基于大陆架界限委员会“建议”分析日本外大陆架政令的有效性
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摘要
《联合国海洋法公约》第76条规定了大陆架外部界限划定规则,并设立大陆架界限委员会,赋予其审查沿海国提交的佐证其大陆架外部界限的科学技术资料并提出"建议"的权力。该公约没有赋予委员会"建议"法律拘束力,仅规定了"沿海国在建议基础上划定的大陆架界限应有确定性和拘束力",但委员会"建议"是沿海国确定其二百海里外大陆架最终界限的基础。本文基于目前沿海国在委员会提出"建议"后的行动,分析委员会"建议"的效力,并讨论日本内阁于2014年颁布的关于大陆架外部界限的政令在国际法中的效力,认为日本通过国内法划定的界限与委员会"建议"产生冲突,以国内法为抗辩不履行其国际法上的义务,故该政令对第三国是无效的。该界限也不能够成为被国际社会认可的、确定的、有拘束力的界限。
Article 76 of the 1982 United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)provides a set of rules for delineating outer limits of continental shelves,establishes the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf(CLCS),and entitles the CLCS with the rights to review scientific and technical data and information submitted by coastal States to support the outer limits of their continental shelf and to make corresponding recommendations.The recommendations made by the CLCS are not legally binding,for the UNCLOS merely declares that"the limits of the shelf established by a coastal State on the basis of these recommendations shall be final and binding".However,the recommendations serve as the foundation in defining the final outer limits.This article,based on subsequent actions of the coastal states to the CLCS’recommendations,analyzes the validity of the recommendations,and discusses the validity of the decree on the outer limits of the continental shelf in the framework of international law,which is issued by the Japanese cabinet in 2014.It proposes that the outer limits defined by Japan in accordance with its domestic law go against the recommendations of the CLCS,and that Japan takes its domestic law as a defence and fails to fulfill its legal obligations according to the international law.In this way,the decree is not valid for any third country,nor can it be recognized as final and binding by the international community.
Article 76 of the 1982 United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)provides a set of rules for delineating outer limits of continental shelves,establishes the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf(CLCS),and entitles the CLCS with the rights to review scientific and technical data and information submitted by coastal States to support the outer limits of their continental shelf and to make corresponding recommendations.The recommendations made by the CLCS are not legally binding,for the UNCLOS merely declares that"the limits of the shelf established by a coastal State on the basis of these recommendations shall be final and binding".However,the recommendations serve as the foundation in defining the final outer limits.This article,based on subsequent actions of the coastal states to the CLCS’recommendations,analyzes the validity of the recommendations,and discusses the validity of the decree on the outer limits of the continental shelf in the framework of international law,which is issued by the Japanese cabinet in 2014.It proposes that the outer limits defined by Japan in accordance with its domestic law go against the recommendations of the CLCS,and that Japan takes its domestic law as a defence and fails to fulfill its legal obligations according to the international law.In this way,the decree is not valid for any third country,nor can it be recognized as final and binding by the international community.
引文
(1)“排他的経済水域及び大陸棚に関する法律第二条第二号の海域を定める政令”,日本内阁,平成二十六年九月十二日政令第三百二号。
(2)《公约》第136条:“区域”及其资源是人类的共同继承财产。
(3)“联合国主管法律事务副秘书长、法律顾问给大陆架界限委员会主席的信”,联合国正式文件系统(文号:CLCS/46),2005年9月7日,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/482/96/PDF/N0548296.pdf?Open Element,第6页。
(4)“主管法律事务副秘书长、法律顾问给大陆架界限委员会的信”,联合国正式文件系统(文号:CLCS/5),1998年3月11日,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/062/66/IMG/N9806266.pdf?Open Element,第5段。
(5)Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf(CLCS),“Selected Document of the Commission”,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm#Statements by the Chairman of the Commission.访问时间:2017年7月1日。
(6)同(3),第7页。
(1)“第十一次缔约国会议的报告”,联合国正式文件系统(文号:SPLOS/73),2001年6月14日,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/411/51/PDF/N0141151.pdf?OpenE lement,第60段。
(2)“联合国大会第51届会议海洋法秘书长的报告”,联合国正式文件系统(文号:A/51/645),1996年11月1日,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N96/306/08/IMG/N9630608.pdf?Open Element,第54段。
(3)《公约》第76条第10款:本条的规定不妨害海岸相向或相邻国家间大陆架界限划定的问题。
(4)Anna Cavnar,“Accountability and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf:Deciding Who Owns the Ocean Floor”,Cornell International Law Journal,Vol.42,No.3,2009,p.406.
(5)[斐济]萨切雅·南丹,[以]沙卜泰·罗森编,吕文正、毛彬译:《1982年<联合国海洋法公约>评注》第二卷,海洋出版社,2014年版,第903、768、769页。
(6)同(5),第771页。
(7)同(5),第779页。
(1)“Compromise Suggestions by the Chairman of Negotiating Group 6”,Official Document System,No.A/CONF.62/L.37,Apr.26,1979,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/NL7/902/12/pdf/NL790212.pdf?Open Element,para.5.
(2)[斐济]萨切雅·南丹,[以]沙卜泰·罗森编,吕文正、毛彬译:《1982年<联合国海洋法公约>评注》第二卷,海洋出版社,2014年版,第783页。
(3)“Report of the Chairman of the Second Committee”,Official Document System,No.A/CONF.62/L.51,Mar.29,1980,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/NL8/002/80/pdf/NL800280.pdf?Open Element,para.6.
(4)International Law Association,“2004:Report of the SeventyFirst Conference Berlin”,2004,www.ila-hq.org/index.php/publications/order-reports,p.803.
(5)World Trade Organization,“Report of the Appellate Body”,No.WT/DS231/AB/R,2002,https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/ab_reports_e.htm,pp.68-69.
(6)案例转引自Suzette V.Suarez,The Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf,Legal Aspects of Their Establishment,Springer,2002,pp.211-212.
(1)Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea,“Maritime Space:Maritime Zones and Maritime Delimitation”,Feb.16,2011,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/index.htm.
(1)CLCS,“Summary of the Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf(CLCS)in regards to the Submission Made by Australia on 15 November 2004”,Apr.9,2008,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/aus04/aus_summary_of_recommendations.pdf.
(2)Australia,“Sea and Submerged Lands(Limits of Continental Shelf)Proclamation 2012”,May.24,2012,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/mzn_s/mzn92ef.pdf。说明:澳大利亚交存的最终界限点坐标在凯尔盖朗区域使用了没有被委员会认可的与南极陆地二百海里线的交点(点HMI-CS-627,经纬度为62°59'33.4919″S,87°51'53.5063″E和点HMI-CS-905,经纬度为64°1'55.4186″S,79°9'51.9622″E)。
(3)吴宁铂:“澳大利亚南极外大陆架划界案评析”,《太平洋学报》,2015年第7期,第14页。
(4)联合国海洋事务和海洋法司官方数据库未能查询到。
(5)Legifrance,“Le Service Public de la Diffusion du Droit”,https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/,访问时间:2016年10月15日。
(6)Japan,“Japan’s Submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf”,Nov.12,2008,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/jpn08/jpn_execsummary.pdf.
(1)“委员会第二十九届会议主席的说明”,联合国正式文件系统(文号:CLCS/74),2012年4月30日,https://documents-ddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N12/326/31/PDF/N1232631.pdf?Open Element,第16段。
(2)“Summary of Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in Regard to the Submission Made by Japan on 12 November 2008”,CLCS,Apr.19,2012,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/jpn08/com_sumrec_jpn_fin.pdf。
(3)Ted L.Mcdorman,“The Role of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf:A Technical Body in a Political World”,The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,Vol.17,No.3,2002,p.307.
(4)Suzette V.Suarez,The Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf,Legal Aspects of Their Establishment,Springer,2002,p.212.
(5)同(3),p.306.
(6)The International Law Association,“2006:Report of the Seventy-Second Conference Toronto”,2006,http://www.ila-hq.org/index.php/publications/order-reports,p.231.
(1)Oystein Jensen,“The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf:An Administrative,Scientific,or Judicial Institution?”Ocean Development&International Law,Vol.45,No.2,2014,p.176.
(2)Alexei A.Zinchenko,“Emerging Issues in the Work of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf”,in Myron H.Nordquist,John Norton Moore,Tomas H.Heidar,Legal and Scientific Aspects of Continental Shelf Limits,Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2004,p.226.
(3)Robert W.Smith,George Taf,t“Legal Aspects of the Continental Shelf”,in Peter J.Cook,Chris M.Carleton,Continental Shelf Limits-The Scientific and Legal Interface,Oxford University Press,2000,p.20.
(4)The International Law Association,“2004:Report of the Seventy-First Conference Berlin”,2004,http://www.ila-hq.org/index.php/publications/order-reports,p.804.
(5)Ted L.Mcdorman,“The Role of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf:A Technical Body in a Political World”,The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,Vol.17,No.3,2002,pp.315-317.
(6)Bjorn Kunoy,“The Terms of Reference of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf:A Creeping Legal Mandate”,Leiden Journal of the International Law,Vol.25,No.1,2012,p.114.
(1)[澳]维克托·普雷斯科特、克莱夫·斯科菲尔德著,吴继陆、张海文译:《世界海洋政治边界》,海洋出版社,2014年版,第131页。
(2)Bjorn Kunoy,“The Terms of Reference of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf:A Creeping Legal Mandate”,Leiden Journal of International Law,Vol.25,No.1,2012,pp.109-130.
(3)The International Law Association,“2006:Report of the Seventy-Second Conference Toronto”,2006,http://www.ila-hq.org/index.php/publications/order-reports,p.231.
(4)Alex G.Oude Elferink,“Article 76 of the LOSC on the Definition of the Continental Shelf:Questions concerning Its Interpretation from a Legal Perspective”,The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,Vol.21,No.3,2006,p.276.
(5)L.D.M.Nelson,“The Settlement of Disputes Arising from Conflicting Outer Continental Shelf Claims”,The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,Vol.24,No.2,2009,p.421.
(6)“第十一次缔约国会议的报告”,联合国正式文件系统(文号:SPLOS/73),2001年6月14日,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/411/51/PDF/N0141151.pdf?OpenE lement,第89段。
(7)Oystein Jensen,“Maritime Boundary Delimitation beyond200 Nautical Miles:The International Judiciary and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf”,Nordic Journal of International Law,Vol.84,No.4,2015,pp.580-604.
(8)缔约国应诚意履行根据本公约承担的义务并应以不致构成滥用权利的方法,行使本公约所承认的权利、管辖权和自由,《公约》第300条。
(2)《公约》第136条:“区域”及其资源是人类的共同继承财产。
(3)“联合国主管法律事务副秘书长、法律顾问给大陆架界限委员会主席的信”,联合国正式文件系统(文号:CLCS/46),2005年9月7日,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/482/96/PDF/N0548296.pdf?Open Element,第6页。
(4)“主管法律事务副秘书长、法律顾问给大陆架界限委员会的信”,联合国正式文件系统(文号:CLCS/5),1998年3月11日,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/062/66/IMG/N9806266.pdf?Open Element,第5段。
(5)Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf(CLCS),“Selected Document of the Commission”,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm#Statements by the Chairman of the Commission.访问时间:2017年7月1日。
(6)同(3),第7页。
(1)“第十一次缔约国会议的报告”,联合国正式文件系统(文号:SPLOS/73),2001年6月14日,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/411/51/PDF/N0141151.pdf?OpenE lement,第60段。
(2)“联合国大会第51届会议海洋法秘书长的报告”,联合国正式文件系统(文号:A/51/645),1996年11月1日,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N96/306/08/IMG/N9630608.pdf?Open Element,第54段。
(3)《公约》第76条第10款:本条的规定不妨害海岸相向或相邻国家间大陆架界限划定的问题。
(4)Anna Cavnar,“Accountability and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf:Deciding Who Owns the Ocean Floor”,Cornell International Law Journal,Vol.42,No.3,2009,p.406.
(5)[斐济]萨切雅·南丹,[以]沙卜泰·罗森编,吕文正、毛彬译:《1982年<联合国海洋法公约>评注》第二卷,海洋出版社,2014年版,第903、768、769页。
(6)同(5),第771页。
(7)同(5),第779页。
(1)“Compromise Suggestions by the Chairman of Negotiating Group 6”,Official Document System,No.A/CONF.62/L.37,Apr.26,1979,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/NL7/902/12/pdf/NL790212.pdf?Open Element,para.5.
(2)[斐济]萨切雅·南丹,[以]沙卜泰·罗森编,吕文正、毛彬译:《1982年<联合国海洋法公约>评注》第二卷,海洋出版社,2014年版,第783页。
(3)“Report of the Chairman of the Second Committee”,Official Document System,No.A/CONF.62/L.51,Mar.29,1980,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/NL8/002/80/pdf/NL800280.pdf?Open Element,para.6.
(4)International Law Association,“2004:Report of the SeventyFirst Conference Berlin”,2004,www.ila-hq.org/index.php/publications/order-reports,p.803.
(5)World Trade Organization,“Report of the Appellate Body”,No.WT/DS231/AB/R,2002,https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/ab_reports_e.htm,pp.68-69.
(6)案例转引自Suzette V.Suarez,The Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf,Legal Aspects of Their Establishment,Springer,2002,pp.211-212.
(1)Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea,“Maritime Space:Maritime Zones and Maritime Delimitation”,Feb.16,2011,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/index.htm.
(1)CLCS,“Summary of the Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf(CLCS)in regards to the Submission Made by Australia on 15 November 2004”,Apr.9,2008,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/aus04/aus_summary_of_recommendations.pdf.
(2)Australia,“Sea and Submerged Lands(Limits of Continental Shelf)Proclamation 2012”,May.24,2012,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/mzn_s/mzn92ef.pdf。说明:澳大利亚交存的最终界限点坐标在凯尔盖朗区域使用了没有被委员会认可的与南极陆地二百海里线的交点(点HMI-CS-627,经纬度为62°59'33.4919″S,87°51'53.5063″E和点HMI-CS-905,经纬度为64°1'55.4186″S,79°9'51.9622″E)。
(3)吴宁铂:“澳大利亚南极外大陆架划界案评析”,《太平洋学报》,2015年第7期,第14页。
(4)联合国海洋事务和海洋法司官方数据库未能查询到。
(5)Legifrance,“Le Service Public de la Diffusion du Droit”,https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/,访问时间:2016年10月15日。
(6)Japan,“Japan’s Submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf”,Nov.12,2008,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/jpn08/jpn_execsummary.pdf.
(1)“委员会第二十九届会议主席的说明”,联合国正式文件系统(文号:CLCS/74),2012年4月30日,https://documents-ddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N12/326/31/PDF/N1232631.pdf?Open Element,第16段。
(2)“Summary of Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in Regard to the Submission Made by Japan on 12 November 2008”,CLCS,Apr.19,2012,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/jpn08/com_sumrec_jpn_fin.pdf。
(3)Ted L.Mcdorman,“The Role of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf:A Technical Body in a Political World”,The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,Vol.17,No.3,2002,p.307.
(4)Suzette V.Suarez,The Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf,Legal Aspects of Their Establishment,Springer,2002,p.212.
(5)同(3),p.306.
(6)The International Law Association,“2006:Report of the Seventy-Second Conference Toronto”,2006,http://www.ila-hq.org/index.php/publications/order-reports,p.231.
(1)Oystein Jensen,“The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf:An Administrative,Scientific,or Judicial Institution?”Ocean Development&International Law,Vol.45,No.2,2014,p.176.
(2)Alexei A.Zinchenko,“Emerging Issues in the Work of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf”,in Myron H.Nordquist,John Norton Moore,Tomas H.Heidar,Legal and Scientific Aspects of Continental Shelf Limits,Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2004,p.226.
(3)Robert W.Smith,George Taf,t“Legal Aspects of the Continental Shelf”,in Peter J.Cook,Chris M.Carleton,Continental Shelf Limits-The Scientific and Legal Interface,Oxford University Press,2000,p.20.
(4)The International Law Association,“2004:Report of the Seventy-First Conference Berlin”,2004,http://www.ila-hq.org/index.php/publications/order-reports,p.804.
(5)Ted L.Mcdorman,“The Role of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf:A Technical Body in a Political World”,The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,Vol.17,No.3,2002,pp.315-317.
(6)Bjorn Kunoy,“The Terms of Reference of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf:A Creeping Legal Mandate”,Leiden Journal of the International Law,Vol.25,No.1,2012,p.114.
(1)[澳]维克托·普雷斯科特、克莱夫·斯科菲尔德著,吴继陆、张海文译:《世界海洋政治边界》,海洋出版社,2014年版,第131页。
(2)Bjorn Kunoy,“The Terms of Reference of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf:A Creeping Legal Mandate”,Leiden Journal of International Law,Vol.25,No.1,2012,pp.109-130.
(3)The International Law Association,“2006:Report of the Seventy-Second Conference Toronto”,2006,http://www.ila-hq.org/index.php/publications/order-reports,p.231.
(4)Alex G.Oude Elferink,“Article 76 of the LOSC on the Definition of the Continental Shelf:Questions concerning Its Interpretation from a Legal Perspective”,The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,Vol.21,No.3,2006,p.276.
(5)L.D.M.Nelson,“The Settlement of Disputes Arising from Conflicting Outer Continental Shelf Claims”,The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,Vol.24,No.2,2009,p.421.
(6)“第十一次缔约国会议的报告”,联合国正式文件系统(文号:SPLOS/73),2001年6月14日,https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/411/51/PDF/N0141151.pdf?OpenE lement,第89段。
(7)Oystein Jensen,“Maritime Boundary Delimitation beyond200 Nautical Miles:The International Judiciary and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf”,Nordic Journal of International Law,Vol.84,No.4,2015,pp.580-604.
(8)缔约国应诚意履行根据本公约承担的义务并应以不致构成滥用权利的方法,行使本公约所承认的权利、管辖权和自由,《公约》第300条。