论元明清时期西南地区士兵的军事组织体制
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摘要
军事组织体制是国家军事体制的重要组成部分。元明清时期西南地区土兵的军事组织体制与土兵制度密切相关。其土兵武装力量包括土司武装、土司部落武装、家支武装、土屯武装等四个方面。土兵的兵种按照不同的标准可以分为不同的类型,如步兵、骑兵、水兵、马兵、战兵、守兵、塘兵、铺兵等。元明清时期西南地区土兵的员额是随着中央政府官兵的强弱和战争的多少而增减。元代土兵编制分万户府、千户所、百户所及牌子四级。明清时期土司军队大多实行营、旗制度。西南地区土兵名号仅限于湖广土司。
Military organizational system is an important part of the national military system.During the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties southwest soldier military organizational system was closely related with the soldier system.Their soldiers armed forces include four aspects such as armed Tusi,armed tribal chieftain,armed family branch,armed Tutun forces.The arm of services can be divided into different types according to different criteria,such as infantry soldiers,cavalry,sailors,horsemen soldiers,guard, Tang Bing,Pu Bing.During the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties southwest soldiers' number changed with strength of the central government officers and soldiers and frequency of the wars.The Yuan Dynasty soldier system was divided into four grades such as Wanghufu,Qianhusuo,Baihusuo,and Paizi.During the Ming and Qing,chieftain army mostly implemented Ying and Qi system. Southwest soldier military name only confined to HuGuang Tusi.
Military organizational system is an important part of the national military system.During the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties southwest soldier military organizational system was closely related with the soldier system.Their soldiers armed forces include four aspects such as armed Tusi,armed tribal chieftain,armed family branch,armed Tutun forces.The arm of services can be divided into different types according to different criteria,such as infantry soldiers,cavalry,sailors,horsemen soldiers,guard, Tang Bing,Pu Bing.During the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties southwest soldiers' number changed with strength of the central government officers and soldiers and frequency of the wars.The Yuan Dynasty soldier system was divided into four grades such as Wanghufu,Qianhusuo,Baihusuo,and Paizi.During the Ming and Qing,chieftain army mostly implemented Ying and Qi system. Southwest soldier military name only confined to HuGuang Tusi.
引文
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[2][42][民国]柯劭忞.清史稿(第十四册)[Z].北京:中华书局,1977:963.3950.
[3][5][15][18][明]朱国桢.涌幢小品[Z].北京:中华书局, 1959:257-258.258.257.255.
[4][清]张廷玉.明史(第八册)[Z].北京:中华书局, 1974.2353.
[6][7][9]阿坝藏族羌族自治州地方志编纂委员会.阿坝州志[Z].北京:民族出版社,1994:781.781.783.
[8][10][11]四川省地方志编纂委员会.四川省志·军事??志[Z].成都:四川人民出版社,1999:502.502.503-504.
[12]向盛福.土司王朝[Z].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,2009:91.
[13][36][39]蔡玉葵.秦良玉军事思想初探[Z].石柱土家族自治县人民政府地方志办公室,2010:91-92.83-84.84.
[14][明]顾炎武.天下郡国利病书,卷105,广西一[Z].
[16][明]宋濂.元史·兵志[Z].北京:中华书局,1974: 2576-2577.
[17]张声震.壮族通史[M].北京:民族出版社,1997:640.
[19][清]陈梦雷.古今图书集成·职方典[Z].成都:巴蜀书社,1984:21667.
[20][清]王鳞飞.酉阳直隶州总志,卷10[Z].同治三年(1864)刻本.
[21]冉正斌,等.酉阳土家族冉土司家谱·忠孝谱[Z]. 2009年影印本.
[22][清]王萦绪.石砫厅志[Z].乾隆四十年(1775)刻本.
[23][清]王槐龄.补辑石砫厅志,艺文志[Z].道光二十三年(1843)刻本.
[24][35]《续修四库全书》编纂委员会.续修四库全书·史部,卷0485,度支奏议·新饷司卷十七,题议石砫秦兵饷鄂疏[Z].上海:上海古籍出版社,2002:306.306.
[25]郭书林.明代土司述略[D].青海师范大学,2010年硕士学位论文.
[26][明]田汝成.炎徼纪闻[Z].商务印书馆丛书集成本.
[27][清]汪森.粤西文载,第四册,广西众建土官议[Z].南宁:广西人民出版社,1990:197.
[28][清]郑栖山.平定两金川军需例案[Z].全国图书馆文献缩微复制中心,1991:14-15.
[31][明]田汝成.炎徼纪闻[Z].商务印书馆丛书集成本, 29.
[32]刘昭祥.中国军事制度史(军事组织体制编制卷[M].北京:大众出版社,1997:359.
[33][38]王承尧,罗午.土家族土司简史[M].北京:中央民族学院出版社,1991:88.
[34]明史,卷270[Z].
[37][清]关天申.乾隆永顺县志(第69辑)[Z].南京:江苏古籍出版社,2003:46.
[40][清]陈梦雷.古今图书集成(第112册),第646卷,天全六蕃部.“天全六番宣慰使司兵制考”条[Z].北京:中华书局影印本,53.
[41]王明贵,王继超.水西简史[M].贵阳:贵州民族出版社,2011:82.
[44][清]张廷玉.明史(第二十六册)[Z].北京:中华书局, 1974:7983.
[45]湖南省少数民族古籍整理办公室.土家族土司史录[Z].1991:115.
[46][47][清]关天申.乾隆永顺县志[A]//湖南府县志辑,第69辑[C].南京:江苏古籍出版社,2003:46.46.
[48][民国]朱健.永顺县志[A]//湖南府县志辑,第69辑[C].南京:江苏古籍出版社,2003:370.