27.
[31]张人禾,李强,张若楠,等.2013年1月中国东部持续性强雾霾天气产生的气象条件分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(1):27-36.
[32]乔娟.西北干旱区大气边界层时空变化特征及形成机理研究[D].兰州:兰州大学大气科学学院,2009.