Comparison of Phytoplankton Communities Between Melt Ponds and Open Water in the Central Arctic Ocean
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摘要
Climate warming has a significant impact on the sea ice and ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean.Under the increasing numbers of melt ponds in Arctic sea ice,the phytoplankton communities associated with the ice system are changing.During the 7th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition cruise in summer 2016,photosynthesis pigments and nutrients were analyzed,revealing differences in phytoplankton communities between melt ponds and open water in the central Arctic.Photosynthetic pigment analysis suggested that Fuco(5-91μg m~(-3))and Diadino(4-21μg m~(-3))were the main pigments in the open water.However,the melt ponds had high concentrations of Viola(7-30μg m~(-3)),Lut(4-59μg m~(-3))and Chl b(11-38μg m~(-3)),suggesting that green algae dominated phytoplankton communities in the melt ponds.The significant differences in phytoplankton communities between melt ponds and open water might be due to the salinity difference.Moreover,green algae may play a more important role in Arctic sea ice ecosystems with the expected growing number of melt ponds in the central Arctic Ocean.
Climate warming has a significant impact on the sea ice and ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean.Under the increasing numbers of melt ponds in Arctic sea ice,the phytoplankton communities associated with the ice system are changing.During the 7th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition cruise in summer 2016,photosynthesis pigments and nutrients were analyzed,revealing differences in phytoplankton communities between melt ponds and open water in the central Arctic.Photosynthetic pigment analysis suggested that Fuco(5-91μg m~(-3))and Diadino(4-21μg m~(-3))were the main pigments in the open water.However,the melt ponds had high concentrations of Viola(7-30μg m~(-3)),Lut(4-59μg m~(-3))and Chl b(11-38μg m~(-3)),suggesting that green algae dominated phytoplankton communities in the melt ponds.The significant differences in phytoplankton communities between melt ponds and open water might be due to the salinity difference.Moreover,green algae may play a more important role in Arctic sea ice ecosystems with the expected growing number of melt ponds in the central Arctic Ocean.
Climate warming has a significant impact on the sea ice and ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean.Under the increasing numbers of melt ponds in Arctic sea ice,the phytoplankton communities associated with the ice system are changing.During the 7th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition cruise in summer 2016,photosynthesis pigments and nutrients were analyzed,revealing differences in phytoplankton communities between melt ponds and open water in the central Arctic.Photosynthetic pigment analysis suggested that Fuco(5-91μg m~(-3))and Diadino(4-21μg m~(-3))were the main pigments in the open water.However,the melt ponds had high concentrations of Viola(7-30μg m~(-3)),Lut(4-59μg m~(-3))and Chl b(11-38μg m~(-3)),suggesting that green algae dominated phytoplankton communities in the melt ponds.The significant differences in phytoplankton communities between melt ponds and open water might be due to the salinity difference.Moreover,green algae may play a more important role in Arctic sea ice ecosystems with the expected growing number of melt ponds in the central Arctic Ocean.
引文
Arrigo,K.R.,van Dijken,G.L.,and Pabi,S.,2008.Impact of a shrinking Arctic ice cover on marine primary production.Geophysical Research Letters,35(19):116-122.
Arrigo,K.R.,Perovich,D.K.,Pickart,R.S.,Brown,Z.W.,van Dijken,G.L.,Lowry,K.E.,Mills,M.M.,Palmer,M.A.,Balch,W.M.,Bahr,F.,Bates,N.R.,Benitez-Nelson,C.,Bowler,B.,Brownlee,E.,Ehn,J.K.,Frey,K.E.,Garley,R.,Laney,S.R.,Lubelczyk,L.,Mathis,J.,Matsuoka,A.,Mitchell,B.G.,Moore,G.W.K.,Ortega-Retuerta,E.,Pal,S.,Polashenski,C.M.,Reynolds,R.A.,Schieber,B.,Sosik,H.M.,Stephens,M.,and Swift,J.H.,2012.Massive phytoplankton blooms under Arctic sea ice.Science,336(6087):1408-1408.
Arrigo,K.R.,and van Dijken,G.L.,2015.Continued increases in Arctic Ocean primary production.Progress in Oceanography,136:60-70,DOI:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.002.
Bian,L.G.,Wang,J.Z.,Sun,Y.L.,Lu,C.G.,Lin,X.,and Li,D.,2014.Sea ice drifting and atmospheric processes over the central Arctic Ocean.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,36(10):48-55,DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2014.10.005.
Brzezinski,M.A.,1985.The Si:C:N ratio of marine diatoms:Interspecific variability and the effect of some environmental variables.Journal of Phycology,21(3):347-357.
Carroll,M.L.,and Carroll,J.,2003.The Arctic seas.In:BioGeochemistry of Marine Systems.Black,K.D.,and Shimmield,G.B.,eds.,Springer,Boston,127-156.
Chen,J.F.,Jin,H.Y.,Li,H.L.,Zhang,H.S.,Ji,Z.Q.,Zhuang,Y.P.,and Bai,Y.C.,2015.Carbon sink mechanism and processes in the Arctic Ocean under arctic rapid change.Chinese Science Bulletin,60(35):3406-3416.
Cota,G.F.,Anning,J.L.,Harris,L.R.,Harrison,W.G.,and Smith,R.E.,1990.Impact of ice algae on inorganic nutrients in seawater and sea ice in Barrow Strait,NWT,Canada,during spring.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,47(7):1402-1415,DOI:10.1139/f90-159.
Coupel,P.,Ruiz-Pino,D.,Sicre,M.A.,Chen,J.F.,Lee,S.H.,Schiffrine,N.,Li,H.L.,and Gascard,J.C.,2015.The impact of freshening on phytoplankton production in the Pacific Arctic Ocean.Progress in Oceanography,131:113-125.
Coupel,P.,Jin,H.Y.,Joo,M.,Horner,R.,Bouvet,H.A.,Sicre,M.A.,Gascard,J.C.,Chen,J.F.,Garcon,V.,and Ruiz-Pino,D.,2012.Phytoplankton distribution in unusually low sea ice cover over the Pacific Arctic.Biogeosciences,9:4835-4850.
Date,R.A.,1973.Nitrogen,a major limitation in the productivity of natural communities,crops and pastures in the Pacific area.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,5(1):5-18.
Ebert,E.E.,and Curry,J.A.,1993.An intermediate one-dimensional thermodynamic sea ice model for investigating iceatmosphere interactions.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,98(C6):10085-10109.
Eicken,H.,1994.Structure of under-ice melt ponds in the central Arctic and their effect on the sea-ice cover.Limnology and Oceanography,39(3):682-693.
Eicken,H.,Gradinger,R.,Ivanov,B.,and Makshtas,A.,1996.Surface melt puddles on multi-year sea ice in the Eurasian Arctic.Proceeding of the ACSYS Conference on the Dynamics of the Arctic Climate System.G?teborg,Sweden,1-760.
Eicken,H.,Krouse,H.R.,Kadko,D.,and Perovich,D.K.,2002.Tracer studies of pathways and rates of meltwater transport through Arctic summer sea ice.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,107(C10):8046.
Falkowski,P.G.,1997.Evolution of the nitrogen cycle and its influence on the biological sequestration of CO2 in the ocean.Nature,387(6630):272.
Ferguson,S.H.,Taylor,M.K.,and Messier,F.,2000.Influence of sea ice dynamics on habitat selection by polar bears.Ecology,81(3):761-772.
Gradinger,R.,1996.Occurrence of an algal bloom under Arctic pack ice.Marine Ecology Progress Series,131:301-305.
Gradinger,R.,1999.Vertical fine structure of the biomass and composition of algal communities in Arctic pack ice.Marine Biology,133(4):745-754.
Grasshoff,K.,Kremling,K.,and Ehrhardt,M.,1999.Methods of Seawater Analysis.3rd edition.Wiley-VCH,Weinheim,193-198.
Grebmeier,J.M.,Cooper,L.W.,Feder,H.M.,and Sirenko,B.I.,2006.Ecosystem dynamics of the Pacific-influenced northern Bering and Chukchi Seas in the Amerasian Arctic.Progress in Oceanography,71(2-4):331-361.
He,J.F.,and Zhang,F.,2012.Quick change of marine environment with ecological response in the Arctic Ocean.Chinese Journal of Nature,34(2):96-101.
Hegseth,E.N.,1992.Sub-ice algal assemblages of the Barents Sea:Species composition,chemical composition,and growth rates.Polar Biology,12(5):485-496.
Jeffrey,S.W.,Mantoura,R.F.C.,and Wright,S.W.,1997.Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography:Guidelines to Modern Methods.Unesco Publishing,Paris,1-661.
Kinnard,C.,Zdanowicz,C.M.,Fisher,D.A.,Isaksson,E.,de Vernal,A.,and Thompson,L.G.,2011.Reconstructed changes in Arctic sea ice over the past 1450 years.Nature,479(7374):509-512.
Lep?,J.,and?milauer,P.,2003.Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using CANOCO.Cambridge University Press,New York,1-267.
Lin,L.,He,J.,Zhang,F.,Cao,S.,and Zhang,C.,2016.Algal bloom in a melt pond on Canada Basin pack ice.Polar Record,52(1):114-117.
Marty,J.C.,Chiavérini,J.,Pizay,M.D.,and Avril,B.,2002.Seasonal and interannual dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton pigments in the western Mediterranean Sea at the DYFAMED time-series station(1991-1999).Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,49(11):1965-1985.
Not,F.,Massana,R.,Latasa,M.,Marie,D.,Colson,C.,Eikrem,W.,Pedrós-Alió,C.,Vaulot,D.,and Simon,N.,2005.Late summer community composition and abundance of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes in Norwegian and Barents Seas.Limnology and Oceanography,50(5):1677-1686.
Overland,J.E.,Wood,K.R.,and Wang,M.,2011.Warm Arctic-cold continents:Climate impacts of the newly open Arctic Sea.Polar Research,30(1):15787.
Palmer,M.A.,Saenz,B.T.,and Arrigo,K.R.,2014.Impacts of sea ice retreat,thinning,and melt-pond proliferation on the summer phytoplankton bloom in the Chukchi Sea,Arctic Ocean.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,105:85-104.
Redfield,A.C.,1958.The biological control of chemical factors in the environment.American Scientist,46(3):205-221.
Stroeve,J.C.,Serreze,M.C.,Holland,M.M.,Kay,J.E.,Malanik,J.,and Barrett,A.P.,2012.The Arctic’s rapidly shrinking sea ice cover:A research synthesis.Climatic Change,110(3-4):1005-1027.
Stroeve,J.,Holland,M.M.,Meier,W.,Scambos,T.,and Serreze,M.,2007.Arctic sea ice decline:Faster than forecast.Geophysical Research Letters,34(9):L09501.
Van Heukelem,L.,and Thomas,C.S.,2001.Computer-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography method development with applications to the isolation and analysis of phytoplankton pigments.Journal of Chromatography A,910(1):31-49.
Wadhams,P.,2000.Ice in the ocean.In:Formation,Growth and Decay of Sea Ice.CRC Press,London,37-80.
Wassmann,P.,Duarte,C.M.,Agusti,S.,and Sejr,M.K.,2011.Footprints of climate change in the Arctic marine ecosystem.Global Change Biology,17(2):1235-1249.
Yun,M.S.,Chung,K.H.,Zimmermann,S.,Zhao,J.,Joo,H.M.,and Lee,S.H.,2012.Phytoplankton productivity and its response to higher light levels in the Canada Basin.Polar Biology,35(2):257-268.
Zhao,J.P.,Li,T.,Zhang,S.G.,and Jiao,Y.T.,2009.The shortwave solar radiation energy absorbed by packed sea ice in the central Arctic.Advances in Earth Science,24(1):33-41.
Zhuang,Y.P.,Jin,H.Y.,Chen,J.F.,Wang,B.,Li,H.L.,Chen,F.J.,Lu,Y.,and Xu,J.,2012.Response of nutrients and the surface phytoplankton community to ice melting in the central Arctic Ocean.Chinese Journal of Polar Research,24(2):151-158.
Zhuang,Y.P.,Jin,H.Y.,Gu,F.,Zhang,Y.,Bai,Y.C.,Ji,Z.Q.,Lu,Y.,and Chen,J.F.,2017.Composition of algal pigments in surface freshen layer after ice melt in the central Arctic.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,36(8):122-130.
Zhuang,Y.P.,Jin,H.Y.,Li,H.L.,Chen,J.F.,Wang,B.,Chen,F.J.,Bai,Y.C.,Lu,Y.,and Tian,S.C.,2014.Phytoplankton composition and its ecological effect in subsurface cold pool of the northern Bering Sea in summer as revealed by HPLCderived pigment signatures.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,33(6):103-111.
Arrigo,K.R.,Perovich,D.K.,Pickart,R.S.,Brown,Z.W.,van Dijken,G.L.,Lowry,K.E.,Mills,M.M.,Palmer,M.A.,Balch,W.M.,Bahr,F.,Bates,N.R.,Benitez-Nelson,C.,Bowler,B.,Brownlee,E.,Ehn,J.K.,Frey,K.E.,Garley,R.,Laney,S.R.,Lubelczyk,L.,Mathis,J.,Matsuoka,A.,Mitchell,B.G.,Moore,G.W.K.,Ortega-Retuerta,E.,Pal,S.,Polashenski,C.M.,Reynolds,R.A.,Schieber,B.,Sosik,H.M.,Stephens,M.,and Swift,J.H.,2012.Massive phytoplankton blooms under Arctic sea ice.Science,336(6087):1408-1408.
Arrigo,K.R.,and van Dijken,G.L.,2015.Continued increases in Arctic Ocean primary production.Progress in Oceanography,136:60-70,DOI:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.002.
Bian,L.G.,Wang,J.Z.,Sun,Y.L.,Lu,C.G.,Lin,X.,and Li,D.,2014.Sea ice drifting and atmospheric processes over the central Arctic Ocean.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,36(10):48-55,DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2014.10.005.
Brzezinski,M.A.,1985.The Si:C:N ratio of marine diatoms:Interspecific variability and the effect of some environmental variables.Journal of Phycology,21(3):347-357.
Carroll,M.L.,and Carroll,J.,2003.The Arctic seas.In:BioGeochemistry of Marine Systems.Black,K.D.,and Shimmield,G.B.,eds.,Springer,Boston,127-156.
Chen,J.F.,Jin,H.Y.,Li,H.L.,Zhang,H.S.,Ji,Z.Q.,Zhuang,Y.P.,and Bai,Y.C.,2015.Carbon sink mechanism and processes in the Arctic Ocean under arctic rapid change.Chinese Science Bulletin,60(35):3406-3416.
Cota,G.F.,Anning,J.L.,Harris,L.R.,Harrison,W.G.,and Smith,R.E.,1990.Impact of ice algae on inorganic nutrients in seawater and sea ice in Barrow Strait,NWT,Canada,during spring.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,47(7):1402-1415,DOI:10.1139/f90-159.
Coupel,P.,Ruiz-Pino,D.,Sicre,M.A.,Chen,J.F.,Lee,S.H.,Schiffrine,N.,Li,H.L.,and Gascard,J.C.,2015.The impact of freshening on phytoplankton production in the Pacific Arctic Ocean.Progress in Oceanography,131:113-125.
Coupel,P.,Jin,H.Y.,Joo,M.,Horner,R.,Bouvet,H.A.,Sicre,M.A.,Gascard,J.C.,Chen,J.F.,Garcon,V.,and Ruiz-Pino,D.,2012.Phytoplankton distribution in unusually low sea ice cover over the Pacific Arctic.Biogeosciences,9:4835-4850.
Date,R.A.,1973.Nitrogen,a major limitation in the productivity of natural communities,crops and pastures in the Pacific area.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,5(1):5-18.
Ebert,E.E.,and Curry,J.A.,1993.An intermediate one-dimensional thermodynamic sea ice model for investigating iceatmosphere interactions.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,98(C6):10085-10109.
Eicken,H.,1994.Structure of under-ice melt ponds in the central Arctic and their effect on the sea-ice cover.Limnology and Oceanography,39(3):682-693.
Eicken,H.,Gradinger,R.,Ivanov,B.,and Makshtas,A.,1996.Surface melt puddles on multi-year sea ice in the Eurasian Arctic.Proceeding of the ACSYS Conference on the Dynamics of the Arctic Climate System.G?teborg,Sweden,1-760.
Eicken,H.,Krouse,H.R.,Kadko,D.,and Perovich,D.K.,2002.Tracer studies of pathways and rates of meltwater transport through Arctic summer sea ice.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,107(C10):8046.
Falkowski,P.G.,1997.Evolution of the nitrogen cycle and its influence on the biological sequestration of CO2 in the ocean.Nature,387(6630):272.
Ferguson,S.H.,Taylor,M.K.,and Messier,F.,2000.Influence of sea ice dynamics on habitat selection by polar bears.Ecology,81(3):761-772.
Gradinger,R.,1996.Occurrence of an algal bloom under Arctic pack ice.Marine Ecology Progress Series,131:301-305.
Gradinger,R.,1999.Vertical fine structure of the biomass and composition of algal communities in Arctic pack ice.Marine Biology,133(4):745-754.
Grasshoff,K.,Kremling,K.,and Ehrhardt,M.,1999.Methods of Seawater Analysis.3rd edition.Wiley-VCH,Weinheim,193-198.
Grebmeier,J.M.,Cooper,L.W.,Feder,H.M.,and Sirenko,B.I.,2006.Ecosystem dynamics of the Pacific-influenced northern Bering and Chukchi Seas in the Amerasian Arctic.Progress in Oceanography,71(2-4):331-361.
He,J.F.,and Zhang,F.,2012.Quick change of marine environment with ecological response in the Arctic Ocean.Chinese Journal of Nature,34(2):96-101.
Hegseth,E.N.,1992.Sub-ice algal assemblages of the Barents Sea:Species composition,chemical composition,and growth rates.Polar Biology,12(5):485-496.
Jeffrey,S.W.,Mantoura,R.F.C.,and Wright,S.W.,1997.Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography:Guidelines to Modern Methods.Unesco Publishing,Paris,1-661.
Kinnard,C.,Zdanowicz,C.M.,Fisher,D.A.,Isaksson,E.,de Vernal,A.,and Thompson,L.G.,2011.Reconstructed changes in Arctic sea ice over the past 1450 years.Nature,479(7374):509-512.
Lep?,J.,and?milauer,P.,2003.Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using CANOCO.Cambridge University Press,New York,1-267.
Lin,L.,He,J.,Zhang,F.,Cao,S.,and Zhang,C.,2016.Algal bloom in a melt pond on Canada Basin pack ice.Polar Record,52(1):114-117.
Marty,J.C.,Chiavérini,J.,Pizay,M.D.,and Avril,B.,2002.Seasonal and interannual dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton pigments in the western Mediterranean Sea at the DYFAMED time-series station(1991-1999).Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,49(11):1965-1985.
Not,F.,Massana,R.,Latasa,M.,Marie,D.,Colson,C.,Eikrem,W.,Pedrós-Alió,C.,Vaulot,D.,and Simon,N.,2005.Late summer community composition and abundance of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes in Norwegian and Barents Seas.Limnology and Oceanography,50(5):1677-1686.
Overland,J.E.,Wood,K.R.,and Wang,M.,2011.Warm Arctic-cold continents:Climate impacts of the newly open Arctic Sea.Polar Research,30(1):15787.
Palmer,M.A.,Saenz,B.T.,and Arrigo,K.R.,2014.Impacts of sea ice retreat,thinning,and melt-pond proliferation on the summer phytoplankton bloom in the Chukchi Sea,Arctic Ocean.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,105:85-104.
Redfield,A.C.,1958.The biological control of chemical factors in the environment.American Scientist,46(3):205-221.
Stroeve,J.C.,Serreze,M.C.,Holland,M.M.,Kay,J.E.,Malanik,J.,and Barrett,A.P.,2012.The Arctic’s rapidly shrinking sea ice cover:A research synthesis.Climatic Change,110(3-4):1005-1027.
Stroeve,J.,Holland,M.M.,Meier,W.,Scambos,T.,and Serreze,M.,2007.Arctic sea ice decline:Faster than forecast.Geophysical Research Letters,34(9):L09501.
Van Heukelem,L.,and Thomas,C.S.,2001.Computer-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography method development with applications to the isolation and analysis of phytoplankton pigments.Journal of Chromatography A,910(1):31-49.
Wadhams,P.,2000.Ice in the ocean.In:Formation,Growth and Decay of Sea Ice.CRC Press,London,37-80.
Wassmann,P.,Duarte,C.M.,Agusti,S.,and Sejr,M.K.,2011.Footprints of climate change in the Arctic marine ecosystem.Global Change Biology,17(2):1235-1249.
Yun,M.S.,Chung,K.H.,Zimmermann,S.,Zhao,J.,Joo,H.M.,and Lee,S.H.,2012.Phytoplankton productivity and its response to higher light levels in the Canada Basin.Polar Biology,35(2):257-268.
Zhao,J.P.,Li,T.,Zhang,S.G.,and Jiao,Y.T.,2009.The shortwave solar radiation energy absorbed by packed sea ice in the central Arctic.Advances in Earth Science,24(1):33-41.
Zhuang,Y.P.,Jin,H.Y.,Chen,J.F.,Wang,B.,Li,H.L.,Chen,F.J.,Lu,Y.,and Xu,J.,2012.Response of nutrients and the surface phytoplankton community to ice melting in the central Arctic Ocean.Chinese Journal of Polar Research,24(2):151-158.
Zhuang,Y.P.,Jin,H.Y.,Gu,F.,Zhang,Y.,Bai,Y.C.,Ji,Z.Q.,Lu,Y.,and Chen,J.F.,2017.Composition of algal pigments in surface freshen layer after ice melt in the central Arctic.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,36(8):122-130.
Zhuang,Y.P.,Jin,H.Y.,Li,H.L.,Chen,J.F.,Wang,B.,Chen,F.J.,Bai,Y.C.,Lu,Y.,and Tian,S.C.,2014.Phytoplankton composition and its ecological effect in subsurface cold pool of the northern Bering Sea in summer as revealed by HPLCderived pigment signatures.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,33(6):103-111.